Concordância de Plural em Árabe: A regra do 'Ela' para objetos
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In Arabic, plural objects that are not human are treated grammatically as a single 'she'.
- Use feminine singular adjectives for non-human plurals: 'الكتبُ الجديدةُ' (The new books).
- Use feminine singular pronouns for non-human plurals: 'هي' (she/it) instead of 'هم' (they).
- Human plurals keep their own gender/number agreement: 'الطلابُ المجدون' (The diligent students).
Overview
عَاقِل - ʿāqil) e o que é 'não-racional' (غَيْر عَاقِل - ghayr ʿāqil).كُتُب (kutub), que é o plural de كِتَاب (kitāb). O adjetivo 'novo' é جَدِيد (jadīd).جَدِيد, que é جَدِيدَة (jadīdah). Então, 'livros novos' vira كُتُبٌ جَدِيدَةٌ (kutubun jadīdah).هُمْ - hum), você vai responder com 'ela' (هِيَ - hiya), referindo-se a essa 'coleção' de livros. É tipo quando a gente fala de um time de futebol: a gente diz 'o Flamengo é bom', mesmo que o time seja composto por onze jogadores.- 1Identifique o substantivo: Ele é plural? Ele é não-humano? Se sim, aplique a regra.
- 2Transforme o adjetivo: Pegue o adjetivo masculino singular e adicione o
تَاء مَرْبُوطَة(tāʾ marbūṭah- ة) ao final. Se ele já termina em ة, ele já está pronto! - 3Concordância: O adjetivo vem logo após o substantivo e deve concordar em definição (se o substantivo tem
الـ, o adjetivo também tem).
بُيُوت (buyūt) | كَبِيرَة (kabīrah) | Casas grandes |سَيَّارَات (sayyārāt) | سَرِيعَة (sarīʿah) | Carros rápidos |أَقْلام (aqlām) | جَدِيدَة (jadīdah) | Canetas novas |مَشَاكِل (mashākil) | صَعْبَة (ṣaʿbah) | Problemas difíceis |بَيْت (bayt - casa, masc.) vira بُيُوت (plural), e ainda assim recebe adjetivo feminino singular. سَيَّارَة (sayyārah - carro, fem.) vira سَيَّارَات (plural), e também recebe adjetivo feminino singular. O gênero original não importa, o que importa é que, ao virar plural não-racional, ele 'se torna' feminino singular para fins de concordância.اَلْمُدُنُ جَمِيلَةٌ (al-mudunu jamīlah). O verbo também segue: 'as janelas abriram' vira فُتِحَتِ النَّوَافِذُ (futiaḥati al-nawāfidh), onde o verbo فُتِحَتْ está na forma singular feminina, mesmo que 'janelas' seja plural.- 1Pluralização do adjetivo: O erro clássico é tentar colocar o adjetivo no plural. O aluno pensa: 'se livros é plural, novos tem que ser plural'. Aí ele escreve
كُتُبٌ جُدُدٌ. Isso soa muito estranho para um nativo, porque você está tratando os livros como se fossem pessoas. O motivo é a interferência do português, onde a concordância é 'plural com plural'.
- 1Esquecer o feminino: O aluno lembra que deve ser singular, mas esquece que deve ser o singular *feminino*. Ele escreve
اَلْمُدُنُ كَبِيرٌ(usando o adjetivo masculinoكَبِير). Isso acontece porque, no português, o masculino é o 'gênero neutro' ou padrão. O aluno tenta aplicar o padrão do português ao árabe, esquecendo que o feminino singular é a regra específica para esse caso.
- 1Aplicar a humanos: O erro oposto é tratar pessoas como objetos. Se você falar de 'professores' (
مُعَلِّمُونَ) usando o adjetivo feminino singular, você está desumanizando os professores. Isso é um erro grave de concordância porque humanos sãoعَاقِل(racionais) e exigem concordância plural real (مُعَلِّمُونَ أَذْكِيَاءُ).
مُهَنْدِسُونَ (Engenheiros) | Plural (ex: مَاهِرُونَ) |مَبَانِي (Prédios) | Singular Feminino (ex: مَاهِرَة) |- 1E se o objeto for 'dois'?
مُثَنَّى). A regra do feminino singular só se aplica para três ou mais. Para dois, você usa a forma dual específica.- 1Isso vale para animais?
- 1Posso usar o plural masculino para objetos se eu estiver com pressa?
- 1Por que feminino e não masculino singular?
Agreement Table for Non-Human Plurals
| Noun Type | Example | Adjective Agreement | Pronoun |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Non-Human Plural
|
الكتب (Books)
|
جديدة (New - Fem. Sing.)
|
هي (It/She)
|
|
Non-Human Plural
|
السيارات (Cars)
|
سريعة (Fast - Fem. Sing.)
|
هي (It/She)
|
|
Non-Human Plural
|
الأقلام (Pens)
|
طويلة (Long - Fem. Sing.)
|
هي (It/She)
|
|
Human Plural
|
الطلاب (Students)
|
مجدون (Diligent - Plural)
|
هم (They)
|
|
Human Plural
|
المعلمون (Teachers)
|
ماهرون (Skilled - Plural)
|
هم (They)
|
Meanings
This rule dictates that all non-human plurals (objects, animals, concepts) must be treated as feminine singular for the purposes of adjective and pronoun agreement.
Adjective Agreement
Adjectives modifying non-human plurals must be feminine singular.
“البيوتُ كبيرةٌ”
“الأشجارُ عاليةٌ”
Reference Table
| Categoria do Substantivo | Exemplo (Plural) | Tipo de Concordância | Tradução para o Português |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Humano (Masc)
|
أولاد (awlād)
|
Plural Masculino
|
Meninos / Crianças
|
|
Humano (Fem)
|
بنات (banāt)
|
Plural Feminino
|
Meninas
|
|
Objetos
|
سيارات (sayyārāt)
|
Singular Feminino
|
Carros
|
|
Animais
|
كلاب (kilāb)
|
Singular Feminino
|
Cães
|
|
Lugares
|
بلاد (bilād)
|
Singular Feminino
|
Países
|
|
Ideias Abstratas
|
أفكار (afkār)
|
Singular Feminino
|
Ideias
|
|
Tecnologia Moderna
|
صور (ṣuwar)
|
Singular Feminino
|
Fotos / Imagens
|
Espectro de formalidade
الكتبُ جديدةٌ. (General statement)
الكتب جديدة. (General statement)
الكتب جديدة. (General statement)
الكتب جديدة. (General statement)
Plurais Não Racionais (Ghayr ʿĀqil)
Objetos
- كتب Books
- أقلام Pens
Animais
- قطط Cats
- خيول Horses
Concordância: Humano vs. Não Humano
Que Concordância Usar?
O substantivo plural é humano?
É um gato, livro, cidade ou aplicativo?
Tudo Que É 'Ela' no Plural
Tecnologia
- • Emails
- • Apps
- • Phones
Viagem
- • Cities
- • Planes
- • Hotels
Exemplos por nível
الكتبُ جديدةٌ
The books are new
السياراتُ سريعةٌ
The cars are fast
الأقلامُ زرقاءُ
The pens are blue
البيوتُ كبيرةٌ
The houses are big
هل هذه الأبوابُ مفتوحةٌ؟
Are these doors open?
ليست هذه الدروسُ صعبةً
These lessons are not difficult
الأشجارُ في الحديقةِ عاليةٌ
The trees in the garden are tall
المدنُ التي زرتُها جميلةٌ
The cities I visited are beautiful
تلك الجبالُ شاهقةٌ وتغطيها الثلوجُ
Those mountains are towering and covered in snow
الأهدافُ التي وضعناها طموحةٌ جداً
The goals we set are very ambitious
هذه القراراتُ ليست مدروسةً بشكلٍ كافٍ
These decisions are not well-studied
الأفكارُ الجديدةُ دائماً ما تكون مثيرةً
New ideas are always exciting
إنّ هذه التحدياتِ التقنيةَ معقدةٌ وتتطلبُ حلولاً جذريةً
These technical challenges are complex and require radical solutions
تعتبرُ هذه النتائجُ دليلاً على نجاحِ المشروعِ
These results are considered proof of the project's success
تلك الأيامُ التي قضيناها هناك كانت لا تُنسى
Those days we spent there were unforgettable
تتطلبُ هذه القوانينُ تعديلاتٍ جوهريةً لتناسبَ الواقعَ
These laws require fundamental adjustments to fit reality
تتجلى هذه الظواهرُ في الطبيعةِ بشكلٍ دوريٍ ومستمرٍ
These phenomena manifest in nature periodically and continuously
تلك المبادئُ التي نؤمنُ بها راسخةٌ في وجدانِنا
Those principles we believe in are rooted in our conscience
تُعدُّ هذه المخطوطاتُ النادرةُ كنزاً معرفياً لا يُقدَّرُ بثمنٍ
These rare manuscripts are considered an invaluable knowledge treasure
تلك التداعياتُ الاقتصاديةُ كانت متوقعةً من قبلِ الخبراءِ
Those economic repercussions were expected by experts
تلك الأطروحاتُ الفلسفيةُ التي ناقشناها تتسمُ بالعمقِ والتعقيدِ
Those philosophical theses we discussed are characterized by depth and complexity
تلك الأساطيرُ القديمةُ لا تزالُ حاضرةً في الأدبِ المعاصرِ
Those ancient myths are still present in contemporary literature
تلك التفاعلاتُ الكيميائيةُ المعقدةُ تنتجُ مركباتٍ غيرَ مستقرةٍ
Those complex chemical reactions produce unstable compounds
تلك الرؤى الاستراتيجيةُ تهدفُ إلى تحقيقِ توازنٍ دقيقٍ
Those strategic visions aim to achieve a delicate balance
Fácil de confundir
Learners mix up human and non-human plurals.
Learners sometimes use singular instead of plural.
Learners use masculine plural for objects.
Erros comuns
الكتب جيدون
الكتب جيدة
هم جميلة
هي جميلة
السيارات سريعون
السيارات سريعة
هؤلاء الكتب
هذه الكتب
الأشجار طوال
الأشجار طويلة
المدن كبيرون
المدن كبيرة
هم غالية
هي غالية
القرارات مدروسون
القرارات مدروسة
الأهداف طموحون
الأهداف طموحة
هم أهداف صعبة
هي أهداف صعبة
الظواهر متجليون
الظواهر متجلية
المخطوطات نادرون
المخطوطات نادرة
التداعيات متوقعون
التداعيات متوقعة
Padrões de frases
___ (Plural Noun) ___ (Fem. Sing. Adj.)
هذه ___ (Plural Noun) ___ (Fem. Sing. Adj.)
ليست ___ (Plural Noun) ___ (Fem. Sing. Adj.)
تلك ___ (Plural Noun) التي ___ (Verb Fem. Sing.)
Real World Usage
الصور جميلة جداً
الرسائل وصلت
الأهداف واضحة
الخيارات متاحة
الأماكن رائعة
القرارات حاسمة
A Regra da 'Senhora'
Kutub jadīda (livros novos).Não Desumanize
Al-tullāb mujtahidūn(Os alunos são estudiosos).
Truque do Instagram
Ṣuwar jamīla (fotos bonitas).Smart Tips
Always pause and ask: Is it human?
Use 'هي' for all non-human plurals.
Check the noun's category first.
Use 'هذه' for plural objects.
Pronúncia
Feminine Ending
The 'ta marbuta' (ة) is often silent in pause, but the adjective agreement remains.
Declarative
الكتبُ جديدةٌ ↘
Falling intonation for statements.
Memorize
Mnemônico
Think of objects as a 'collection' that is feminine. If it's not a person, it's a 'she'.
Associação visual
Imagine a group of books wearing a single dress. They are a collective unit, so they share one feminine outfit.
Rhyme
For things that don't breathe or walk or talk, use feminine singular, that's the talk.
Story
Imagine you are in a library. You see many books (الكتب). You want to describe them as new (جديدة). You don't call them 'new' in the plural; you call them 'new' as if they were one single book. The books are a 'she' in your mind.
Word Web
Desafio
Look around your room and name 5 objects in Arabic, then describe them using a feminine singular adjective.
Notas culturais
The rule is strictly followed in spoken dialects as well.
Agreement is consistent with MSA.
Agreement is consistent with MSA.
This rule stems from the ancient Semitic classification of nouns into rational and non-rational categories.
Iniciadores de conversa
ما رأيك في هذه الكتب؟
هل هذه السيارات سريعة؟
كيف تجد هذه الأفكار؟
تلك التحديات تبدو معقدة، أليس كذلك؟
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
النوافذ ___ (Al-nawāfidh ___).
Find and fix the mistake:
السيارات سريع.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercisesالكتبُ ___ (جديد/جديدة/جديدون)
___ (هم/هي) السياراتُ سريعةٌ.
Find and fix the mistake:
البيوتُ كبيرون.
هذا الكتابُ جديدٌ -> ___
المدن / جميلة
الكتب - الأبواب - الطلاب
الأشجار (عالي)
Non-human plurals use feminine singular adjectives.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesالشوارع ___ (Al-shawāriʿ ___).
أين المفاتيح؟ ___ على الطاولة.
الأبواب مغلقون.
Many languages
غالية / السيارات / الـ
Associe categorias:
الجبال ___ (Al-jibāl ___).
___ صور قديمة.
الحيوانات جميلون.
Small shops
Score: /10
Perguntas frequentes (8)
It's a grammatical classification, not a gendered one. It simplifies agreement.
Yes, all non-human plurals follow this rule.
Animals are also treated as non-human plurals.
Very few, mostly related to specific collective nouns.
No, that is grammatically incorrect.
If it refers to people, it's human. Everything else is non-human.
Yes, it is a standard feature of Arabic.
Yes, verbs also take the feminine singular form.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Plural agreement
Spanish does not distinguish between human and non-human plural agreement.
Plural agreement
French does not have a 'non-human' plural rule.
Plural agreement
German does not have a 'non-human' plural rule.
No plural agreement
Japanese lacks the grammatical gender and number agreement system of Arabic.
No plural agreement
Chinese is an isolating language without inflectional agreement.
Feminine singular agreement
It is the standard for the language.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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