A2 verb 中性 3分钟阅读

참다

chamda [t͡ɕʰamda̠]
开始练习 笔记与提示

Overview

The Korean word '참다' (pronounced 'cham-da') is a versatile verb primarily meaning 'to endure,' 'to bear,' 'to hold back,' or 'to suppress.' It encompasses a broad range of situations where one must restrain oneself, withstand a difficult experience, or exercise patience. Understanding its nuances is crucial for accurate communication in Korean.

Core Meanings and Usage:

  1. 1To endure/bear (pain, hardship, difficulty): This is perhaps the most common usage. It refers to the act of experiencing something unpleasant without giving in or complaining.
  • Examples:
  • 고통을 참다 (gotong-eul chamda) - to endure pain
  • 어려움을 참다 (eoryeoum-eul chamda) - to bear difficulties
  • 배고픔을 참다 (baegopeum-eul chamda) - to endure hunger
  • 추위를 참다 (chwiwi-reul chamda) - to bear the cold
  1. 1To hold back/suppress (emotions, urges, actions): '참다' is frequently used when one tries to prevent an emotion, an urge, or a spontaneous action from surfacing or being expressed.
  • Examples:
  • 웃음을 참다 (useum-eul chamda) - to hold back laughter
  • 눈물을 참다 (nunmul-eul chamda) - to hold back tears
  • 화를 참다 (hwa-reul chamda) - to suppress anger / to hold back one's temper
  • 하품을 참다 (hapum-eul chamda) - to suppress a yawn
  • 하고 싶은 말을 참다 (hago sipeun mal-eul chamda) - to hold back words one wants to say
  1. 1To be patient/wait (often with a sense of enduring): While there are other words for 'to wait,' '참다' can imply waiting patiently through a difficult period or resisting the urge to act prematurely.
  • Example:
  • 참고 기다리다 (chamgo gidarida) - to wait patiently (literally, to endure and wait)

Grammatical Forms and Conjugations:

Like all Korean verbs, '참다' conjugates according to tense, politeness level, and mood.

  • Present Tense (informal polite): 참아요 (chamayo)
  • Present Tense (formal polite): 참습니다 (chamsupnida)
  • Past Tense (informal polite): 참았어요 (chamasseoyo)
  • Past Tense (formal polite): 참았습니다 (chamasupnida)
  • Future Tense (informal polite): 참을 거예요 (chameul geoyeyo)
  • Future Tense (formal polite): 참을 것입니다 (chameul geosipnida)
  • Imperative (informal polite): 참으세요 (chameuseyo) - Please endure/hold back.
  • Gerund: 참아서 (chamaso) - by enduring/holding back (used for cause/reason)
  • Adverbial form: 참고 (chamgo) - enduring and... / bearing and... (used to connect actions)

Related Expressions and Nuances:

  • 참을성 (chameulseong): Patience, endurance (a noun derived from '참다').
  • 참을 수 없다 (chameul su eopda): Cannot endure/bear (I can't take it anymore).
  • 참다 못해 (chamda mothae): Unable to endure any longer, to the point of not being able to bear it.

Example Sentences:

  • 그는 아픔을 참으며 걸었다. (Geuneun apeumeul chameumyeo georeotda.) - He walked, enduring the pain.
  • 화가 났지만 겨우 참았어요. (Hwaga natjiman gyeou chamasseoyo.) - I was angry, but I barely held it back.
  • 졸음을 참으면서 공부했어요. (Joreumeul chameumyeonseo gongbuhaesseoyo.) - I studied while suppressing my sleepiness.
  • 더 이상 참을 수 없어요! (Deo isang chameul su eopseoyo!) - I can't take it anymore!

In essence, '참다' captures the human act of self-restraint and resilience in the face of internal or external pressures, making it a frequently used and important verb in the Korean language.

例句

1

그는 고통을 꾹 참았다.

Physical pain

He endured the pain patiently.

2

나는 화를 참을 수 없었다.

Emotion/Feeling

I couldn't hold back my anger.

3

아이는 졸음을 참으며 공부했다.

Physical urge/feeling

The child studied, holding back their sleepiness.

4

그녀는 울음을 참으려고 노력했다.

Physical expression of emotion

She tried to hold back her tears.

5

좀 더 참으면 좋은 결과가 있을 거야.

Patience/Perseverance

If you endure a little longer, there will be good results.

常见搭配

고통을 참다
울음을 참다
화를 참다
숨을 참다

容易混淆的词

참다 vs 견디다 (gyeondida)

'참다' often implies a more active suppression or holding back of something, like an urge, emotion, or physical sensation, often with the possibility of giving in. '견디다' generally refers to enduring or bearing a difficult situation or pain, often implying resilience and perseverance. You can '참다' laughter (hold back laughter), but you would '견디다' a long, difficult journey (endure a long, difficult journey).

참다 vs 버티다 (beotida)

'참다' is about suppressing or holding back, while '버티다' is about holding out or resisting, often against a force or pressure. You '참다' the pain (hold back the pain), but you '버티다' against the strong wind (resist the strong wind).

语法模式

~을/를 참다 (e.g., 울음을 참다 - to hold back tears) ~고 참다 (e.g., 배고픔을 참고 일하다 - to work while enduring hunger) ~지 않고 참다 (e.g., 화를 내지 않고 참다 - to hold back anger without expressing it)

如何使用

When using '참다', it's important to consider the context to convey the precise nuance. It can be applied to physical sensations (e.g., pain, hunger), emotions (e.g., anger, sadness), or urges (e.g., laughter, tears). For instance, '아픔을 참다' means 'to endure pain,' while '화를 참다' means 'to hold back anger.' The object being endured or held back typically precedes '참다' in the sentence. It can also imply a temporary suppression with the expectation of release later, or a long-term commitment to enduring a difficult situation. The tone can vary from a stoic acceptance to a reluctant suppression, depending on the surrounding sentence structure and speaker's intent. It's a versatile verb that highlights the act of internal struggle and control.

常见错误

A common mistake with '참다' is confusing its various nuances. While it generally means 'to endure' or 'to bear,' it can also mean 'to hold back' or 'to suppress.' For example, '울음을 참다' means 'to hold back tears,' not necessarily to endure crying. Another mistake is using it interchangeably with verbs like '견디다' (gyeondida), which is more solely focused on 'enduring' physical or mental hardship, often with a connotation of resilience. '참다' can be more about conscious suppression. Also, pay attention to the particles used. You'll often see it with an object particle (을/를) for what is being endured or held back (e.g., 고통을 참다 - to endure pain; 웃음을 참다 - to hold back laughter). Don't use it for things that are simply difficult to do or tolerate without an active effort of suppression.

小贴士

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Word Usage

'참다' is a versatile verb used to express enduring, bearing, or holding back various things such as pain, urges, laughter, or even anger. It often implies a conscious effort to suppress a feeling or action.

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Common Mistakes

A common mistake is using '참다' when a more direct verb like '견디다' (to endure difficulties) or '억누르다' (to suppress emotions strongly) might be more appropriate depending on the context. While similar, '참다' often implies a temporary holding back, whereas '견디다' suggests a longer-term endurance of hardship.

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Contextual Nuances

The nuance of '참다' can change significantly with context. For example: - '아픔을 참다' (to endure pain) - '웃음을 참다' (to hold back laughter) - '화를 참다' (to suppress anger) - '졸음을 참다' (to fight off sleep) - '울음을 참다' (to hold back tears) Understanding the object being 'held back' or 'endured' is key to grasping the precise meaning.

词源

The Korean word '참다' (ch'amda), meaning 'to endure, bear, or hold back,' has a rich history rooted in Old Korean and Proto-Koreanic. Its evolution reflects the cultural emphasis on perseverance and self-control. The earliest reconstructible form of '참다' is believed to be *tyam-ta, which can be traced back to Proto-Koreanic. This root is also connected to other words signifying patience and restraint. Over centuries, '참다' has undergone phonological and semantic shifts. In Middle Korean, it appeared as 'ᄎᆞᆷ다' (chamta), retaining a similar meaning. The vowel 'ᆞ' (arae-a) later merged with other vowels, leading to the modern 'ㅏ' (a). The consonant cluster 'ㅊ' also evolved, though its core sound has remained consistent in conveying the idea of holding something back. Beyond its linguistic roots, the cultural context surrounding '참다' is significant. Historically, Korean society has valued endurance and resilience, particularly in the face of hardship. This is evident in philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Buddhism, which emphasize self-discipline and the ability to withstand suffering. '참다' is often used in proverbs and expressions that encourage perseverance, such as '고통을 참다' (goteong-eul ch'amda, 'to endure pain') or '화를 참다' (hwa-reul ch'amda, 'to hold back anger'). In modern Korean, '참다' is a versatile verb used in various contexts. It can refer to physical endurance, such as holding one's breath or bearing a heavy load. It also applies to emotional restraint, like suppressing tears or anger. The nuance of '참다' can range from simple tolerance to active suppression, depending on the context. For instance, '웃음을 참다' (useum-eul ch'amda, 'to hold back laughter') implies a momentary effort, while '인생의 고난을 참다' (insaeng-ui gonan-eul ch'amda, 'to endure life's hardships') suggests a more profound and prolonged act of resilience. Furthermore, '참다' is often associated with the concept of '인내' (innae, 'patience' or 'forbearance') and '극기' (geukgi, 'self-control' or 'self-mastery'). These related terms highlight the importance of inner strength and the ability to overcome challenges through mental fortitude. The continued prominence of '참다' in the Korean lexicon underscores its enduring cultural relevance and its role in expressing fundamental human experiences of resilience and self-control.

文化背景

The word '참다' carries significant weight in Korean culture, often reflecting a deep-seated value placed on resilience, self-control, and perseverance. In a society that historically values endurance and collective harmony, '참다' is frequently used to describe the act of suppressing personal desires or discomforts for the greater good, out of respect for elders, or to maintain social order. It's often associated with emotional maturity and inner strength, particularly in the face of adversity. This concept is deeply ingrained in social interactions, family dynamics, and even in professional settings, where demonstrating the ability to '참다' can be seen as a virtue.

记忆技巧

Imagine '참다' (chamda) as 'charming' yourself to endure. You charm your mind to bear difficulties, or you charm your body to hold back an urge. It's like you're trying to put a 'charm' on yourself to tolerate something unpleasant.

常见问题

4 个问题

'참다' is a Korean verb that generally means 'to endure,' 'to bear,' or 'to hold back.' It's used in situations where one has to suppress a feeling, an urge, or a physical sensation, often in the face of difficulty or discomfort. Think of it as exercising self-control or resilience in challenging circumstances. It implies a conscious effort to prevent something from manifesting outwardly or to get through a difficult experience without giving in.

Absolutely! Here are a few common examples: * **고통을 참다 (gotong-eul chamda):** To endure pain. * **웃음을 참다 (useum-eul chamda):** To hold back laughter. * **화를 참다 (hwa-reul chamda):** To suppress anger or to hold one's temper. * **울음을 참다 (ureum-eul chamda):** To hold back tears. * **배고픔을 참다 (baegopeum-eul chamda):** To bear hunger. In each case, '참다' conveys the idea of actively resisting or coping with something internal or external.

Yes, there is a subtle but important nuance. When '참다' is translated as 'to endure' or 'to bear,' it often refers to tolerating an unpleasant physical or emotional state over a period of time, like enduring pain or hardship. When it's translated as 'to hold back' or 'to suppress,' it typically refers to preventing an immediate impulse or reaction from showing, like holding back laughter or tears. The core meaning of self-restraint or resilience is present in both, but the context dictates whether it's more about long-term tolerance or immediate suppression.

While not strictly an idiom, a very common and impactful phrase is **'이를 악물고 참다' (i-reul angmulgo chamda)**. This literally translates to 'to clench one's teeth and endure,' and it vividly describes enduring something with extreme determination and willpower, often in a very tough situation. It emphasizes the intense effort involved in bearing through difficulty. Another common usage is simply **'참으세요!' (cham-euseyo!)**, which means 'Please bear with it!' or 'Please be patient!' often used to encourage someone to exercise patience or restraint.

自我测试

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저는 너무 화가 났지만 ___ 참았어요.

正确！ 不太对。 正确答案：
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아무리 힘들어도 고통을 ___ 합니다.

正确！ 不太对。 正确答案：
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그는 웃음을 ___ 애썼지만 결국 터져 나왔어요.

正确！ 不太对。 正确答案：

得分： /3

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