B1 · 중급 챕터 3

Identifying Objects: Him, Her, and It

3 총 규칙
31 예문
6 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master Portuguese pronouns to make your speech flow as naturally as a native speaker's.

  • Replace nouns using indirect object pronouns like 'lhe' and 'lhes'.
  • Distinguish between direct and indirect objects to avoid common errors.
  • Attach pronouns to infinitives by modifying verb endings.
Ditch the repetition: Speak with effortless flow.

배울 내용

Alright, amazing B1 learner! You've got the basics down, you're building sentences like a pro, but are you ready to make your Portuguese flow effortlessly, just like a native speaker? This chapter is your ticket! We're diving deep into direct and indirect object pronouns – the linguistic glue that helps you replace nouns like him, her, and it so you never sound repetitive again. First, we'll tackle the masculine direct object pronouns like o (and its cool variations lo and no when attached to verbs). Imagine saying,

I read the book, *it* was great,
instead of repeating the book. Much smoother, right? Then, we'll introduce lhe and lhes for indirect objects – think to him or to her. This lets you elegantly say,
I gave *him* the book,
instead of
I gave the book to João.
See the difference? Next, we'll clear up the common confusion between o/a and lhe, so you always know whether you're talking about the object itself or the person receiving the action. Finally, get ready for some Portuguese magic: pronouns with infinitives! You'll learn how lo, la, los, and las cleverly attach to verbs, making those tricky «R,» «S,» or Z endings disappear and adding a crucial accent. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to effortlessly substitute nouns with the correct pronouns, making your conversations natural and sophisticated. You'll easily order it at a restaurant instead of awkwardly repeating the item, and your storytelling will glide seamlessly. Get ready to elevate your Portuguese to a truly fluent and elegant level!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'lhe' and 'lhes' to refer to people receiving an action.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between direct objects (o/a) and indirect objects (lhe/lhes) in complex sentences.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Correctly append 'lo/la/los/las' to infinitive verbs.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome, aspiring B1 Portuguese speaker! You've mastered the basics, you're constructing sentences, and now it's time to add a layer of sophistication and natural fluency to your speech. This chapter is your essential guide to mastering Portuguese direct and indirect object pronouns, the powerful linguistic tools that will help you avoid repetition and sound incredibly natural.
Think of them as the shortcuts that allow you to say I saw *him* instead of
I saw João,
or
I gave *her* the book
instead of
I gave the book to Maria.
These pronouns are crucial for smooth, flowing conversation and are a hallmark of confident B1 Portuguese grammar. We’ll demystify how to use o, a, os, as for direct objects, lhe and lhes for indirect objects, and tackle the common confusion between them. Get ready to unlock the magic of attaching pronouns like lo, la, los, las to infinitives, transforming your sentences with elegance and precision.
By the end, your Portuguese grammar will be elevated, making you sound less like a textbook and more like a native speaker.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the mechanics of these essential Portuguese object pronouns. First, we have the Portuguese Direct Object Pronouns: O (Him/It). These pronouns replace the noun that directly receives the action of the verb.
They are o (him/it, masculine singular), a (her/it, feminine singular), os (them, masculine plural), and as (them, feminine plural). In most cases, they precede the verb:
Eu vejo o carro. (I see the car.) → Eu o vejo. (I see it.)
Nós lemos a carta. (We read the letter.) → Nós a lemos. (We read it.)
Next, we introduce To Him & To Her: Indirect Pronouns (lhe, lhes). These pronouns replace the noun that indirectly receives the action, often indicating to whom or for whom something is done. Lhe means to him, to her, to it, or to you (formal singular).
Lhes means to them or to you all (formal plural). They also typically precede the verb:
Eu dou o livro ao João. (I give the book to João.) → Eu lhe dou o livro. (I give him the book.)
Ele fala às crianças. (He talks to the children.) → Ele lhes fala. (He talks to them.)
Understanding the difference between Direct vs Indirect Objects (o/a vs lhe) is key. The direct object is the *thing* being acted upon, while the indirect object is the *recipient* of that action.
Eu vejo a Maria. (I see Maria.) – Maria is the direct object. → Eu a vejo. (I see her.)
Eu falo à Maria. (I speak to Maria.) – Maria is the indirect object (receiving the speaking). → Eu lhe falo. (I speak to her.)
Finally, prepare for some Pronouns with Infinitives: Lo, La, Los, Las. This is where Portuguese grammar gets truly elegant. When a direct object pronoun follows an infinitive verb (ending in -r), a verb ending in -s, or a verb ending in -z, the consonant is dropped, and the pronoun transforms.
  • Verbs ending in -r: The -r is dropped, and an acute accent is added to the preceding vowel. o becomes -lo, a becomes -la, etc.
Vou fazer o bolo. (I'm going to make the cake.) → Vou fazê-lo. (I'm going to make it.)
Quero comprar os bilhetes. (I want to buy the tickets.) → Quero comprá-los. (I want to buy them.)
This rule also applies to verbs ending in -s or -z, though less common with infinitives. For example, in Nós fizemos isso. (We did that.), it would become Nós fizemo-lo. (We did it.) However, the infinitive rule is the most frequent use for -lo/-la.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu vi ele na rua.
✓ Correct: Eu o vi na rua.
*Explanation:* In standard Portuguese, especially European Portuguese, subject pronouns like ele (he) are not used as direct objects. You must use the appropriate direct object pronoun (o in this case).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu dou a ele o presente.
✓ Correct: Eu lhe dou o presente.
*Explanation:* While a ele is sometimes used in Brazilian Portuguese for indirect objects, the more grammatically standard and concise way in Portugal, and generally considered correct, is to use the indirect object pronoun lhe (to him/her).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Eu vou fazer ele.
✓ Correct: Eu vou fazê-lo.
*Explanation:* When a direct object pronoun follows an infinitive verb ending in -r (like fazer), the -r is dropped, an accent is added to the preceding vowel, and the pronoun changes from o to -lo. Forgetting this transformation is a common error.

Real Conversations

A

A

Viste o filme novo? (Did you see the new movie?)
B

B

Sim, eu o vi ontem à noite. Gostei muito. (Yes, I saw it last night. I liked it a lot.)
A

A

Já enviaste os documentos ao teu chefe? (Did you already send the documents to your boss?)
B

B

Ainda não, mas vou enviá-los esta tarde. (Not yet, but I'm going to send them this afternoon.)
A

A

Podes explicar-me isso de novo? (Can you explain that to me again?)
B

B

Claro, eu lhe explico com prazer. (Of course, I'll explain it to you with pleasure.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between o and lhe in Portuguese?

O (and a, os, as) replaces the direct object (the thing or person directly receiving the verb's action), while lhe (and lhes) replaces the indirect object (the person or thing indirectly receiving the action, often preceded by to or for).

Q

When do I use -lo instead of o in Portuguese?

You use -lo (and -la, -los, -las) when the direct object pronoun attaches to an infinitive verb (ending in -r), or a verb ending in -s or -z. The verb ending is dropped, and an accent is added to the preceding vowel.

Q

Where do Portuguese object pronouns usually go in a sentence?

In most standard affirmative sentences in European Portuguese, object pronouns precede the verb. However, with infinitives or imperative verbs, they attach to the end of the verb (e.g., fazê-lo, dá-lhe).

Q

Are these pronouns different in Brazilian Portuguese vs European Portuguese?

Yes, there are significant differences. In Brazilian Portuguese, it's very common to use subject pronouns (ele, ela, eles, elas) as direct objects, or to rephrase using full nouns, rather than the standard object pronouns (o, a, os, as). Indirect pronouns (lhe, lhes) are used more similarly, but para ele/ela is also very common. European Portuguese adheres more strictly to the use of object pronouns.

Cultural Context

Mastering these Portuguese object pronouns is a key step towards sounding genuinely fluent. In Portugal, the consistent and correct use of o/a, lhe/lhes, and their attached forms like -lo/-la, is expected in formal and informal speech and writing. While Brazilian Portuguese often takes a more flexible approach, frequently using full nouns or subject pronouns in place of direct object pronouns, European Portuguese speakers rely heavily on them for clarity and conciseness.
Integrating these pronouns into your speech will make your B1 Portuguese sound much more natural, elegant, and sophisticated, reflecting the rhythm and structure native speakers are accustomed to.

주요 예문 (2)

1

Eu lhe enviei um e-mail sobre a reunião.

회의에 대해 당신에게 이메일을 보냈습니다.

그에게 & 그녀에게: 간접 대명사 (lhe, lhes)
2

O garçom lhes trouxe a conta rapidamente.

웨이터가 그들에게 계산서를 빨리 가져다주었습니다.

그에게 & 그녀에게: 간접 대명사 (lhe, lhes)

팁과 요령 (3)

🎯

브라질식 지름길: Para Ele

브라질 친구와 대화할 때 'lhe'가 너무 딱딱하게 느껴진다면 그냥 para ele나 para ela라고 말해보세요. 훨씬 자연스러워요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 그에게 & 그녀에게: 간접 대명사 (lhe, lhes)
💡

'Para' 테스트 활용하기

간접 목적어인지 헷갈린다면 문장에 'para + 사람'을 넣어보세요.
Dei o livro para João
가 자연스러우면
Eu lhe dei o livro
라고 쓸 수 있어요.
Vi para João
는 이상하니까 직접 목적어를 써야겠죠? Eu o vi.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 직접 목적어 vs 간접 목적어 (o/a 대 lhe)
🎯

'S'와 'Z' 규칙

거의 항상 'R'과 함께 쓰여요. 'S'(fiz -> fi-lo)나 'Z'(quis -> qui-lo)와 함께 쓰이는 건 문법적으로 맞지만 현대 구어체에서는 거의 안 쓰이니 너무 걱정 마세요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 부정사와 대명사: Lo, La (fazê-lo)

핵심 어휘 (5)

entregar to deliver/give convidar to invite comprar to buy o livro the book a carta the letter

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Helping a friend

Review Summary

  • Subject + Verb + lhe/lhes + Object
  • Subject + Verb + o/a/os/as
  • Verb(-r/-s/-z) + -lo/la/los/las

자주 하는 실수

While grammatically possible, native speakers prefer 'lhe' to avoid redundancy.

Wrong: Eu entreguei o relatório a ele.
정답: Eu entreguei-lhe o relatório.

You must drop the 'r' and add the circumflex accent before attaching the pronoun.

Wrong: Eu vou comprar-o.
정답: Eu vou comprá-lo.

You used an indirect pronoun (lhe) for a direct object (the person you saw). Use 'o' for direct objects.

Wrong: Eu vi-lhe ontem.
정답: Eu vi-o ontem.

Next Steps

You have mastered a very challenging part of Portuguese grammar! Keep practicing, and it will soon become second nature.

Rewrite 5 sentences from a news article using pronouns.

Continue to: The Rules of Pronoun Placement

빠른 연습 (6)

'그녀에게 아무 말도 하지 않아'라는 뜻으로 올바른 문장은?

다음 중 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu não lhe digo nada.
부정문에서 'não'은 대명사 'lhe'를 동사 앞으로 끌어당깁니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 그에게 & 그녀에게: 간접 대명사 (lhe, lhes)

빈칸에 알맞은 대명사(lhe 또는 lhes)를 넣으세요.

Eu ___ dei o presente que você queria. (그에게)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: lhe
'그에게'는 단수이므로 'lhe'를 사용하는 것이 맞아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 그에게 & 그녀에게: 간접 대명사 (lhe, lhes)

문장에서 실수를 찾으세요.

Vou abrir-lo agora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vou abri-lo agora.
-ir 동사의 경우, 단순히 'r'을 없애고 'lo'를 추가합니다. 보통 악센트는 필요 없어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 부정사와 대명사: Lo, La (fazê-lo)

목적어를 대체하는 올바른 옵션을 선택하세요.

Vou (escrever + a carta).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vou escrevê-la.
-Er 동사는 'r'을 없앨 때 곡절 악센트(ê)가 필요합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 부정사와 대명사: Lo, La (fazê-lo)

'Eu lhe vi ontem'(그를 봤어) 문장에서 틀린 부분을 고쳐보세요.

Eu lhe vi ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Eu o vi ontem.
'보다(Ver)' 동사는 간접 목적어가 아닌 직접 목적어(o/a)를 사용해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 그에게 & 그녀에게: 간접 대명사 (lhe, lhes)

동사 + 대명사의 올바른 형태로 빈칸을 채우세요.

Eu vou (comprar + o) ___ amanhã.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: comprá-lo
'comprar'에서 'r'을 없애고, 'lo'를 붙이고, -ar 동사이므로 급성 악센트(á)를 추가합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 부정사와 대명사: Lo, La (fazê-lo)

Score: /6

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

보통 'lhe'는 사람에게 써요. 사물에는 para ele/ela나 nele/nela가 더 자연스럽답니다. 예를 들어 요리에 소금을 칠 때는
pôr sal nele
라고 해요.
não, nunca, jamais 같은 부정어는 대명사를 자석처럼 끌어당겨요. 그래서 Não dei-lhe가 아니라
Não lhe dei
라고 해야 해요.
네, 가능해요! 하지만 'você'나 'o senhor/a senhora'처럼 격식을 차리는 상대에게만 써요. 친한 친구인 'tu'에게는 Eu te disse처럼 'te'를 쓰는 게 자연스러워요.
두 대명사가 하나로 합쳐져요! 예를 들어 lhe + o는 lho가 되어 Eu lho dei(내가 그에게 그걸 줬어)라고 해요. 이건 아주 고급 문법이니 B1 단계에서는 너무 걱정 마세요!
발음의 흐름을 위해서예요. 자음이 떨어지고 모음이 바로 이어지면(예: 'ama-o') 포르투갈어에서는 발음이 부자연스러워서 'L'이 연결고리 역할을 해요.
아니요. 이 규칙은 오직 3인칭 직접 목적격 대명사인 o, a, os, as (그것을, 그녀를, 그들을)에만 적용돼요.
이전 챕터
Reflexive Verbs for Life and Relationships
다음 챕터
The Rules of Pronoun Placement
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