A1 · Iniciante Capítulo 21

Linking Sentences Together

8 Regras totais
84 exemplos
5 min
Regras neste capítulo Prática rápida

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform short, choppy sentences into elegant, flowing Arabic descriptions using relative pronouns and emphasis.

  • Connect sentences using 'who', 'which', and 'that' (al-ladhi/al-lati).
  • Master the 'returning pronoun' to keep your descriptions grammatically perfect.
  • Use 'Iyya' to emphasize people and objects in your speech.
Connect your thoughts, amplify your voice.

O que você vai aprender

Hey friend! Ready to make your Arabic sentences more beautiful and complete than ever? In this chapter, you're going to learn how to link words and ideas together in Arabic, making your speech sound much more natural and professional. No more short, choppy sentences! What will we learn? Our main focus will be on Arabic relative pronouns, just like who, which, or that in English, such as «الذی» (al-ladhī) and «التی» (al-latī). You'll learn exactly how to use them correctly so their gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/dual/plural) perfectly match the noun they're describing. We'll even see how they change for two items (like «الذان» and «التان») and discover that for indefinite nouns, you don't need them at all. Another exciting part is learning how to properly place the resumptive pronoun to make your sentence fully coherent. And wait, there's another cool trick: we'll learn how to use «إیا» (iyyā) to emphasize you or any other object, for instance, when you want to strongly state,

It was *you* who saw him!
or deliver a serious warning! Why does it matter? Imagine you want to tell your friend,
That boy who I saw at the cafe yesterday was really cool.
Or,
The book that you gave me changed my life.
If you don't know these structures, your sentences will feel incomplete. But with this chapter, you'll be able to convey your exact meaning, create beautiful and precise descriptions, and no one will think you're a beginner anymore! This chapter is like a step that takes you towards fluent and engaging Arabic. Don't worry at all, it's easier than you think!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to identify and use the correct singular and dual relative pronouns based on gender.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to construct sentences that include a resumptive pronoun (damir al-aa'id).
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to emphasize a specific person or object using the 'Iyya' particle.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

Welcome, future Arabic speaker! Ready to level up your A1 Arabic grammar? This chapter is your secret weapon for transforming basic sentences into rich, natural-sounding Arabic.
Forget short, choppy phrases; we're diving into the art of linking ideas, making your speech flow beautifully. Understanding how to connect thoughts seamlessly is a cornerstone of true fluency, and it's what will make you sound less like a beginner and more like a confident communicator. We'll explore the fascinating world of Arabic relative pronouns, which are essential for describing nouns with more detail, much like who, which, or that in English.
By mastering these structures, you'll gain the ability to express complex ideas with clarity and precision. Imagine being able to say,
The book that I read was interesting,
or
The friend who helped me is kind.
These are common sentence patterns in everyday conversation, and this guide will equip you with the tools to construct them effortlessly. We'll also uncover the clever use of resumptive pronouns and even learn how to add powerful emphasis using a special pronoun for you or other objects.
This chapter is designed to build a strong foundation, ensuring your Arabic journey is both effective and enjoyable.

How This Grammar Works

Our journey into linking sentences begins with Arabic relative pronouns, the glue that connects a noun to a descriptive clause. For singular nouns, we primarily use الذي (al-ladhī) for masculine and التي (al-latī) for feminine. For example, to say the boy who..., you'd use الولد الذي (al-walad al-ladhī).
For the girl who..., it's الفتاة التي (al-fatāh al-latī). These pronouns must match the noun they refer to in gender and number.
Let's look at examples:
الرجل الذي رأيته في السوق كان لطيفاً. (The man who I saw in the market was kind.)
السيارة التي اشتريتها جديدة. (The car which I bought is new.)
What about when you're talking about two people or things? That's where Relative Pronouns for Two come in! For masculine duals, we use اللذان (al-ladhān) in the nominative case (when it's the subject) or اللذين (al-ladhayn) in accusative/genitive.
For feminine duals, it's اللتان (al-latān) in the nominative or اللتين (al-latayn). At A1, focus on اللذان and اللتان first:
الطالبان اللذان نجحا سعيدان. (The two students who succeeded are happy.)
المدينتان اللتان زرتهما جميلتان. (The two cities which I visited are beautiful.)
A crucial element here is The 'Returning' Pronoun (or resumptive pronoun). This is a small pronoun (like -ه, -ها, -هم) embedded in the relative clause that refers back to the noun described by the relative pronoun. It's often hidden in English but vital in Arabic.
الكتاب الذي قرأته ممتع. (The book which I read *it* is interesting.) - The ـه (hu) in قرأته (qara'tuhu) refers back to الكتاب.
الفتاة التي رأيتها في الحديقة صديقتي. (The girl who I saw *her* in the park is my friend.) - The ـها (hā) in رأيتها (ra'aytuhā) refers back to الفتاة.
Finally, for emphasis, especially with you, we use Arabic Separate Object Pronouns: Emphasizing 'YOU' with إيا (iyyā). This is a powerful way to highlight the object of a verb.
إياك نعبد. (It is *You* we worship.) - A very strong emphasis on You.
إياك أقصد. (It is *you* I mean.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: الرجل الذي رأيت كان لطيفاً. (The man who I saw was kind.)
✓ Correct: الرجل الذي رأيته كان لطيفاً. (The man who I saw *him* was kind.)
*Explanation:* This is a common error of omitting the resumptive pronoun (the -ه in رأيته). In Arabic, the relative clause must contain a pronoun that refers back to the noun being described.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: السيارة الذي اشتريتها جديدة. (The car which I bought is new.)
✓ Correct: السيارة التي اشتريتها جديدة. (The car which I bought is new.)
*Explanation:* The relative pronoun الذي (masculine) does not match the feminine noun السيارة (car). It should be التي (feminine). Always match gender and number!
  1. 1✗ Wrong: أنت أقصد. (You I mean.)
✓ Correct: إياك أقصد. (It is *you* I mean.)
*Explanation:* While «أنت أقصد» is grammatically understandable, to convey strong emphasis on you as the direct object, إياك is the correct and more impactful structure.

Real Conversations

A

A

هل تعرف الرجل الذي يعمل في هذا المتجر؟ (Do you know the man who works in this store?)
B

B

نعم، الرجل الذي تراه هناك هو صديقي. (Yes, the man whom you see there is my friend.)
A

A

أين الكتب التي اشتريتها أمس؟ (Where are the books which you bought yesterday?)
B

B

الكتب التي اشتريتها على الطاولة. (The books which I bought are on the table.)
A

A

هل هذا هو الكتاب الذي كنت تبحث عنه؟ (Is this the book that you were looking for?)
B

B

نعم، إياه أبحث عنه منذ أيام! (Yes, it is *that* I have been looking for for days!)

Quick FAQ

Q

What are Arabic relative pronouns and why are they important for A1 Arabic learners?

Arabic relative pronouns (like الذي and التي) are words that connect a noun to a descriptive clause, allowing you to add more detail to your sentences. They are crucial for A1 Arabic as they enable you to move beyond simple statements and create more natural, complex expressions, making your communication clearer and more precise.

Q

When do I use الذي versus التي?

You use الذي (al-ladhī) when the noun you are describing is masculine and singular. You use التي (al-latī) when the noun is feminine and singular. Always match the relative pronoun's gender and number to the noun it refers to.

Q

What is a resumptive pronoun in Arabic, and why is it necessary?

A resumptive pronoun is a small pronoun (like -ه, -ها) embedded within the relative clause that refers back to the noun described by the relative pronoun. It's necessary in Arabic to maintain grammatical coherence and clearly link the relative clause back to its antecedent, even if it's not explicitly translated into English.

Q

How can I emphasize you or another object in an Arabic sentence?

To strongly emphasize you or another object, you can use the pronoun إيا (iyyā) followed by the appropriate attached pronoun (e.g., إياك for masculine singular you, إياها for feminine singular her). This structure highlights the object with significant force.

Cultural Context

These linking structures, particularly Arabic relative pronouns and resumptive pronouns, are fundamental to how native Arabic speakers articulate complex thoughts. They are not just formal grammar points but are deeply integrated into everyday speech, from casual conversations to formal news broadcasts and literature. Mastering them allows for elegant and precise descriptions, preventing ambiguity and enriching your expression.
While regional dialects might simplify or omit some grammatical nuances, the standard usage of these pronouns remains a hallmark of clear and educated Arabic, making your speech sound more authentic and sophisticated across the Arab world.

Exemplos-chave (8)

1

هذا هو الفيلم الذي شاهدته أمس.

Este é o filme que assisti ontem.

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (الذي، التي)
2

أين البيتزا التي طلبتها؟

Onde está a pizza que pedi?

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (الذي، التي)
3

Ar-rajulu al-ladhi ra'aytuhu fi al-matjar.

O homem que eu vi na loja.

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (al-ladhi, al-lati)
4

As-sayyaratu al-lati ishtaraytuha sari'a.

O carro que eu comprei é rápido.

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (al-ladhi, al-lati)
5

Al-rajulu alladhi yaskunu huna tayyib jiddan.

O homem que mora aqui é muito gentil.

Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)
6

Ayna al-mihfadha allati kanat 'ala al-tawila?

Onde está a carteira que estava na mesa?

Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)
7

`al-rajul al-ladhī ya'kul al-tuffāḥah`

O homem que está comendo a maçã.

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: Que, o qual (الذي، التي)
8

`hādhihi hiya al-bint al-latī tadrus ma'ī`

Esta é a menina que estuda comigo.

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: Que, o qual (الذي، التي)

Dicas e truques (4)

💡

O Pronome 'Escondido'

Em árabe, muitas vezes tem um pronome pequeno mais adiante na frase que volta para a palavra principal. Pensa assim:
O livro que eu LI ELE.
(O ELE é o pronome escondido).
Este é o carro que EU COMPREI ELE.
-> «هذا هو السيارة التي اشتريتها.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (الذي، التي)
⚠️

A Ponte Invisível

Nunca use o pronome «الذي» se o substantivo não for 'definido' (sem 'al-'). Tipo, Kitab al-ladhi tá errado. O certo é al-kitab al-ladhi ou só kitab. «الكتاب الذي قرأته».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (al-ladhi, al-lati)
💡

A chave 'Al-'

Sempre procure o 'الـ' no início do substantivo. Se não estiver lá, guarde o pronome relativo—você não precisa dele! «هذا كتاب قرأته» - aqui não usaríamos o pronome relativo.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)
⚠️

O "Zero" Relativo

Não traduza 'que' (de 'uma pessoa que eu conheço') no árabe se o nome for indefinido. Você só diz 'Pessoa eu conheço'. «رجل أعرفه.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: Que, o qual (الذي، التي)

Vocabulário-chave (6)

اَلرَّجُلُ the man (al-rajulu) اَلْمَرْأَةُ the woman (al-mar'atu) اَلْكِتَابُ the book (al-kitābu) قَرَأَ he read (qara'a) رَأَى he saw (ra'ā) إِيَّاكَ You (emphatic object) (iyyāka)

Real-World Preview

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Describing a Lost Item

Review Summary

  • Definite Noun + الذي/التي + Clause
  • Noun + Relative + Verb + [Suffix Pronoun]
  • إيا + [Suffix Pronoun] + Verb

Erros comuns

In Arabic, you must include the 'returning' pronoun (it) if the relative pronoun is the object of the verb.

Wrong: الرجل الذي رأيت (Al-rajulu al-ladhī ra'aytu)
Correto: الرجل الذي رأيته (Al-rajulu al-ladhī ra'aytuhu)

Relative pronouns only follow definite nouns (with Al-). Also, the gender must match (al-latī for girl).

Wrong: بنت الذي درست (Bintun al-ladhī darasat)
Correto: البنت التي درست (Al-bintu al-latī darasat)

The relative pronoun must match the gender of the noun it describes, and the subsequent description must also agree.

Wrong: الرجل الذي هي طويلة (Al-rajulu al-ladhī hiya tawīlatun)
Correto: الرجل الذي هو طويل (Al-rajulu al-ladhī huwa tawīlun)

Regras neste capítulo (8)

1

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (الذي، التي)

A1
Você vai usar pronomes relativos para ligar nomes a descrições. Eles são como pontes! E a chave é sempre combinar o gênero (masculino ou feminino) e o número (singular ou plural) certinho. É como uma dança perfeita na gramática!
هذا هو الفيلم الذي شاهدته أمس.
10 exemplos
2

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (al-ladhi, al-lati)

A1
Os pronomes relativos são umas palavrinhas mágicas: eles conectam substantivos 'definidos' com descrições. Mas tem um segredo: eles precisam combinar direitinho em gênero e número! Fique de olho no «الذي» e «التي»!
Ar-rajulu al-ladhi ra'aytuhu fi al-matjar.
10 exemplos
3

Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)

A1
Pronomes relativos conectam substantivos definidos a descrições, exigindo concordância rigorosa em gênero, número e definição. Pense em «الذي» e «التي» como a 'ponte' para mais informações!
Al-rajulu alladhi yaskunu huna tayyib jiddan.
10 exemplos
4

Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: Que, o qual (الذي، التي)

A1
Pronomes relativos como «الذي» e «التي» servem para conectar descrições a nomes *definidos*. Se o nome é *indefinido*, não usamos nada! É o zero relativo.
`al-rajul al-ladhī ya'kul al-tuffāḥah`
10 exemplos
5

Pronomes Relativos Duais (Al-Ladhān / Al-Latān)

A1
Você tem pronomes especiais para DUAS coisas! Eles combinam com o final do substantivo ('-ān' ou '-ayn') e sempre têm dois 'Lam' ('الل').
Jā'a al-muhandisāni alladhāni ṣammamā al-taṭbīq.
11 exemplos
6

Orações Aninhadas (Aquele que, Aquela que...)

B1
Você tem ferramentas mágicas: use alladhī (masc.) ou allatī (fem.) depois de coisas específicas. Mas depois de coisas genéricas, não precisa de conector!
Hādhā huwā al-hātif alladhī fī-hi al-suwar allatī...
10 exemplos
7

O Pronome de 'Retorno' (Pronomes Resuntivos)

A2
Em árabe, quando você descreve um objeto, sempre 'cola' um pronome no verbo que 'aponta' para esse objeto. É como um 'it' ou 'her' em miniatura que sempre volta para a palavra. Palavras-chave: alladhī, allatī, -hu, «-hā».
Hādhā huwa al-kitāb alladhī qara'tuhu ams.
11 exemplos
8

Pronomes de objeto separados em árabe: Enfatizando 'TI' (iyyāka)

A2
Use iyyā + sufixo para dar uma super ênfase ao objeto ou para soltar um grande aviso!
iyyāka naʿbudu
12 exemplos

Next Steps

You've just unlocked a major level of Arabic fluency. Connecting sentences is what makes you sound like a real speaker. Keep practicing these links!

Describe three items in your room using relative pronouns.

Listen to a basic Arabic news clip and try to spot the word 'al-ladhī'.

Continue to: Focusing on the Action: The Passive Voice

Prática rápida (10)

Identifique a frase correta para: "Os dois livros que estão na mesa."

Qual está correto?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الكتابان اللذان على الطاولة.
Os 'dois livros' (الكتابان) são o sujeito (Nominativo, terminando em -ān). O pronome relativo deve combinar: اللذان.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos Duais (Al-Ladhān / Al-Latān)

Corrija o erro na frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

هذا هو الفيلم الذين شاهدته. (Hadha huwa al-fīlm al-ladhina shāhadtuhu.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هذا هو الفيلم الذي شاهدته.
'Al-film' (o filme) é masculino singular, então «الذي» deve ser usado no lugar de «الذين». Boa correção!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (al-ladhi, al-lati)

Qual frase está gramaticalmente correta?

Escolha a frase correta para 'A menina que está estudando':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: البنت التي تدرس
البنت (menina) é feminino singular, então التي deve ser usado.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos em Árabe: que, o qual (الذي، التي)

Complete o aviso

___ wa-l-nār! (Beware of the fire!)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Iyyāka
Avisos sempre começam com iyyāka (ou variações) + wa.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes de objeto separados em árabe: Enfatizando 'TI' (iyyāka)

Escolha o pronome relativo correto.

رأيتُ البنتينِ _____ فازتا في المسابقة. (Eu vi as duas meninas _____ venceram o concurso.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: اللتينِ
As 'meninas' (البنتين) são femininas e estão no caso acusativo (objeto de 'viu'), terminando em -ayn. Então precisamos do pronome acusativo feminino: اللتين.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes Relativos Duais (Al-Ladhān / Al-Latān)

Qual frase está gramaticalmente correta?

Selecione o uso correto do pronome relativo:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: البنت التي تدرس ذكية.
'Al-bint' é feminino (então usa 'allati') e deve ser definido (então inclua 'Al-').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)

Qual frase descreve corretamente um substantivo genérico?

Eu vi um filme que foi engraçado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شاهدت فيلماً كان مضحكاً (Shāhadtu fīlman kāna mudhikan)
Correto! Quando o substantivo é genérico (fīlman), eliminamos completamente o conector.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Orações Aninhadas (Aquele que, Aquela que...)

Escolha o pronome relativo correto.

الكتاب ___ قرأته مفيد جداً.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الذي
'Al-kitab' (O livro) é masculino singular, então exige 'alladhi'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)

Encontre e corrija o erro.

Find and fix the mistake:

الرجل التي يسكن هنا أستاذي.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: الرجل الذي يسكن هنا أستاذي.
'Al-rajul' (O homem) é masculino, então 'allati' (feminino) está incorreto. Use 'alladhi'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pronomes relativos em árabe: o qual, a qual (alladhi, allati)

Qual frase traduz corretamente: 'A casa que eu moro'?

Selecione a estrutura árabe correta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Al-bayt alladhī askunu fīhi.
Você não pode terminar uma frase com uma preposição em árabe como em português. É preciso dizer 'nela' (fīhi).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: O Pronome de 'Retorno' (Pronomes Resuntivos)

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

Não, الذي é estritamente masculino. Para uma menina ou qualquer palavra feminina, você precisa usar التي. A garota que... -> «البنت التي...»
Usar pronomes relativos com palavras que não têm 'o/a' (o artigo ال). Por exemplo, dizer 'rajul al-ladhi' (um homem que) em vez de 'al-rajul al-ladhi' (o homem que).
O homem que mora aqui
-> «الرجل الذي يسكن هنا.»
Significa 'quem', 'o qual' ou 'que' quando você se refere a um substantivo masculino singular. É tipo um conector, sabe? «الولد الذي يلعب» (O menino que joga).
A gramática árabe diz que os pronomes relativos são só para substantivos 'definidos'. Se não for definido, a conexão já acontece sem a necessidade da palavra. «رجل أعرفه» (Um homem que eu conheço).
É uma palavra como 'quem', 'que' ou 'o qual' usada para conectar um substantivo a mais informações sobre ele. Em árabe, são الذي e التي.
Sim! Ao contrário do inglês 'who' (pessoas) e 'which' (objetos), o árabe usa a mesma palavra para ambos, baseando-se apenas no gênero. الرجل الذي e الكتاب الذي estão ambos corretos.
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