B1 · متوسط فصل 3

ضمایر مفعولی: روان صحبت کن!

3 مجموع قواعد
31 مثال‌ها
6 دقیقه
قواعد این فصل تمرین سریع

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master Portuguese pronouns to make your speech flow as naturally as a native speaker's.

  • Replace nouns using indirect object pronouns like 'lhe' and 'lhes'.
  • Distinguish between direct and indirect objects to avoid common errors.
  • Attach pronouns to infinitives by modifying verb endings.
Ditch the repetition: Speak with effortless flow.

چی یاد می‌گیری

سلام، زبان‌آموز باحال! می‌دونم الان دیگه تو سطح B1 پرتغالی حسابی راه افتادی و جمله‌سازی برات آسون شده. اما می‌خوای حرف زدنت طبیعی‌تر و بدون مکث بشه؟ مثل یه پرتغالی‌زبان واقعی؟ این فصل دقیقاً برای همینه! اینجا یاد می‌گیریم چطور از «او»، «آن» و «به او» استفاده کنیم تا دیگه هی اسم‌ها رو تکرار نکنی و حرفت قشنگ‌تر به گوش برسه. اول میریم سراغ ضمایر مفعولی مستقیم مذکر مثل o (یا وقتی به فعل میچسبه lo و no). با اینا می‌تونی به جای اینکه بگی «من کتاب رو خوندم، کتاب عالی بود»، بگی «من کتاب رو خوندم، اون عالی بود» – خیلی روان‌تره نه؟ بعدش نوبت lhe و lhes هست که برای مفعول‌های غیرمستقیم (به کسی) استفاده می‌شن. مثلاً به جای «من به ماریا کتاب دادم»، می‌گی «من به او کتاب دادم». می‌فهمی چقدر فرق می‌کنه؟ بعد یاد می‌گیریم کی o/a به کار ببریم و کی lhe؛ چون این دوتا خیلی وقتا با هم قاطی میشن و ممکنه اشتباه کنی. بعد از اینکه اینا رو خوب یاد گرفتیم، میریم سراغ قسمت هیجان‌انگیز ضمایر مفعولی که به فعل‌های مصدر میچسبن: مثل lo, la, los, las. اینجا یاد می‌گیری چطور R, S, Z از آخر فعل میفته و چطور یه L به ضمیر اضافه میشه و لهجه تغییر می‌کنه. تا آخر این فصل، دیگه بدون فکر کردن می‌تونی اسم‌ها رو با ضمایر درست عوض کنی. می‌تونی تو یه کافه پرتغالی، به جای اینکه بگی «اون قهوه رو بده، من اون قهوه رو می‌خوام»، بگی «اون رو بده، من اون رو می‌خوام»! یا وقتی داری داستان تعریف می‌کنی، حرفات مثل رودخونه جاری میشن. آماده‌ای برای یه پرتغالی سطح بالاتر و شیک‌تر؟ بریم!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'lhe' and 'lhes' to refer to people receiving an action.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between direct objects (o/a) and indirect objects (lhe/lhes) in complex sentences.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly append 'lo/la/los/las' to infinitive verbs.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Welcome, aspiring B1 Portuguese speaker! You've mastered the basics, you're constructing sentences, and now it's time to add a layer of sophistication and natural fluency to your speech. This chapter is your essential guide to mastering Portuguese direct and indirect object pronouns, the powerful linguistic tools that will help you avoid repetition and sound incredibly natural.
Think of them as the shortcuts that allow you to say I saw *him* instead of
I saw João,
or
I gave *her* the book
instead of
I gave the book to Maria.
These pronouns are crucial for smooth, flowing conversation and are a hallmark of confident B1 Portuguese grammar. We’ll demystify how to use o, a, os, as for direct objects, lhe and lhes for indirect objects, and tackle the common confusion between them. Get ready to unlock the magic of attaching pronouns like lo, la, los, las to infinitives, transforming your sentences with elegance and precision.
By the end, your Portuguese grammar will be elevated, making you sound less like a textbook and more like a native speaker.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

Let's dive into the mechanics of these essential Portuguese object pronouns. First, we have the Portuguese Direct Object Pronouns: O (Him/It). These pronouns replace the noun that directly receives the action of the verb.
They are o (him/it, masculine singular), a (her/it, feminine singular), os (them, masculine plural), and as (them, feminine plural). In most cases, they precede the verb:
Eu vejo o carro. (I see the car.) → Eu o vejo. (I see it.)
Nós lemos a carta. (We read the letter.) → Nós a lemos. (We read it.)
Next, we introduce To Him & To Her: Indirect Pronouns (lhe, lhes). These pronouns replace the noun that indirectly receives the action, often indicating to whom or for whom something is done. Lhe means to him, to her, to it, or to you (formal singular).
Lhes means to them or to you all (formal plural). They also typically precede the verb:
Eu dou o livro ao João. (I give the book to João.) → Eu lhe dou o livro. (I give him the book.)
Ele fala às crianças. (He talks to the children.) → Ele lhes fala. (He talks to them.)
Understanding the difference between Direct vs Indirect Objects (o/a vs lhe) is key. The direct object is the *thing* being acted upon, while the indirect object is the *recipient* of that action.
Eu vejo a Maria. (I see Maria.) – Maria is the direct object. → Eu a vejo. (I see her.)
Eu falo à Maria. (I speak to Maria.) – Maria is the indirect object (receiving the speaking). → Eu lhe falo. (I speak to her.)
Finally, prepare for some Pronouns with Infinitives: Lo, La, Los, Las. This is where Portuguese grammar gets truly elegant. When a direct object pronoun follows an infinitive verb (ending in -r), a verb ending in -s, or a verb ending in -z, the consonant is dropped, and the pronoun transforms.
  • Verbs ending in -r: The -r is dropped, and an acute accent is added to the preceding vowel. o becomes -lo, a becomes -la, etc.
Vou fazer o bolo. (I'm going to make the cake.) → Vou fazê-lo. (I'm going to make it.)
Quero comprar os bilhetes. (I want to buy the tickets.) → Quero comprá-los. (I want to buy them.)
This rule also applies to verbs ending in -s or -z, though less common with infinitives. For example, in Nós fizemos isso. (We did that.), it would become Nós fizemo-lo. (We did it.) However, the infinitive rule is the most frequent use for -lo/-la.

اشتباهات رایج

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu vi ele na rua.
✓ Correct: Eu o vi na rua.
*Explanation:* In standard Portuguese, especially European Portuguese, subject pronouns like ele (he) are not used as direct objects. You must use the appropriate direct object pronoun (o in this case).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu dou a ele o presente.
✓ Correct: Eu lhe dou o presente.
*Explanation:* While a ele is sometimes used in Brazilian Portuguese for indirect objects, the more grammatically standard and concise way in Portugal, and generally considered correct, is to use the indirect object pronoun lhe (to him/her).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu vou fazer ele.
✓ Correct: Eu vou fazê-lo.
*Explanation:* When a direct object pronoun follows an infinitive verb ending in -r (like fazer), the -r is dropped, an accent is added to the preceding vowel, and the pronoun changes from o to -lo. Forgetting this transformation is a common error.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

Viste o filme novo? (Did you see the new movie?)
B

B

Sim, eu o vi ontem à noite. Gostei muito. (Yes, I saw it last night. I liked it a lot.)
A

A

Já enviaste os documentos ao teu chefe? (Did you already send the documents to your boss?)
B

B

Ainda não, mas vou enviá-los esta tarde. (Not yet, but I'm going to send them this afternoon.)
A

A

Podes explicar-me isso de novo? (Can you explain that to me again?)
B

B

Claro, eu lhe explico com prazer. (Of course, I'll explain it to you with pleasure.)

سؤالات رایج

Q

What's the main difference between o and lhe in Portuguese?

O (and a, os, as) replaces the direct object (the thing or person directly receiving the verb's action), while lhe (and lhes) replaces the indirect object (the person or thing indirectly receiving the action, often preceded by to or for).

Q

When do I use -lo instead of o in Portuguese?

You use -lo (and -la, -los, -las) when the direct object pronoun attaches to an infinitive verb (ending in -r), or a verb ending in -s or -z. The verb ending is dropped, and an accent is added to the preceding vowel.

Q

Where do Portuguese object pronouns usually go in a sentence?

In most standard affirmative sentences in European Portuguese, object pronouns precede the verb. However, with infinitives or imperative verbs, they attach to the end of the verb (e.g., fazê-lo, dá-lhe).

Q

Are these pronouns different in Brazilian Portuguese vs European Portuguese?

Yes, there are significant differences. In Brazilian Portuguese, it's very common to use subject pronouns (ele, ela, eles, elas) as direct objects, or to rephrase using full nouns, rather than the standard object pronouns (o, a, os, as). Indirect pronouns (lhe, lhes) are used more similarly, but para ele/ela is also very common. European Portuguese adheres more strictly to the use of object pronouns.

بافت فرهنگی

Mastering these Portuguese object pronouns is a key step towards sounding genuinely fluent. In Portugal, the consistent and correct use of o/a, lhe/lhes, and their attached forms like -lo/-la, is expected in formal and informal speech and writing. While Brazilian Portuguese often takes a more flexible approach, frequently using full nouns or subject pronouns in place of direct object pronouns, European Portuguese speakers rely heavily on them for clarity and conciseness.
Integrating these pronouns into your speech will make your B1 Portuguese sound much more natural, elegant, and sophisticated, reflecting the rhythm and structure native speakers are accustomed to.

مثال‌های کلیدی (2)

1

Eu lhe enviei um e-mail sobre a reunião.

من در مورد جلسه به شما یک ایمیل زدم.

به او و به آن‌ها: ضمایر غیرمستقیم (lhe, lhes)
2

O garçom lhes trouxe a conta rapidamente.

گارسون سریع صورت‌حساب رو براشون آورد.

به او و به آن‌ها: ضمایر غیرمستقیم (lhe, lhes)

نکات و ترفندها (3)

🎯

میان‌بر Para Ele

توی برزیل اگه حس کردی lhe خیلی عصاقورت‌داده‌ست، راحت بگو para ele یا para ela. همه همین کار رو می‌کنن! مثلاً:
Eu disse para ela.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به او و به آن‌ها: ضمایر غیرمستقیم (lhe, lhes)
💡

تست حرف اضافه Para

شک داری 'lhe' بذاری؟ ببین می‌تونی بگی 'برای فلانی' (para alguém)؟ اگه آره، 'lhe' درسته:
Dei o livro para João
می‌شه Dei-lhe o livro.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: مفعول مستقیم در برابر غیرمستقیم (o/a در برابر lhe)
🎯

حقه S و Z

تو ۹۹ درصد مواقع این قانون رو با فعل‌هایی می‌بینی که به R ختم می‌شن. دیدنش با S (مثل fi-lo) یا Z (مثل qui-lo) از نظر گرامری درسته ولی توی مکالمه‌های امروزی خیلی خیلی کمه. پس فعلاً ذهنت رو درگیرشون نکن! Vou fazê-lo.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ضمایر با مصدر: Lo, La (fazê-lo)

واژگان کلیدی (5)

entregar to deliver/give convidar to invite comprar to buy o livro the book a carta the letter

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Helping a friend

Review Summary

  • Subject + Verb + lhe/lhes + Object
  • Subject + Verb + o/a/os/as
  • Verb(-r/-s/-z) + -lo/la/los/las

اشتباهات رایج

While grammatically possible, native speakers prefer 'lhe' to avoid redundancy.

Wrong: Eu entreguei o relatório a ele.
صحیح: Eu entreguei-lhe o relatório.

You must drop the 'r' and add the circumflex accent before attaching the pronoun.

Wrong: Eu vou comprar-o.
صحیح: Eu vou comprá-lo.

You used an indirect pronoun (lhe) for a direct object (the person you saw). Use 'o' for direct objects.

Wrong: Eu vi-lhe ontem.
صحیح: Eu vi-o ontem.

Next Steps

You have mastered a very challenging part of Portuguese grammar! Keep practicing, and it will soon become second nature.

Rewrite 5 sentences from a news article using pronouns.

Continue to: جایگاه ضمایر: پرتغالی رو طبیعی حرف بزن!

تمرین سریع (3)

جای خالی رو با ضمیر درست (lhe یا lhes) پر کن.

Eu ___ dei o presente que você queria. (به او)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: lhe
چون «به او» مفرده، از lhe استفاده می‌کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به او و به آن‌ها: ضمایر غیرمستقیم (lhe, lhes)

کدوم جمله برای «من بهش چیزی نمی‌گم» درسته؟

جمله درست رو انتخاب کن:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu não lhe digo nada.
توی جملات منفی، 'não' ضمیر 'lhe' رو می‌کشه قبل از فعل.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به او و به آن‌ها: ضمایر غیرمستقیم (lhe, lhes)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا و اصلاح کن: 'Eu lhe vi ontem.' (به معنی 'او را دیدم')

Find and fix the mistake:

Eu lhe vi ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu o vi ontem.
فعل 'Ver' (دیدن) ضمیر مستقیم (o/a) می‌خواد، نه متممی (lhe).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: به او و به آن‌ها: ضمایر غیرمستقیم (lhe, lhes)

Score: /3

سوالات رایج (6)

معمولاً 'lhe' برای آدم‌هاست. برای اشیا بهتره بگی para ele/ela. مثلاً اگه می‌خوای بگی به غذا نمک زدم، بگو:
pôr sal nele
.
کلمات منفی مثل 'não' یا 'nunca' ضمیر رو جذب می‌کنن. باید بگی
Não lhe dei
و نباید بگی Não dei-lhe.
بله، ولی فقط وقتی داری خیلی رسمی با کسی حرف می‌زنی (você). برای دوستات از te استفاده کن.
اینا با هم ترکیب می‌شن! مثلاً 'lhe' + 'o' می‌شه 'lho'. مثل: Eu lho dei.
فقط برای اینکه کلمات راحت‌تر از دهن بیان بیرون. گفتن دو تا مصوت پشت سر هم بعد از حذف صامت (مثل ama-o) توی تاریخ زبان پرتغالی سخت بوده، برای همین L مثل یه پل عمل می‌کنه. Amá-lo خیلی نرم‌تر شنیده می‌شه.
نه اصلاً. این قانون فقط برای ضمیرهای مفعولی مستقیم سوم شخصه: o, a, os, as (او، آن، آن‌ها). Vou vê-lo.
فصل قبلی
افعال انعکاسی: زندگی و روابط
فصل بعدی
جایگاه ضمایر: پرتغالی رو طبیعی حرف بزن!
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