Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The particle -(i)na is a versatile tool used to offer choices, make casual suggestions, or express surprise at a quantity.
- Use it to list choices: 'Coffee or tea?' (커피나 차)
- Use it for casual suggestions: 'How about a movie?' (영화나 볼까?)
- Use it to emphasize a large amount: 'I waited for an hour!' (한 시간이나 기다렸어!)
Overview
(i)na ({이나}/{나})。它是终极的多任务处理者。它处理选择（“A 或 B”），随意的建议（“要是没别的，就做 X 吧”），甚至惊讶（“你吃了多少个塔可？！”）。- 模式：选项 A +
(i)na+ 选项 B
- 模式：名词 +
(i)na+ 动词 - 例子：
Bab-ina meokja(我们吃饭之类的吧。)
- 例子：
yeol-sigan-ina(竟然长达 10 个小时！)
- 以元音结尾（无收音）： 加
na(나) →sa-gwa-na - 以辅音结尾（有收音）： 加
ina(이나) →su-bak-ina
- 1动词陷阱： 试图把“我学习或睡觉”说成
gongbu-ha-na。错！动词需要用-geona。
A-na B-na C。Formation of -(i)na
| Ending | Particle | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Vowel
|
나
|
커피나
|
|
Consonant
|
이나
|
라면이나
|
|
Number
|
이나
|
한 시간이나
|
Meanings
A multi-functional particle that indicates a non-exclusive choice, a casual suggestion, or an unexpected degree of quantity.
Non-exclusive choice
Indicates one of several options, implying others are also acceptable.
“주말에 영화나 볼까요?”
“라면이나 먹자.”
Emphasis of quantity
Used when a number or amount is surprisingly large.
“벌써 세 시간이나 지났어요.”
“천 원이나 해요?”
Reference Table
| 名词结尾 | 助词形式 | 单词示例 | 结合后 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
元音（无收音）
|
-na (나)
|
Keopi (咖啡)
|
Keopi-na (咖啡或...)
|
|
元音（无收音）
|
-na (나)
|
Buseu (公交车)
|
Buseu-na (公交车或...)
|
|
元音（无收音）
|
-na (나)
|
Sagwa (苹果)
|
Sagwa-na (苹果或...)
|
|
辅音（有收音）
|
-ina (이나)
|
Bap (饭)
|
Bap-ina (饭或...)
|
|
辅音（有收音）
|
-ina (이나)
|
Jihacheol (地铁)
|
Jihacheol-ina (地铁或...)
|
|
辅音（有收音）
|
-ina (이나)
|
Sam-il (3天)
|
Sam-il-ina (竟然3天！)
|
正式程度
라면이나 드시지요. (Casual meal suggestion)
라면이나 먹어요. (Casual meal suggestion)
라면이나 먹자. (Casual meal suggestion)
라면이나 때우자. (Casual meal suggestion)
(i)na 的三副面孔
选择
- A-na B A 或 B
提议
- N-ina V 做 N（什么的）吧
数量震惊
- Num-ina 竟然有 Num 这么多！
形式计算器
名词结尾有收音（辅音）吗？
你在列举选择吗？
数量语气：ina vs bakke
常用搭配
日常生活
- • Keopi-na (咖啡...)
- • Bap-ina (饭...)
固定短语
- • Hoksi-na (万一)
- • Amu-na (任何人)
按水平分级的例句
커피나 차?
Coffee or tea?
라면이나 먹어요.
Let's eat ramen or something.
물이나 마셔요.
Drink some water or something.
책이나 봐요.
Read a book or something.
한 시간이나 기다렸어요.
I waited for a whole hour!
영화나 볼까요?
Shall we watch a movie or something?
천 원이나 해요?
It costs 1,000 won?!
친구랑 게임이나 해요.
I'll just play games with a friend.
주말에 등산이나 갈까 생각 중이에요.
I'm thinking of going hiking or something this weekend.
벌써 세 번이나 실패했어요.
I've already failed three times!
이거라도 먹고 힘내요.
Eat at least this and cheer up.
어디나 다 똑같아요.
Everywhere is the same.
그렇게나 많이 먹었어요?
Did you really eat that much?
뭐라도 좀 해야 할 것 같아요.
I feel like I should do something.
누구나 다 아는 사실이에요.
It's a fact that everyone knows.
시간이 얼마나 걸리나 확인해 볼게요.
I'll check how long it takes.
그 사람이나 나나 똑같아요.
He and I are the same.
어제는 늦게까지 공부나 했어요.
Yesterday I just studied until late.
어디나 갈 수 있다면 좋겠어요.
I wish I could go anywhere.
무슨 일이나 다 잘 될 거예요.
Everything will work out fine.
그는 무엇이나 다 잘하는 천재예요.
He is a genius who is good at everything.
어느 쪽이나 상관없어요.
Either side is fine with me.
그렇게나 오랫동안 기다리게 해서 미안해요.
I'm sorry for making you wait for so long.
누구에게나 기회는 있어요.
There is an opportunity for everyone.
容易混淆
Both can mean 'or', but -(i)rado means 'at least'.
Both involve choices.
Both mean 'or'.
常见错误
커피나 차를 마셔요 (with specific intent)
커피나 차를 마실래요
한 시간나
한 시간이나
나는 사과나 먹어요 (as a statement of fact)
나는 사과를 먹어요
어제나 영화를 봤어요
어제 영화를 봤어요
이거 100원이나 해요 (when it's cheap)
이거 100원이에요
어디나 가요
어디든 가요
라면이나 먹자 (when you really want ramen)
라면을 먹자
그는 누구이나 다 알아요
그는 누구든 다 알아요
그거 10분이나 걸려요 (when it's fast)
그거 10분 걸려요
그는 나나 그나 똑같아요
그나 나나 똑같아요
그는 무엇이나 다 할 수 있어요
그는 무엇이든 다 할 수 있어요
그렇게나 많이 먹었어?
그렇게 많이 먹었어?
어느 쪽이나 상관없어요
어느 쪽이든 상관없어요
句型
___나 ___나 똑같아요.
___나 할까요?
___ 시간이나 걸렸어요.
___나 먹어요.
Real World Usage
뭐 먹을까? 피자나 먹자.
콜라나 사이다 주세요.
오늘 날씨 좋다. 산책이나 할까?
택시나 버스 타요.
경험이나 경력이 있습니다.
치킨이나 피자.
模糊的艺术
(i)na 提议会显得你很随和，给对方留了余地。比如：«커피나 마실까요?»（喝杯咖啡什么的？）别对朋友“无礼”
(i)na 连用，除非你在开玩笑。«철수나 만나자» 听起来像是哲秀只是个打发时间的备胎。强调价格或数量
Smart Tips
Use -(i)na to show you are flexible.
Add -(i)na to the price.
Use -(i)na with an activity.
Use -(i)na to avoid being pushy.
发音
Linking
The 'i' in 'ina' links to the preceding consonant.
Rising
커피나? ↑
Suggesting a choice.
Falling
한 시간이나! ↓
Emphasizing surprise.
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of '-(i)na' as 'In-a-pinch'. When you are in a pinch for a choice, use -(i)na!
视觉联想
Imagine a person standing in front of a vending machine, pointing at everything saying 'This or that, it doesn't matter!'
Rhyme
When you want a choice, use -(i)na, it's the best voice!
Story
Min-ji is bored. She says 'I'll read a book or something' (책이나 읽을까). She checks her watch and realizes she has been reading for '3 hours already!' (세 시간이나!). She is surprised at the time.
Word Web
挑战
For the next 5 minutes, look at items around you and say 'X or Y' using -(i)na.
文化笔记
Koreans often use -(i)na to be polite by not forcing a specific choice on the listener.
The particle -(i)na evolved from the verb 'to be' (ida) and the particle 'na'.
对话开场白
주말에 뭐 할까요?
오늘 점심 뭐 먹을까요?
얼마나 기다렸어요?
어디로 여행 갈까요?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
选择正确的句子：
Jib 以辅音（收音 ㅂ）结尾，所以我们要加 -ina。-geona 是给动词用的。连接单词与正确的结尾：
na。Water (Mul) 以收音 'l' 结尾，用 ina。哪种提议对上司来说是不礼貌的？
(i)na 会显得对方只是个“随便的选择”，非常不礼貌。Score: /3
练习题
8 exercises커피___ 마실까요?
Which sentence shows surprise?
Find and fix the mistake:
라면나 먹자.
영화 / 볼까요 / 나 / ?
Match the meaning.
A: 뭐 할까? B: ___.
3 hours passed.
-(i)na is formal.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
11 exercisesCha (茶) ___ Keopi (咖啡). (茶或咖啡)
Gim-bap (紫菜包饭) ___ meokja. (我们吃紫菜包饭什么的吧)
“竟然有10个人”怎么说？
Orenji (橙子) + 或者
Kkoc (花) + 或者
Moko-na jayo. (吃或者睡)
山 / 或者 / 海 / 往 / 去 / ?
将短语与其表达的情绪匹配：
什么时候你会说 'Keopi-na masija'？
Il-ju-il (一周) ___ gidaryeosseo. (我等了整整一周！)
Gogi na saengseon. (肉或鱼)
Score: /11
常见问题 (8)
No, only for choices, suggestions, and surprise.
It depends on the preceding vowel/consonant.
No, it's actually polite because it's non-demanding.
Yes, but usually attached to nouns representing activities.
Use the particle 'man' or just the object particle.
Rarely, it's too casual.
Context is key.
No, it's for positive, large quantities.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
o
-(i)na conveys speaker attitude, 'o' does not.
ou
-(i)na is used for suggestions, 'ou' is not.
oder
-(i)na implies 'or something else'.
ka
-(i)na has a stronger 'surprise' nuance.
aw
-(i)na is informal and emotive.
huozhe
-(i)na is a particle, 'huozhe' is a conjunction.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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