Demonstrative Pronouns: This/That (`این`/`آن`)
این (in) for what's near and آن (ān) for what's far; it's the simplest way to point things out in Persian.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'این' for things close to you and 'آن' for things further away.
- Use 'این' (in) for objects or people nearby: این کتاب است (This is a book).
- Use 'آن' (ān) for objects or people at a distance: آن ماشین است (That is a car).
- These pronouns do not change based on gender or plurality in standard Persian.
Overview
Persian, like English, utilizes demonstrative pronouns and adjectives to specify items or individuals based on their proximity to the speaker. The fundamental terms are این (in) for ‘this’ or ‘these’ (indicating proximity) and آن (ān) for ‘that’ or ‘those’ (indicating distance). Understanding these forms is crucial for constructing basic sentences and clarifying references in conversation.
Unlike many European languages, Persian demonstratives are invariant in gender and remarkably simple in their adjectival form, meaning they do not change whether the noun they refer to is singular or plural. This consistency significantly simplifies their application for learners.
The core concept revolves around a binary distinction: near (این) versus far (آن). این refers to something within immediate reach or directly present in the conversational context. Conversely, آن refers to something physically or conceptually distant from the speaker.
This spatial relationship is the primary determinant for choosing between the two. While English distinguishes between ‘this/that’ (singular) and ‘these/those’ (plural), Persian primarily uses این and آن in conjunction with the noun, with explicit plural forms (اینها, آنها) reserved for when the demonstrative stands alone as a pronoun.
How This Grammar Works
این or آن act as demonstrative adjectives, they always precede the noun they modify. In this role, they do not change form, regardless of whether the noun is singular or plural. The pluralization is exclusively marked on the noun itself.این کتاب (in ketāb) means ‘this book,’ and این کتابها (in ketāb-hā) means ‘these books.’ Notice that این remains unchanged. This invariance applies equally to آن: آن مرد (ān mard) is ‘that man,’ and آن مردها (ān mard-hā) is ‘those men.’ The demonstrative serves to specify which noun is being referred to, acting as a definitive marker akin to how ‘the’ functions in English in certain contexts, but with an added layer of proximity information.این or آن function as demonstrative pronouns, they stand alone, replacing the noun. In this capacity, they can take plural suffixes. The singular forms are این (‘this one’) and آن (‘that one’).اینها (inhā) for ‘these ones’ and آنها (ānhā) for ‘those ones.’ For instance, if someone asks, “What is this?” you would say, این چیست؟ (in chist?), and if they ask, “What are these?” it becomes اینها چه هستند؟ (inhā che hastand?). The added -hā suffix on اینها and آنها explicitly conveys plurality when the demonstrative acts independently, making the distinction between adjectival and pronominal usage fundamental.Formation Pattern
این or آن precede a noun, they function as adjectives. They always appear before the noun. Crucially, they do not change form for number; the noun itself carries the plural marker -hā (ها).
این)| این کتاب (in ketāb)| This book | این کتابها (in ketāb-hā)| These books |
آن) | آن ماشین (ān māshin)| That car | آن ماشینها (ān māshin-hā)| Those cars |
این خانه بزرگ است. (in khāne bozorg ast.) – This house is big.
آن درختها بلند هستند. (ān derakht-hā boland hastand.) – Those trees are tall.
این or آن replace a noun, they function as pronouns. In this usage, they can be pluralized. The plural forms are اینها (inhā) and آنها (ānhā). These forms are generally used for inanimate objects. For people, the singular او (u) and plural آنها (ānhā) or ایشان (ishān) are preferred (see Common Mistakes for nuances).
این)| این (in) | This (one) | اینها (inhā) | These (ones) |
آن) | آن (ān) | That (one) | آنها (ānhā) | Those (ones) |
این کیف من است. (in kif-e man ast.) – This is my bag.
اینها دوستان من هستند. (inhā dustān-e man hastand.) – These are my friends. (Here اینها refers to people, which is acceptable in some contexts, especially when introducing a group).
آن is almost universally replaced by اون (un). Consequently, the plural آنها often becomes اونا (unā). این generally retains its form, though sometimes a quick اینا (inā) might be heard as a colloquial plural for اینها.
این (in) | این (in) | اینها (inhā) | اینها / اینا (inā) |
آن (ān) | اون (un) | آنها (ānhā) | اونا (unā) |
آن چیست؟, a native speaker would invariably say اون چیه؟ (un chi-ye?) – ‘What is that?’
Gender & Agreement
این and آن do not change their form based on whether the noun they refer to is masculine or feminine, animate or inanimate. This stands in stark contrast to languages like Arabic, French, German, or Spanish, where demonstratives (and often nouns themselves) have gender and must agree.این for این میز (in miz – ‘this table,’ traditionally masculine in some languages) and این صندلی (in sandali – ‘this chair,’ traditionally feminine in some languages) without any modification to این.این and آن function as demonstrative adjectives, they do not agree in number with the noun they modify. As established, the noun itself carries the plural marker -hā. This means the demonstrative این is used for both singular کتاب (ketāb – ‘book’) and plural کتابها (ketāb-hā – ‘books’), resulting in این کتاب and این کتابها respectively.اینها or آنها.- No Gender: Never concern yourself with grammatical gender when using
اینorآن. This eliminates a significant hurdle for learners.اینworks forدختر(dokhtar – girl) andپسر(pesar – boy). - Adjectival Invariance: When
اینorآنmodifies a noun, it always retains its singular form. The noun takes the plural ending-hāif it is plural. For instance,آن گل(ān gol – ‘that flower’) andآن گلها(ān gol-hā – ‘those flowers’). - Pronominal Plurality: When
اینorآنstand alone as pronouns, they can take the plural-hāsuffix, becomingاینهاandآنها, to explicitly indicate a plural reference. This is typically for objects, or for polite/formal reference to a group of people.
When To Use It
- Identifying Physical Objects: This is the most direct application. When shopping, pointing out an item, or asking about something visible.
این خودکار چند است؟(in khodkār chand ast?) – ‘How much is this pen?’اون میز مال کیه؟(un miz māl ki-ye?) – ‘Whose table is that?’ (colloquial). - Referring to People: You can introduce someone with
این(این دوستم سارا است.(in dustam Sārā ast.) – ‘This is my friend, Sara.’). However, usingآنorاونfor a person can sometimes imply distance or even a slight dehumanization, unless the person is physically far away or being referred to in a more abstract sense. For a person not present, use personal pronouns likeاو(u) orایشان(ishān) for ‘he/she/they (polite)’. - Referring to Abstract Concepts or Ideas: Demonstratives are not limited to tangible objects. They can refer to opinions, plans, or situations.
این ایده خیلی خوبه.(in ide kheyli khube.) – ‘This idea is very good.’من با اون نظر مخالفم.(man bā un nazar mokhālef-am.) – ‘I disagree with that opinion.’ (colloquial). - Giving Directions or Locating Places: When guiding someone or describing a location,
اینandآنclarify which path or landmark is in question.این خیابون رو مستقیم برو.(in khiyābun ro mostaghim boro.) – ‘Go straight on this street.’اون مغازه کنار اداره پست است.(un maghāze kenār-e edāre post ast.) – ‘That shop is next to the post office.’ - Establishing Definiteness: In the absence of a definite article like 'the,'
اینandآنcan often serve to make a noun specific, much like English ‘the.’کتابی دیدم.(ketābi didam.) – ‘I saw a book.’اون کتاب رو دیدم.(un ketāb ro didam.) – ‘I saw that/the book (the one we discussed).’ Here,اونspecifies which book. - Referring to Time/Events:
این هفته(in hafte) – ‘this week,’آن روز(ān ruz) – ‘that day.’اون اتفاق خیلی مهم بود.(un ettefāgh kheyli mohem bud.) – ‘That event was very important.’
Common Mistakes
- Confusing
آنwith the Personal Pronounاو(u) for 'He/She': Whileآنhistorically and in formal written Persian can mean ‘he’ or ‘she’ (and still does in classical texts), in modern spoken Persian,او(u) is almost exclusively used for singular third-person personal pronoun (‘he/she’). Usingآنfor a person in casual conversation will sound stiff, archaic, or even impersonal, akin to referring to someone as ‘that one.’ - Incorrect (for a person):
آن مهندس است.(ān mohandes ast.) – Sounds like ‘That (thing) is an engineer.’ - Correct:
او مهندس است.(u mohandes ast.) –He/She is an engineer. - Acceptable (for introduction):
این دوستم علی است.(in dustam Ali ast.) –This is my friend Ali.(Hereاینpoints to Ali's immediate presence.)
- Mixing up Demonstratives with Adverbs of Place (
اینجا/آنجا):اینmeans ‘this,’ butاینجا(injā) means ‘here.’ Similarly,آنmeans ‘that,’ andآنجا(ānjā) means ‘there.’ These are distinct parts of speech, and interchanging them creates grammatical errors. - Incorrect:
این کتاب این است.(in ketāb in ast.) – This book this is. (Meaningless) - Correct:
این کتاب اینجاست.(in ketāb injāst.) –This book is here. - Incorrect:
آن مرد آن است.(ān mard ān ast.) – That man that is. (Meaningless) - Correct:
آن مرد آنجاست.(ān mard ān jāst.) –That man is there. - Correct:
اون کجاست؟(un kojāst?) –Where is that (one)?(اونused as a pronoun for an object, asking for its location).
- Incorrectly Pluralizing Demonstrative Adjectives: This is a very common error among learners transitioning from English. Remember, when
اینorآنprecedes a noun, it acts as an adjective and does not change form. The noun carries the plural marker. - Incorrect:
اینها کتابها هستند.(inhā ketāb-hā hastand.) – (Literally: These-ones books are.) - Correct (adjectival):
این کتابها خوب هستند.(in ketāb-hā khub hastand.) –These books are good. - Correct (pronominal):
اینها کتابهای من هستند.(inhā ketāb-hā-ye man hastand.) –These are my books.(Hereاینهاstands alone as the subject).
- Overuse of Formal
آنin Casual Conversation: Whileآنis grammatically correct, in virtually all informal, everyday spoken Persian,اون(un) is preferred for ‘that/those.’ Usingآنtoo frequently in casual settings can make your speech sound unnatural or overly formal. It’s akin to using ‘one’ in English instead of ‘a person’ in everyday talk. - Formal but less natural in speech:
آن چه رنگی است؟(ān che rangi ast?) –What color is that? - Natural in speech:
اون چه رنگیه؟(un che rangi-ye?) –What color is that?
- Using
اینها/آنهاto Refer to Individuals: Whileاینهاandآنهاcan technically refer to plural animate beings (e.g.,اینها دانشجویان هستند.–These are students.), it can sound less personal than using collective nouns or more specific phrasing if only two or three individuals are in question. For formal plural reference to people,ایشان(ishān) is a highly polite alternative toآنها.
Common Collocations
این است/آن است(in ast / ān ast): Literally ‘this is’ / ‘that is.’ Often contracted toاینه(in-e) andاونَه(un-e) in speech. These are fundamental for identification. Example:این کتاب منه.(in ketāb-e man-e.) – ‘This is my book.’اون چمدون منه.(un chamdān-e man-e.) – ‘That is my suitcase.’اینطور(intor) /آنطور(āntor): Meaning ‘like this’ / ‘like that,’ or ‘in this way’ / ‘in that way.’ These are adverbs of manner. Example:اینطور حرف نزن.(intor harf nazan.) – ‘Don't talk like this.’او همیشه آنطور لباس میپوشد.(u hamishe āntor lebās mipushad.) – ‘He always dresses like that.’ Colloquially,اونطوری(untori) is common forآنطور.همین(hamin) /همان(hamān): These are emphatic demonstratives, meaning ‘this very (one)’ / ‘that very (one),’ or ‘the same.’ They add a layer of specificity and insistence.همین الان بیا!(hamin alān biyā!) – ‘Come right this instant!’او همان معلم سال پیش است.(u hamān mo'allem-e sāl-e pish ast.) – ‘He is the same teacher as last year.’ Colloquially,همون(hamun) is used forهمان.اینجا(injā) /آنجا(ānjā): As noted, these mean ‘here’ / ‘there.’ They are place adverbs.لطفاً اینجا بنشینید.(lotfan injā beneshinid.) – ‘Please sit here.’آنجا خیلی دور است.(ānjā kheyli dur ast.) – ‘There is very far.’ Colloquially,اونجا(unjā) is used forآنجا.اینقدر(inghadar) /آنقدر(ānghadar): Meaning ‘this much’ / ‘that much.’ These quantify extent.چرا اینقدر عصبانی هستی؟(cherā inghadar asabāni hasti?) – ‘Why are you this angry?’من آنقدر پول ندارم.(man ānghadar pul nadāram.) – ‘I don’t have that much money.’ Colloquially,اونقدر(unghadar) is used forآنقدر.این موقع(in moghe') /آن موقع(ān moghe'): Meaning ‘this time’ / ‘that time.’این موقع سال هوا خیلی خوبه.(in moghe'-e sāl havā kheyli khub-e.) – ‘The weather is very good this time of year.’آن موقع او در ایران بود.(ān moghe' u dar Irān bud.) – ‘At that time, he was in Iran.’ Colloquially,اون موقع(un moghe') is common.
Real Conversations
To truly grasp the use of این and آن (and their colloquial variants), observing their natural integration into everyday Persian dialogue is essential. These examples demonstrate their fluid application across various contexts.
Example 1 (Casual introduction):
A
سلام، این دوستمه، رضا. (salām, in dustam-e, Rezā.) – ‘Hi, this is my friend, Reza.’B
خوشبختم، رضا. (khoshbakhtam, Rezā.) – ‘Nice to meet you, Reza.’Example 2 (Shopping):
A
این کفشها چندند؟ (in kafsh-hā chand-and?) – ‘How much are these shoes?’B
اونا دویست هزار تومانند. (unā devist hezār Tomān-and.) – ‘Those (ones) are 200,000 Tomans.’Example 3 (Referring to a distant object/person):
A
اون مرد رو میشناسی؟ (un mard ro mi-shenāsi?) – ‘Do you know that man?’B
آره، اون برادرمه. (āre, un barādar-am-e.) – ‘Yes, he's my brother.’Example 4 (Online chat/texting):
A
این عکسو ببین. (in akso bebin.) – ‘Look at this photo.’B
وای، چقدر خوبه! اون کیه کنار تو؟ (vāy, cheghadr khub-e! un ki-ye kenār-e to?) – ‘Wow, how good! Who’s that next to you?’Example 5 (Opinion/Abstract Idea):
A
من فکر میکنم این راه حل بهتره. (man fekr mikonam in rāh-e hal behtar-e.) – ‘I think this solution is better.’B
نه، اون یکی اصلا خوب نیست. (na, un yeki aslan khub nist.) – ‘No, that other one is not good at all.’Notice the prevalent use of اون and اونا in spoken and informal contexts, demonstrating their natural integration into modern Persian communication. The contraction of است (ast) to -e or -eh (ه) is also highly common in these conversational settings.
Quick FAQ
- Q: Can
اینandآنbe used for both animate and inanimate objects?
Yes, absolutely. They are universally applicable. You can say این گربه (in gorbe – ‘this cat’) or آن میز (ān miz – ‘that table’). However, as pronouns, اینها and آنها are more naturally used for inanimate objects or groups of people. For singular people, این is primarily for introduction, and او (u) for general reference.
- Q: What is the difference between
آنandاون?
آن is the formal and written form, while اون (un) is its colloquial, spoken equivalent. They have the same meaning (‘that,’ ‘those’), but اون is overwhelmingly more common in everyday conversation. As a learner, mastering اون will make your spoken Persian sound much more natural.
- Q: When should I use
اینها/آنهاversusاین/آنwith a plural noun?
Use این or آن (adjectival forms) before a plural noun (e.g., این کتابها – ‘these books’). Use اینها or آنها (pronominal forms) when the demonstrative stands alone and refers to multiple items or people (e.g., اینها چیستند؟ – ‘What are these?’).
- Q: Is it rude to point at people with
اینorآن?
Directly pointing a finger at someone’s face is generally considered impolite in Iranian culture, as in many others. When introducing or referring to someone nearby, a subtle head nod or an open-handed gesture is more appropriate. Using این for an introduction is fine, but continued reference to a person with آن or اون as a pronoun can sound impersonal; او (u) is generally preferred for ‘he/she.’
- Q: How do
همین/همانrelate toاین/آن?
همین and همان are emphatic forms of این and آن, respectively. They add a nuance of ‘this very one,’ ‘the same one,’ or ‘exactly this/that.’ They are used when you want to emphasize the specificity or identity of the referent. Example: همین کیف را میخواهم. (hamin kif rā mikhāham.) – ‘I want this very bag.’
- Q: Does Persian have words for ‘these’ and ‘those’ as distinct from ‘this’ and ‘that’ like English?
Yes, but the distinction primarily appears in the pronominal forms: اینها for ‘these (ones)’ and آنها for ‘those (ones).’ When این and آن act as adjectives modifying plural nouns, they do not change. So, you would say این کتابها (in ketāb-hā) for ‘these books’ and آن خانهها (ān khāne-hā) for ‘those houses.’ The core demonstratives themselves don't pluralize when functioning as adjectives.
Demonstrative Usage Table
| Type | Persian | English | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Proximal
|
این
|
This
|
Near speaker
|
|
Distal
|
آن
|
That
|
Far from speaker
|
|
Proximal Place
|
اینجا
|
Here
|
Location near
|
|
Distal Place
|
آنجا
|
There
|
Location far
|
|
Proximal Manner
|
اینطور
|
This way
|
Method
|
|
Distal Manner
|
آنطور
|
That way
|
Method
|
Meanings
Demonstrative pronouns are used to identify specific items in relation to the speaker's physical position.
Proximal (Near)
Referring to something within reach or close proximity.
“این کیف من است.”
“اینجا خانه من است.”
Distal (Far)
Referring to something at a distance from the speaker.
“آن کوه بلند است.”
“آن مرد کیست؟”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
این + Noun + است
|
این سیب است
|
|
Negative
|
این + Noun + نیست
|
این سیب نیست
|
|
Question
|
آیا این + Noun + است؟
|
آیا این سیب است؟
|
|
Adjective
|
این + Noun + Adjective
|
این سیب قرمز است
|
|
Plural
|
این + Noun-hā + است
|
این سیبها هستند
|
Formality Spectrum
این منزل من است. (Introducing home)
این خانه من است. (Introducing home)
این خونه منه. (Introducing home)
این خونهمه. (Introducing home)
Demonstrative Map
Near
- این This
- اینجا Here
Far
- آن That
- آنجا There
Examples by Level
این کتاب است.
This is a book.
آن ماشین است.
That is a car.
این سیب است.
This is an apple.
آن خانه است.
That is a house.
این کتابِ من است.
This is my book.
آن مرد کیست؟
Who is that man?
این غذا خوشمزه نیست.
This food is not delicious.
آن کیف بزرگ است.
That bag is big.
این همان کتابی است که میخواستم.
This is the very book I wanted.
آن روزها خیلی خوش گذشت.
Those days were very fun.
این مسئله بسیار مهم است.
This issue is very important.
آن تصمیم اشتباه بود.
That decision was wrong.
اینکه تو میگویی درست نیست.
What you are saying is not correct.
آنچه دیدم باورنکردنی بود.
What I saw was unbelievable.
اینگونه رفتار کردن درست نیست.
Behaving this way is not right.
آنقدر خسته بودم که خوابیدم.
I was so tired that I fell asleep.
این نکته را باید در نظر داشت.
This point must be kept in mind.
آنچنان که انتظار میرفت نشد.
It did not happen as expected.
این امر مستلزم دقت است.
This matter requires precision.
آنسوی رودخانه شهر قرار دارد.
On the other side of the river lies the city.
اینچنین است رسم روزگار.
Such is the way of the world.
آنسان که در متون آمده است.
As it has come in the texts.
اینهمه تلاش بیهوده بود.
All this effort was in vain.
آنگاه که خورشید طلوع کرد.
At that moment when the sun rose.
Easily Confused
Learners mix up the object and the place.
Learners don't know when to use which.
Learners try to pluralize 'this'.
Common Mistakes
اینها کتاب است
این کتابها هستند
آن کتاب من است
این کتاب من است
این است کتاب
این کتاب است
آنجا کتاب است
آن کتاب است
اینها هستند کتاب
اینها کتاب هستند
آنکه کتاب است
آن کتاب است
این کتابِ من
این کتابِ من است
اینکه کتاب است
این کتاب است
آنجا که کتاب است
آن کتاب است
اینها کتابهای من هستند
اینها کتابهای من هستند
آنسان که گفتم
همانطور که گفتم
اینگونه است که
اینگونه است که
آنکه دیدم
آنچه دیدم
اینهمه کتابها
اینهمه کتاب
Sentence Patterns
این ___ است.
آن ___ نیست.
این ___ خیلی ___ است.
آنچه ___ گفت، درست بود.
Real World Usage
این غذا چیست؟
آن کیف را میخواهم.
این خانه جدید من است.
آنجا کجاست؟
این تجربه برای من مهم است.
اونو دیدی؟
Keep it simple
Watch the distance
Use 'اون' in speech
Politeness
Smart Tips
If you are holding it, use 'این'. If you are pointing at it, use 'آن'.
Use 'اون' instead of 'آن' to sound like a local.
Always use 'آن' and avoid contractions.
Use 'این' for concepts you are about to introduce.
Pronunciation
Vowel length
The 'ā' in 'آن' is long.
Question
این کتاب است؟ ↑
Rising intonation for questions.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think 'In' is 'In' your hand (near), and 'An' is 'An'other place (far).
Visual Association
Imagine holding an apple close to your face (این) and pointing at a bird high in the sky (آن).
Rhyme
Near is 'in', far is 'an', use them well as best you can.
Story
Ali is in his room. He points to his pen and says 'این خودکار است'. Then he looks out the window at a tree and says 'آن درخت است'. He is happy he knows the difference.
Word Web
Challenge
Point to 5 things in your room and say 'این [object]' for each one.
Cultural Notes
In Tehran, 'این' and 'آن' often become 'این' and 'اون' in speech.
In formal writing, 'این' and 'آن' are strictly used.
Poets use 'آن' to evoke distance and longing.
Derived from Middle Persian demonstrative roots.
Conversation Starters
این چیست؟
آنجا کجاست؟
این کتاب را دوست داری؟
به نظر تو این تصمیم درست است؟
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
___ کتاب من است. (This)
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
آنها کتاب است.
این سیب است.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
است / کتاب / این
___ (That) کوه بلند است.
___ (This) غذا خوشمزه است.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises___ کتاب من است. (This)
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
آنها کتاب است.
این سیب است.
Match: 1. این, 2. آن, 3. اینجا, 4. آنجا
است / کتاب / این
___ (That) کوه بلند است.
___ (This) غذا خوشمزه است.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesمیتوانی ___ کنترل تلویزیون را به من بدهی؟ از من دور است.
___ کلاسی که الان در آن هستیم خیلی بزرگ است.
Select the correct option:
من آن پیراهن را دوست ندارم. این پیراهن را میخواهم که اینجا در دست شماست.
What are these?
است / گران / ماشین / آن / خیلی
Match the pairs
___ پسره رو میشناسی؟
آنجا دفتر من است.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate:
Score: /11
FAQ (8)
No, 'این' and 'آن' remain the same regardless of whether the noun is singular or plural.
Yes, 'اون' is the spoken, informal version of the formal 'آن'.
Yes, you can use it to introduce someone, like 'این دوست من است' (This is my friend).
'این' refers to an object, while 'اینجا' refers to a place (here).
'اینها' is the plural pronoun 'these'. It is used when you are not pointing to a specific noun but referring to a group of things.
In Persian culture, it is generally considered more polite to gesture with an open hand rather than pointing with a single finger.
You can either use 'آیا' at the beginning or simply use rising intonation at the end of the sentence.
Yes, 'این' and 'آن' are perfectly acceptable in formal writing. Avoid the spoken 'اون' in formal contexts.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
este/ese/aquel
Spanish has gender/number agreement; Persian does not.
ce/cette/ces
Persian is gender-neutral.
dieser/jener
Persian has no case endings for demonstratives.
kore/sore/are
Persian is strictly binary.
hādhā/dhālika
Persian lacks gender.
zhè/nà
Chinese requires measure words.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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