Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of narrative flow, from deliberate preparation to final, often surprising, results.
- Construct precise sequences using formal 'upon doing' structures.
- Express final outcomes that follow long, arduous processes.
- Identify the specific conditions that dictate future results.
배울 내용
Hey there! We've hit a super important section that's going to elevate your conversations to the next level. In this chapter, we're going to dive deep into exactly how to talk about the sequence of events, the final outcomes of long processes, and how a certain event led to a specific result. You won't just be saying
first this, then thatanymore. Instead, you'll learn how to express "Only after I've definitely completed this preparation, then I'll move on to that other thing" using the structure
~ta ue de.
Imagine you're planning a trip to Japan. You want to say, You can only buy a plane ticket after reserving the hotel,or
So-and-so went to Japan once and never came back!That's where
~kiri comes in. Or perhaps, after countless hours and sleepless nights studying for an exam, what was the final result? If the outcome wasn't great, ageku comes to your rescue to express, After all that effort, it ended up being for nothing!But if it was the culmination of a long process,
sue ni is your go-to. And of course, when you want to say, Everything depends on the weather,you'll master
~shidai da.
After this chapter, you'll be able to tell stories where you precisely specify when, what happened, and why that event occurred. You'll be able to differentiate between a regular outcome and one that came after significant effort. Your speaking will sound much more natural and native-like, because it's these subtle nuances that strengthen your conversations. Ready to jump in?
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격식있는 순서: ~한 상에서/후에 (~ta ue de)단순한 순서가 아니라, 앞의 행동(A)이 뒤의 행동(B)을 위한 '필수 준비'나 '토대'가 될 때 사용하는 격식 있는 표현이에요. «V-ta + 上で» 또는 «명사 + の上で»를 기억하세요.
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일본어 문법: ~kiri (~한 채로, 그 이후 아무 일도 없음)동사의 타형 뒤에
~きり를 붙여서, 어떤 행동이 한 번 일어나고 그 후로 아무 일도 없었다는 것을 나타낼 때 사용해요. 마치 이야기가 거기서 딱 멈춘 느낌이랄까요? «그 후로 아무 일도 없어.» -
일본어 문법: Sue ni (~한 끝에)오랜 시간 공을 들이거나 고생한 끝에 드디어 도달한 결론을 강조할 때 «긴 과정», «고민 끝에», «결국»이라는 느낌으로 사용하세요.
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일본어 '~ageku': 고생 끝에 좋지 않은 결과가 나올 때긴 고생이나 고민 끝에 결국 '꽝'인 결과가 나왔을 때 «あげく»를 써보세요. «결국», «허무함», «부정적 결과»가 핵심 키워드랍니다.
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일본어 문법: ~에 달려 있다 (~次第だ / shidai da)결과가 무엇에 의해 결정되는지 콕 집어 말할 때 써보세요! «次第だ», «次第で», «次第에서는»가 핵심이에요.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Explain a series of complex actions leading to a final outcome using appropriate grammar for positive or negative results.
챕터 가이드
Overview
first X, then Yconstructions, you'll learn sophisticated ways to express complex relationships between actions and their outcomes.
or After all that effort, the result was unfortunately X." We’ll explore how to convey that an action led to a specific, sometimes unexpected, final result, and how certain outcomes are contingent upon particular conditions. These structures are frequently encountered in both spoken and written Japanese grammar, making them indispensable for anyone aiming for an advanced level of comprehension and expression.How This Grammar Works
upon doing X or after thoroughly doing X, then Y.This structure emphasizes that the first action must be completely and carefully finished before the second action can begin. It often implies a formal or deliberate process.
詳しい説明を読んだ上で、ご判断ください。(Kuwashii setsumei o yonda ue de, gohandan kudasai.) - Please make your decision after reading the detailed explanation.
since X happened, nothing else has occurred,implying a lack of change or continuation of a state. It can also mean
only X, highlighting exclusivity.at the end of (a long process), finally X.This pattern is used to describe a final outcome that results from a prolonged effort, discussion, or period of time. The outcome can be positive, negative, or neutral, but it always implies a culmination.
長年の研究の末に、新しい治療法が発見された。(Naganen no kenkyuu no sue ni, atarashii chiryouhou ga hakken sareta.) - After many years of research, a new treatment method was discovered.
after much effort/trouble, X happened,but it *always* implies a negative, disappointing, or regrettable outcome. It's perfect for expressing exasperation or bad results despite significant investment.
散々悩んだ挙句、結局何もしなかった。(Sanzan nayanda ageku, kekkyoku nani mo shinakatta.) - After agonizing over it for ages, I ended up doing nothing.
it depends on Xor
the outcome is determined by X.This expression is used to state that a particular result or decision is contingent upon a certain factor.
成功するかどうかは、あなたの努力次第だ。(Seikou suru ka dou ka wa, anata no doryoku shidai da.) - Whether you succeed or not depends on your effort.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: «会議の後に、決定しました。» (Kaigi no ato ni, kettei shimashita.) - After the meeting, we decided.
after, ~ta ue de implies that the meeting's discussions were thoroughly completed and considered *before* making the decision, adding a layer of deliberation and formality.- 1✗ Wrong: «彼は日本へ行った後、連絡がない。» (Kare wa Nihon e itta ato, renraku ga nai.) - He went to Japan, and after that, there's no contact.
- 1✗ Wrong: «たくさん勉強した後、試験に落ちた。» (Takusan benkyou shita ato, shiken ni ochita.) - After studying a lot, I failed the exam.
Real Conversations
A
(First, please ask questions after you've read all the materials thoroughly.)
B
(Understood. I won't just skim through it; I'll read it carefully.)
A
(After long negotiations, the contract was finally concluded, wasn't it?)
B
(Yes, but in the end, the cost doubled from the original... After all that effort, to think this is the result makes me feel complicated.)
A
(Whether tomorrow's event can be held depends on the weather.)
B
(That's right. I hope this rain stops and stays stopped, and it becomes sunny.)
Quick FAQ
How does ~ta ue de differ from simply using ~te kara in Japanese grammar?
~ta ue de implies a more deliberate, thorough completion of the first action as a prerequisite for the second, often in formal contexts, whereas ~te kara simply means after without that added nuance of careful consideration.
Can ~kiri be used to describe a one-time event that happened and then nothing else occurred?
Yes, absolutely. For example, 「彼は一度きりしか日本に来なかった」(Kare wa ichido kiri shika Nihon ni konakatta) means
He only came to Japan once.
What's a good way to remember the difference between ~sue ni and ~ageku for B2 Japanese?
Think of ~sue ni as
after a long road, finally X (neutral/positive outcome)and ~ageku as
after a long struggle, sadly X (negative outcome).
Cultural Context
주요 예문 (2)
Tantousha to soudan shita ue de, gorenraku shimasu.
담당자와 상의한 후에 연락드리겠습니다.
격식있는 순서: ~한 상에서/후에 (~ta ue de)Riyou kiyaku o oyomi ni natta ue de, touroku botan o oshite kudasai.
이용 약관을 읽으신 후에 등록 버튼을 눌러주세요.
격식있는 순서: ~한 상에서/후에 (~ta ue de)팁과 요령 (4)
'で'를 생략해도 괜찮아요
강조하고 싶을 땐 `っきり`를 사용하세요
きり 대신 っきり를 쓰면 더 자연스럽고 감정을 강조할 수 있어요. 극적이거나 답답했던 일을 이야기할 때 딱이죠. 예를 들어: «걔는 나간 っきり, 돌아오지 않아.»'末'의 의미를 기억하세요
기쁜 일에는 양보하세요
핵심 어휘 (5)
Real-World Preview
The Big Project Decision
Review Summary
- Verb-ta + ue de
- Verb-ta + kiri
- Noun + no / Verb-ta + sue ni
- Noun + no / Verb-ta + ageku
- Noun + shidai da
자주 하는 실수
You must use the Ta-form (past) before 'ue de' because the first action must be finished.
'Ageku' is exclusively for negative outcomes. Do not use it for success.
'Shidai' requires a noun indicating a condition, not just the subject itself.
이 챕터의 규칙 (5)
Next Steps
You've conquered Chapter 4! Your ability to weave complex narratives is truly impressive. Keep building on this momentum.
Listen to a Japanese podcast and identify the narrative sequence.
빠른 연습 (10)
担当者と相談した ___ で、返事します。
～た上で는 앞선 행동의 결과를 토대로 다음 행동을 한다는 격식 있는 표현입니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식있는 순서: ~한 상에서/후에 (~ta ue de)
Choose the correct sentence.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 문법: ~kiri (~한 채로, 그 이후 아무 일도 없음)
彼女に一度会うきり、それから会っていない。
きり 앞에 오는 동사는 과거형(た-form)이어야 합니다. 会う의 올바른 형태는 会った입니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 문법: ~kiri (~한 채로, 그 이후 아무 일도 없음)
いろいろ（悩む）___、新しいパソコンを買った。
末に 앞에는 반드시 동사의 과거형(た형)이 와야 해요. 그래서 悩む가 悩んだ로 바뀌어야 합니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 문법: Sue ni (~한 끝에)
다음 중 あげく를 올바르게 사용한 것은?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 '~ageku': 고생 끝에 좋지 않은 결과가 나올 때
{悩|나야}んだ（ ）、{結局|켓쿄쿠}どれも{買|카}わなかった。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 '~ageku': 고생 끝에 좋지 않은 결과가 나올 때
Find and fix the mistake:
よく ___ 上で、決めました。(충분히 생각한 후에 결정했습니다.)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식있는 순서: ~한 상에서/후에 (~ta ue de)
彼は海外に＿＿＿＿きり、日本に帰ってこない。
きり 앞에는 반드시 동사의 과거형(た-form)이 와야 합니다. '行く'의 올바른 과거형은 '行った'입니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 문법: ~kiri (~한 채로, 그 이후 아무 일도 없음)
Find and fix the mistake:
激しい議論末に、合意に達した。
末に를 연결할 때는 반드시 조사 の가 필요해요. 議論の末に가 올바른 표현입니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 문법: Sue ni (~한 끝에)
다음 중 맞는 문장은 무엇일까요?
末に를 쓰기엔 너무 거창합니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 일본어 문법: Sue ni (~한 끝에)
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (6)
～てから는 단순히 시간의 흐름(A 하고 B 함)을 말하지만, ～上で는 A가 B를 하기 위한 '토대나 준비'라는 느낌이 강해요. 밥 먹고 양치하는 건 준비 과정이 아니니까 上で를 쓰면 어색하답니다. «ご飯を食べた上で、歯を磨く» (X)～てから나 ～たあとで를 쓰는 게 훨씬 자연스럽답니다. 친구에게 이 표현을 쓰면 마치 변호사처럼 말하는 기분이 들 거예요!〜きり는 기본적으로 '[행동] 이후로 아무것도 일어나지 않았다'는 뜻이에요. 동사의 과거형(た-form)에 붙어서 어떤 행동이 마지막이었고 예상했던 결과가 뒤따르지 않았음을 나타냅니다.た-form) + きり. 예를 들어, 食べる (먹다)는 食べたきり (타베타 키리)가 돼요. «그는 그것을 먹은 이후로 아무 말도 하지 않았다.»あげく와 달리, 末に는 성공담에도 잘 어울려요. 예를 들어 «특훈 끝에 우승했다!» (特訓の末に、優勝した！)처럼 말이죠.
