B1 Case System 9 min read 中等

德语与格:给予他人 (Der Dativ)

与格 (Dativ) 专门标记动作的“接收者”,记住冠词的变化口诀:demderden+n。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Dative case marks the indirect object, usually the person receiving something, and changes articles to {dem|m}, {der|f}, {dem|n}, and {den|pl}.

  • Use Dative for the indirect object: Ich gebe {dem|m} Mann das Buch.
  • Use Dative after specific prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu): Ich gehe mit {der|f} Frau.
  • Use Dative with specific verbs like 'helfen' or 'gefallen': Das hilft {dem|n} Kind.
Subject (Nominative) + Verb + Indirect Object (Dative) + Direct Object (Accusative)

Overview

The German Dative case, often referred to as the recipient case or the
to whom/for whom
case, is fundamental to conveying clarity and precision in German sentences. It functions primarily to mark the indirect object of a verb or the object of a specific preposition. In essence, the Dative case identifies the person or thing that benefits from, receives, or is otherwise affected by the action of the verb, but not as its direct target.
Consider the core action of giving. When you give something, there's the item being given (the direct object) and the individual receiving it (the indirect object). German grammar assigns the direct object to the Accusative case and the indirect object to the Dative case.
This distinction is crucial because it ensures unambiguous communication of roles within a sentence, preventing misunderstandings about who is acting upon whom or what. Mastery of the Dative case is a significant step towards B1 proficiency, enabling you to construct more complex and grammatically correct sentences.

How This Grammar Works

German employs a case system to delineate the grammatical function of nouns, pronouns, and their accompanying articles and adjectives within a sentence. Unlike English, which largely relies on word order and prepositions, German uses changes in word endings – known as declension – to signal these roles. The Dative case is one of four such cases, alongside Nominative (the subject), Accusative (the direct object), and Genitive (possession).
Linguistically, the Dative case often marks the dative argument of a verb, which typically refers to an entity that is indirectly involved in the action. For instance, in the sentence Ich gebe dem(m) Kind das Buch (I give the child the book), Ich is Nominative (the giver), das Buch is Accusative (the thing given), and dem(m) Kind is Dative (the receiver). This system allows for more flexible word order than English, as the case endings themselves clarify the grammatical relationships, regardless of placement.
German verbs can govern specific cases. Some verbs inherently require a Dative object because their meaning implies an indirect action or benefit. For example, the verb helfen (to help) always takes a Dative object: Ich helfe dem(m) Mann (I help the man), not Ich helfe den(m) Mann.
Similarly, certain prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu) are universally followed by the Dative case, fixing the case of the noun phrase that follows them. This consistent application of case endings is a hallmark of Germanic languages and a key to their grammatical structure.

Formation Pattern

1
To correctly form the Dative case, you must modify the articles (definite and indefinite), possessive pronouns, and personal pronouns that precede or stand in for the noun. A critical, often overlooked aspect is the N-declension for plural nouns, where an additional -n is appended to many plural nouns in the Dative case.
2
Here’s how the articles change in the Dative case:
3
| Gender | Nominative | Dative | Example (Dative) |
4
| :----------- | :--------- | :--------- | :---------------------------------------------- |
5
| Masculine| der | dem | Ich gebe dem(m) Vater das Geschenk. |
6
| Neuter | das | dem | Ich schreibe dem(n) Kind einen Brief. |
7
| Feminine | die | der | Ich helfe der Frau. |
8
| Plural | die(pl) | den | Ich danke den(pl) Studenten. |
9
Indefinite articles (ein, eine, ein) and negating articles (kein, keine, kein) follow a similar pattern, adding the Dative endings to their stems:
10
| Gender | Nominative | Dative | Example (Dative) |
11
| :----------- | :--------- | :--------- | :------------------------------------------------ |
12
| Masculine| ein | einem | Er spricht mit einem Freund. |
13
| Neuter | ein | einem | Sie hilft einem Kollegen. |
14
| Feminine | eine | einer | Wir geben einer Professorin das Feedback.|
15
| Plural | keine(pl)| keinen | Ich vertraue keinen(pl) Gerüchten. |
16
Possessive pronouns (mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr) also adopt these endings:
17
| Gender | Dative Ending | Example (Dative) |
18
| :----------- | :------------ | :-------------------------------------------------- |\
19
| Masculine| meinem | Ich gebe meinem(m) Hund einen Knochen. |\
20
| Neuter | deinem | Du antwortest deinem(n) Kind. |\
21
| Feminine | ihrer | Er erzählt ihrer(f) Freundin eine Geschichte. |\
22
| Plural | unseren | Wir schicken unseren(pl) Eltern eine Nachricht.|
23
Personal pronouns undergo distinct transformations in the Dative case. These forms are essential for direct, fluent communication:
24
| Nominative | Dative | English |
25
| :--------- | :-------- | :------------------------------------ |\
26
| ich | mir | to/for me |\
27
| du | dir | to/for you (informal singular) |\
28
| er | ihm | to/for him |\
29
| es | ihm | to/for it |\
30
| sie | ihr | to/for her |\
31
| wir | uns | to/for us |\
32
| ihr | euch | to/for you (informal plural) |\
33
| sie | ihnen | to/for them |\
34
| Sie | Ihnen | to/for you (formal singular/plural) |\
35
Finally, the N-Declension Rule is critical for plural nouns in the Dative. Most plural nouns that do not already end in -n or -s (or -o in some cases) must add an -n in the Dative plural. This includes most nouns ending in -e (like die Blume -> die Blumen -> den Blumen) or those forming their plural with an umlaut (like der Vater -> die Väter -> den Vätern). Nouns that already end in -n in the plural (e.g., Studenten, Fragen) or in -s (e.g., Autos, Hotels) do not add an extra -n.
36
die(pl) Kinder (Nominative plural) → den Kindern (Dative plural)
37
die(pl) Frauen (Nominative plural) → den Frauen (Dative plural)
38
die(pl) Autos (Nominative plural) → den Autos (Dative plural – no extra -n needed)

When To Use It

The Dative case is activated in several distinct grammatical contexts, primarily dictated by specific verbs, prepositions, or impersonal expressions. Understanding these triggers is key to its correct application.
  1. 1With Verbs that Govern the Dative Case: Many German verbs inherently demand a Dative object. These are often verbs of communication, giving, helping, or expressing emotions towards someone. You cannot use the Accusative case with these verbs for their primary object. Memorizing a core set of these verbs is essential. Examples include:
  • helfen (to help): Ich helfe dir(Dat). (I help you.)
  • danken (to thank): Sie dankt ihm(Dat). (She thanks him.)
  • antworten (to answer): Wir antworten dem(m) Professor. (We answer the professor.)
  • gefallen (to please/like): Das Lied gefällt mir(Dat). (The song pleases me / I like the song.)
  • gehören (to belong to): Das Buch gehört dem(m) Studenten. (The book belongs to the student.)
  • gratulieren (to congratulate): Ich gratuliere euch(Dat) zum Geburtstag. (I congratulate you all on your birthday.)
  • folgen (to follow): Der Hund folgt seinem(n) Herrchen. (The dog follows its owner.)
  • passieren (to happen to): Was ist ihm(Dat) passiert? (What happened to him?)
  1. 1With Verbs that Take Two Objects (Accusative and Dative): When a verb involves both a direct object (the thing being acted upon) and an indirect object (the recipient or beneficiary), the indirect object will be in the Dative case, and the direct object in the Accusative case. This structure is common for verbs of giving, showing, telling, or sending.
  • geben (to give): Er gibt seiner(f) Freundin einen Blumenstrauß. (He gives his girlfriend a bouquet of flowers.) Here, einen Blumenstrauß is Accusative, and seiner(f) Freundin is Dative.
  • schicken (to send): Ich schicke dir(Dat) eine E-Mail. (I send you an email.)
  • zeigen (to show): Sie zeigt ihrem(m) Bruder das Foto. (She shows her brother the photo.)
In German, if both objects are pronouns, the Accusative pronoun typically comes before the Dative pronoun: Ich gebe es(Acc) ihm(Dat). (I give it to him.). If one is a pronoun and one a noun, the pronoun usually comes first.
  1. 1After Specific Dative Prepositions: A fixed set of prepositions always requires the Dative case for the noun phrase that follows them. This group is often remembered as the Dative Seven or by the acronym aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu.
  • aus (out of, from): Ich komme aus(Prep) dem(m) Haus. (I come out of the house.)
  • bei (at, near, with): Ich wohne bei(Prep) meinen(pl) Eltern. (I live with my parents.)
  • mit (with, by means of): Wir fahren mit(Prep) dem(n) Zug. (We travel by train.)
  • nach (to a country/city, after): Wir fliegen nach(Prep) Deutschland(Dat). (We fly to Germany.) (Note: Place names without articles are implicitly dative)
  • seit (since, for a duration): Ich lerne Deutsch seit(Prep) einem Jahr. (I have been learning German for a year.)
  • von (from, by): Das Buch ist von(Prep) einem bekannten Autor. (The book is by a famous author.)
  • zu (to a person/place): Ich gehe zum(m) (zu + dem) Arzt. (I go to the doctor.)
  1. 1With Two-Way Prepositions for Location: Certain prepositions (an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen) can take either the Accusative or Dative case depending on the context. They govern the Dative case when indicating a static location or position, answering the question Wo? (Where?). If there's movement to a location, answering Wohin? (Where to?), they govern the Accusative.
  • Dative (location): Das Buch liegt auf(Prep) dem(m) Tisch. (The book is lying on the table.)
  • Accusative (direction): Ich lege das Buch auf(Prep) den(m) Tisch. (I lay the book on the table.)
  1. 1Impersonal Expressions: Some impersonal expressions, often involving states of being or feelings, use the Dative case.
  • Mir ist kalt. (I am cold. / Literally: To me it is cold.)
  • Es geht ihm(Dat) gut. (He is doing well.)

Common Mistakes

Navigating the Dative case presents several common pitfalls for learners, primarily due to direct translation from English or misinterpretation of article forms.
  • The Feminine der Trap: One of the most frequent errors is confusing the Dative feminine article der with the Nominative or Accusative masculine article der (der Mann). Remember that in Dative, die Frau becomes der Frau, and die Mutter becomes der Mutter. The grammatical gender of the noun (die for feminine) remains, but the article changes form to reflect the Dative case. Context (verb or preposition) is your primary indicator.
  • Incorrect: Ich helfe die Frau. (Thinking die is like

Dative Article Changes

Gender Nominative Dative
Masculine
der
dem
Feminine
die
der
Neuter
das
dem
Plural
die
den (+n)

Common Dative Contractions

Preposition + Article Contraction
an + dem
am
bei + dem
beim
in + dem
im
von + dem
vom
zu + dem
zum

Meanings

The Dative case indicates the indirect object of a sentence, typically the person or entity receiving the direct object.

1

Indirect Object

The recipient of an action.

“Er gibt {dem|m} Lehrer das Heft.”

“Sie schreibt {der|f} Freundin eine E-Mail.”

2

Dative Prepositions

Prepositions that always require the Dative case.

“Ich fahre mit {dem|m} Zug.”

“Sie wohnt bei {der|f} Tante.”

3

Dative Verbs

Verbs that require an object in the Dative case instead of Accusative.

“Das gefällt {dem|m} Mann.”

“Ich helfe {der|f} Frau.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 德语与格:给予他人 (Der Dativ)
格位 (Case) 阳性 {m} 阴性 {f} 中性 {n} 复数 {pl}
主格 (Nom)
der / ein
die / eine
das / ein
die / -
宾格 (Akk)
den / einen
die / eine
das / ein
die / -
与格 (Dat)
dem / einem
der / einer
dem / einem
den / - (+n)
人称代词
ihm
ihr
ihm
ihnen

正式程度

正式
Ich leiste dem Herrn Unterstützung.

Ich leiste dem Herrn Unterstützung. (Helping someone)

中性
Ich helfe dem Mann.

Ich helfe dem Mann. (Helping someone)

非正式
Ich helfe dem Typen.

Ich helfe dem Typen. (Helping someone)

俚语
Ich check das für den Typen.

Ich check das für den Typen. (Helping someone)

与格 (Dativ) 关系网

与格

动词

  • helfen 帮助
  • geben

介词

  • mit 和...一起
  • zu 去...

冠词

  • dem 阳性/中性
  • der 阴性

冠词变换表

主格 (Nom)
der Mann 那个男人
die Frau 那个女人
与格 (Dat)
dem Mann 给那个男人
der Frau 给那个女人

这是与格吗?

1

是否有与格介词 (mit, zu...)?

YES
使用与格!
NO
检查动词。
2

动词是关于“给予”或“帮助”吗?

YES
对人使用与格!
NO ↓

与格代词速查表

👤

单数

  • mir (我)
  • dir (你)
  • ihm (他/它)
  • ihr (她)
👥

复数

  • uns (我们)
  • euch (你们)
  • ihnen (他们)
💼

正式

  • Ihnen (您)

按水平分级的例句

1

Ich gebe {dem|m} Mann das Buch.

I give the man the book.

2

Das ist für {die|f} Frau.

That is for the woman.

3

Ich helfe {dem|n} Kind.

I help the child.

4

Mit {dem|m} Auto.

With the car.

1

Ich fahre mit {der|f} Bahn.

I go by train.

2

Er gratuliert {dem|m} Freund.

He congratulates the friend.

3

Wir wohnen bei {den|pl} Eltern.

We live with the parents.

4

Das gehört {dem|n} Mädchen.

That belongs to the girl.

1

Das gefällt {dem|m} Lehrer sehr.

The teacher likes that a lot.

2

Sie dankt {der|f} Kollegin für die Hilfe.

She thanks the colleague for the help.

3

Nach {dem|n} Essen gehen wir spazieren.

After eating we go for a walk.

4

Er antwortet {den|pl} Studenten.

He answers the students.

1

Ich bin in {dem|n} Haus.

I am in the house.

2

Er legt das Buch auf {dem|m} Tisch.

He places the book on the table.

3

Sie vertraut {der|f} Person.

She trusts the person.

4

Wir begegnen {den|pl} Leuten oft.

We often meet the people.

1

Es ist {dem|m} Kunden nicht recht.

It is not right for the customer.

2

Sie ist {der|f} Aufgabe gewachsen.

She is up to the task.

3

Er ist {dem|n} Tode nah.

He is near death.

4

Wir sind {den|pl} Umständen ausgeliefert.

We are at the mercy of the circumstances.

1

Dem Glücklichen schlägt keine Stunde.

For the happy person, time does not strike.

2

Er ist {der|f} Sprache mächtig.

He is master of the language.

3

Das ist {dem|n} Volke wohlbekannt.

That is well known to the people.

4

Sie ist {den|pl} Anforderungen gerecht geworden.

She has met the requirements.

容易混淆

German Dative Case: Giving to Others (Der Dativ) 对比 Accusative vs Dative

Both change articles.

German Dative Case: Giving to Others (Der Dativ) 对比 Prepositions

Some take Dative, some Accusative.

German Dative Case: Giving to Others (Der Dativ) 对比 Plural Dative

Forgetting the -n.

常见错误

Ich gebe der Mann das Buch.

Ich gebe dem Mann das Buch.

Masculine Dative is 'dem'.

Ich helfe die Frau.

Ich helfe der Frau.

Helfen requires Dative.

Mit die Freunde.

Mit den Freunden.

Mit requires Dative.

Ich gebe das Buch für dem Mann.

Ich gebe das Buch für den Mann.

'Für' takes Accusative.

Ich fahre zu der Bahnhof.

Ich fahre zu dem Bahnhof.

Zu takes Dative.

Das gehört der Kind.

Das gehört dem Kind.

Neuter Dative is 'dem'.

Ich danke der Lehrer.

Ich danke dem Lehrer.

Danken takes Dative.

Ich helfe die Kinder.

Ich helfe den Kindern.

Plural Dative needs -n.

Er antwortet der Mann.

Er antwortet dem Mann.

Antworten takes Dative.

Das gefällt der Mann.

Das gefällt dem Mann.

Gefallen takes Dative.

Ich bin der Meinung nach.

Meiner Meinung nach.

Genitive vs Dative.

句型

Ich gebe ___ (Dative) ___ (Accusative).

Ich fahre mit ___ (Dative).

Das gefällt ___ (Dative).

Ich danke ___ (Dative) für ___ (Accusative).

Real World Usage

Ordering food very common

Ich gebe dem Kellner das Geld.

Job interview common

Ich danke dem Unternehmen.

Texting very common

Schicke das dem Freund.

Travel common

Ich fahre mit dem Zug.

Social media common

Das gefällt dem Follower.

Email common

Ich antworte dem Kunden.

💡

接收者法则

问问自己“这件事是发生在谁身上?”那个答案就是你的与格对象。比如:
Ich gebe dir das Buch.
⚠️

迷惑的阴性 'Der'

别被骗了!在与格中 der Frau 是完全正确的,这不代表她是男性,只是格位变了:
Ich danke der Frau.
🎯

复数加 -n

检查与格里的复数名词,如果结尾不是 -n 或 -s,一定要补个 -n:
Ich spiele mit den Kindern.

Smart Tips

Ask yourself: 'Who is getting this?' That person is in the Dative.

Ich gebe der Mann das Buch. Ich gebe dem Mann das Buch.

Memorize the Dative prepositions as a song.

Ich gehe mit der Hund. Ich gehe mit dem Hund.

Always check for the '-n' ending.

Ich danke die Lehrer. Ich danke den Lehrern.

Group them by meaning.

Das gefällt der Lehrer. Das gefällt dem Lehrer.

发音

/deːm/

Dative endings

Ensure the 'm' in 'dem' is clear.

Statement

Ich gebe {dem|m} Mann das Buch ↘

Neutral information.

记住它

记忆技巧

Dative is the 'Giving' case: if you give, you use Dative.

视觉联想

Imagine a person holding a gift. The person receiving the gift is wearing a bright blue shirt (for {dem|m}) or a pink hat (for {der|f}).

Rhyme

Mit, nach, bei, von, zu, aus, seit, Der Dativ ist für alle bereit!

Story

Hans gives a flower to his mother. Hans is the subject. The flower is the direct object. The mother is the Dative recipient. She smiles because she is the 'receiver'.

Word Web

demderdenhelfendankenmitzu

挑战

Write 5 sentences today using 'mit' and a family member.

文化笔记

Using the Dative correctly is seen as a sign of education.

Dative is often used in regional dialects.

Dative is strictly maintained in formal writing.

Derived from Proto-Indo-European case systems.

对话开场白

Wem hilfst du heute?

Mit wem gehst du ins Kino?

Was gefällt dir an dieser Stadt?

Wem hast du zuletzt gedankt?

日记主题

Describe your daily routine using 'mit'.
Write about a person you help.
Explain why you like your job/school.
Reflect on a gift you gave someone.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

在空格处填入正确的与格冠词。

Ich gebe ___ (the/masc) Bruder ein Buch.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dem
阳性名词在与格中冠词变为 'dem'。
哪句话正确使用了与格?

选择正确的句子:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich helfe der Frau.
阴性名词 'die Frau' 在与格中变为 'der Frau'。
找出并修正复数与格中的错误。

Ich gebe den Kinder (pl) Schokolade.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich gebe den Kindern Schokolade.
复数名词在与格中冠词用 'den',且名词末尾要加 '-n' (Kindern)。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the correct article.

Ich gebe ___ (der) Mann das Buch.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dem
Masculine Dative is dem.
Choose the correct verb. 多项选择

Ich ___ (helfen/helfe) dem Kind.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: helfe
Conjugation of helfen.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Mit die Frau.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mit der Frau
Mit takes Dative.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

dem / gebe / ich / Mann / das Buch

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All are correct
German word order is flexible.
Translate to German. 翻译

I thank the teacher.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich danke dem Lehrer
Danken takes Dative.
Match the preposition. Match Pairs

mit -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dative
Mit is a Dative preposition.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Ich / helfen / mein / Vater

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich helfe meinem Vater
Dative possessive.
Conjugate the article. Conjugation Drill

Dative Plural of 'die Kinder'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: den Kindern
Plural Dative needs -n.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
填入正确的人称代词。 填空

Das Auto gefällt ___ (me).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mir
使用与格将句子翻译成德语。 翻译

我谢谢你(非正式/单数)。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich danke dir.
选择介词使用正确的句子。 多项选择

哪一个是正确的?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich fahre mit dem Bus.
重新排列单词组成正确的与格句子。 Sentence Reorder

gebe / Ich / dem / Geld / Mann

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich gebe dem Mann Geld.
将主格形式与其对应的与格形式连线。 Match Pairs

匹配以下变化:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: der -> dem
填入正确的复数结尾。 填空

Wir danken den Lehrer___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: n
为“她”选择正确的与格代词。 多项选择

Ich schicke ___ (her) eine E-Mail.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ihr
纠正介词后的与格错误。 Error Correction

Ich komme aus den Haus.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich komme aus dem Haus.
翻译:'他把它给了我们。' 翻译

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er gibt es uns.
填入“你们”(非正式复数)的正确形式。 填空

Gefällt ___ (you all) der Film?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: euch

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

German adds an '-n' to plural nouns in the Dative to distinguish them from other cases.

No, only specific ones like 'mit' and 'zu'. Others take Accusative.

People will understand you, but it will sound incorrect.

Yes, but some dialects simplify the endings.

No, 'für' always takes Accusative.

You have to memorize them; they don't follow a simple rule.

Yes, 'dem' is the Dative article for masculine and neuter.

No, the Dative only changes the noun/article, not the verb conjugation.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

Indirect Object Pronouns

Spanish uses pronouns, German changes articles.

French moderate

Complément d'objet indirect

French uses prepositions, German uses cases.

Japanese high

Ni particle

Japanese uses particles, German uses inflection.

Arabic partial

Majrur case

Arabic uses suffixes, German uses articles.

Chinese low

Word order

Chinese has no case system.

German high

Dativ

None.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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