A2 Particles 13 min read Facile

La Particule d'État Continu 着 (zhe)

Utilise «着» juste après un verbe pour figer l'action dans le temps, comme pour «穿着» (porter) ou «拿着» (tenir).

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 着 (zhe) to describe an action that is currently in progress or a state that is being maintained.

  • Attach to a verb to show continuous action: {他|tā}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}.
  • Describe a state of being: {门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.
  • Use in the negative with {没|méi} or {没有|méiyǒu}: {他|tā}{没|méi}{戴|dài}{着|zhe}{帽|mào}{子|zi}.
Verb + 着 (zhe) = Ongoing State/Action

Overview

Imaginez que votre colocataire est endormi sur le canapé avec un burrito à moitié mangé. Il n'est pas en train de le *manger* activement. Il n'est pas en train de *s'endormir*.
Il existe simplement dans cet état prolongé. Cet état figé dans le temps est exactement ce que capture la particule chinoise (zhe).
Considérez (zhe) comme l'« écran de veille » du mandarin. Une fois qu'une action est terminée, elle laisse parfois un résultat durable. Vous mettez une chemise ; le résultat est que vous la *portez*. Vous ouvrez une porte ; elle *reste ouverte*.

How This Grammar Works

L'utilisation de (zhe) est simple car il n'y a pas de conjugaisons.
  1. 1Commencez par le sujet.
  2. 2Choisissez un verbe d'état, comme 穿(chuān) (porter) ou (kāi) (ouvrir).
  3. 3Collez (zhe) juste après le verbe. Ne les séparez pas !
  4. 4Ajoutez l'objet.

Formule: Sujet + Verbe + (zhe) + Objet.

Pour la négation, utilisez (méi) avant le verbe. N'utilisez jamais () !

Tone & Nuance

(zhe) crée une ambiance très descriptive et cinématographique. Il adoucit également les ordres. (tīng) (zhe) se traduit par un doux « continuez à écouter ».

Contrast With Similar Patterns

Le grand classique : (zài) contre (zhe).
(zài) est pour les processus actifs. () (zài) 穿(chuān) 衣服(yīfu) = Il est en train de s'habiller.
(zhe) est pour l'état résultant. () 穿(chuān) (zhe) 衣服(yīfu) = Il porte des vêtements.

Real Conversations

(Exemples de conversations sur WhatsApp, Zoom ou au restaurant).

Common Mistakes

Erreur 1 : Utiliser () pour la négation. Toujours utiliser (méi).
Erreur 2 : L'utiliser avec des verbes instantanés (comme mourir ou aller).
Erreur 3 : Placer (zhe) après l'objet.

Common Collocations

Combinaisons courantes : 穿(chuān) (zhe) (porter), () (zhe) (tenir), (kāi) (zhe) (être ouvert/allumé).

Quick FAQ

Q : Puis-je l'utiliser pour le futur ? R : Oui, cela décrit un état indépendamment du temps.
Q : À quoi sert (ne) à la fin ? R : Cela ajoute une touche familière et naturelle.

Formation of 着

Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb + 着
{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}
Negative
没(有) + Verb + 着
{没|méi}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}
Question
Verb + 着 + 吗?
{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}{吗|ma}?
Alternative Q
Verb + 着 + 没(有)?
{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}{没|méi}{有|yǒu}?
Progressive
正/正在 + Verb + 着
{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}
Past/Present
Verb + 着
{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}

Meanings

The particle 着 indicates that an action is ongoing or that a state is being maintained over a period of time.

1

Continuous Action

An action currently happening.

“{大|dà}{家|jiā}{都|dōu}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.”

“{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{书|shū}.”

2

State Maintenance

Describing the condition of an object or person.

“{灯|dēng}{亮|liàng}{着|zhe}.”

“{窗|chuāng}{户|hu}{关|guān}{着|zhe}.”

Reference Table

Reference table for La Particule d'État Continu 着 (zhe)
Forme Structure Exemple Traduction
État positif
Verbe + 着 + Objet
{穿|chuān} {着|zhe} {外套|wàitào}
Porter un manteau
État négatif
没 + Verbe + 着 + Objet
{没|méi} {拿|ná} {着|zhe} {手机|shǒujī}
Ne pas tenir de téléphone
Simultané
Verbe1 + 着 + Verbe2
{笑|xiào} {着|zhe} {说|shuō}
Sourire en parlant
Existentiel
Lieu + Verbe + 着 + Nom
{桌子上|zhuōzi shàng} {放|fàng} {着|zhe} {书|shū}
Des livres sont posés sur la table
Impératif
Verbe + 着
{拿|ná} {着|zhe}!
Tiens ça !
Avec emphase
Verbe + 着 + 呢
{开|kāi} {着|zhe} {呢|ne}
C'est bien ouvert

Spectre de formalité

Formel
{门|mén}{正|zhèng}{处|chǔ}{于|yú}{开|kāi}{启|qǐ}{状|zhuàng}{态|tài}.

{门|mén}{正|zhèng}{处|chǔ}{于|yú}{开|kāi}{启|qǐ}{状|zhuàng}{态|tài}. (Describing a room)

Neutre
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.

{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}. (Describing a room)

Informel
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{呢|ne}.

{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{呢|ne}. (Describing a room)

Argot
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{呗|bei}.

{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{呗|bei}. (Describing a room)

Exemples par niveau

1

{他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.

He is sitting.

2

{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.

The door is open.

3

{我|wǒ}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{你|nǐ}.

I am looking at you.

4

{灯|dēng}{亮|liàng}{着|zhe}.

The light is on.

1

{你|nǐ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?

What are you wearing?

2

{他|tā}{没|méi}{戴|dài}{着|zhe}{眼|yǎn}{镜|jìng}.

He is not wearing glasses.

3

{窗|chuāng}{户|hu}{关|guān}{着|zhe}{吗|ma}?

Is the window closed?

4

{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}{放|fàng}{着|zhe}.

The music is playing.

1

{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{对|duì}{我|wǒ}{说|shuō}.

He said to me while smiling.

2

{墙|qiáng}{上|shàng}{挂|guà}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{幅|fú}{画|huà}.

A painting is hanging on the wall.

3

{我|wǒ}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{收|shōu}{音|yīn}{机|jī}.

I am listening to the radio.

4

{他|tā}{没|méi}{有|yǒu}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{我|wǒ}.

He was not looking at me.

1

{她|tā}{拿|ná}{着|zhe}{雨|yǔ}{伞|sǎn}{走|zǒu}{了|le}.

She left holding an umbrella.

2

{桌|zhuō}{子|zi}{上|shàng}{摆|bǎi}{着|zhe}{各|gè}{种|zhǒng}{水|shuǐ}{果|guǒ}.

Various fruits are laid out on the table.

3

{他|tā}{躺|tǎng}{着|zhe}{看|kàn}{电|diàn}{视|shì}.

He is watching TV while lying down.

4

{这|zhè}{个|gè}{字|zì}{写|xiě}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?

What is written on this character?

1

{他|tā}{一|yī}{直|zhí}{忙|máng}{着|zhe}{工|gōng}{作|zuò}.

He has been busy working all along.

2

{外|wài}{面|miàn}{下|xià}{着|zhe}{大|dà}{雨|yǔ}.

It is raining heavily outside.

3

{他|tā}{怀|huái}{里|lǐ}{抱|bào}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{只|zhī}{猫|māo}.

He is holding a cat in his arms.

4

{门|mén}{口|kǒu}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{个|gè}{人|rén}.

A person is standing at the door.

1

{他|tā}{眼|yǎn}{里|lǐ}{闪|shǎn}{着|zhe}{泪|lèi}{光|guāng}.

His eyes were glistening with tears.

2

{这|zhè}{里|lǐ}{还|hái}{留|liú}{着|zhe}{当|dāng}{年|nián}{的|de}{痕|hén}{迹|jì}.

The traces of that year still remain here.

3

{他|tā}{嘴|zuǐ}{里|lǐ}{念|niàn}{叨|dāo}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}.

He was muttering something to himself.

4

{他|tā}{心|xīn}{里|lǐ}{想|xiǎng}{着|zhe}{家|jiā}{乡|xiāng}.

He was thinking of his hometown.

Facile à confondre

The Ongoing State Particle 着 (zhe) vs 着 vs 在

Both indicate continuity, leading to confusion.

The Ongoing State Particle 着 (zhe) vs 着 vs 了

Both are aspect particles.

The Ongoing State Particle 着 (zhe) vs 着 vs 过

Both are aspect particles.

Erreurs courantes

{他|tā}{在|zài}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.

{他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.

Don't over-use 在 with state verbs.

{他|tā}{不|bù}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.

{他|tā}{没|méi}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.

Use 没 for negation.

{我|wǒ}{吃|chī}{着|zhe}{饭|fàn}.

{我|wǒ}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{吃|chī}{饭|fàn}.

着 is for states, 在 is for active eating.

{他|tā}{到|dào}{着|zhe}{了|le}.

{他|dào}{了|le}.

着 cannot be used with point-in-time verbs.

{门|mén}{关|guān}{了|le}{着|zhe}.

{门|mén}{关|guān}{着|zhe}.

Don't combine 了 and 着 here.

{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}{在|zài}.

{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}.

Word order error.

{我|wǒ}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}{吗|ma}?

{我|wǒ}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}{吗|ma}?

Actually correct, but often misused in context.

{他|tā}{跑|pǎo}{着|zhe}{去|qù}{学|xué}{校|xiào}.

{他|tā}{跑|pǎo}{着|zhe}{去|qù}{学|xué}{校|xiào}.

Grammatically okay, but contextually specific.

{他|tā}{想|xiǎng}{着|zhe}{买|mǎi}{书|shū}.

{他|tā}{想|xiǎng}{买|mǎi}{书|shū}.

着 is not for mental intent.

{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{电|diàn}{影|yǐng}{睡|shuì}{着|zhe}{了|le}.

{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{电|diàn}{影|yǐng}{睡|shuì}{着|zhe}{了|le}.

Actually correct, but complex.

{他|tā}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}{在|zài}{门|mén}{口|kǒu}.

{他|tā}{站|zhàn}{在|zài}{门|mén}{口|kǒu}.

着 is redundant here.

{他|tā}{写|xiě}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{封|fēng}{信|xìn}.

{他|tā}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{写|xiě}{一|yī}{封|fēng}{信|xìn}.

着 is not for active writing.

{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{说|shuō}.

{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{说|shuō}.

Correct, but check register.

{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{那|nà}{本|běn}{书|shū}.

{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{那|nà}{本|běn}{书|shū}.

Correct, but check context.

Structures de phrases

___ + 着 + ___

___ + 没 + ___ + 着

___ + 正 + 在 + ___ + 着

___ + 着 + ___ + ___

Real World Usage

Texting very common

{我|wǒ}{在|zài}{等|děng}{着|zhe}{你|nǐ}{呢|ne}.

Social Media common

{这|zhè}{里|lǐ}{美|měi}{景|jǐng}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{真|zhēn}{好|hǎo}.

Job Interview occasional

{我|wǒ}{一|yī}{直|zhí}{在|zài}{学|xué}{着|zhe}{新|xīn}{技|jì}{能|néng}.

Travel common

{这|zhè}{个|gè}{房|fáng}{间|jiān}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{空|kōng}{调|tiáo}.

Food Delivery common

{我|wǒ}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{等|děng}{着|zhe}{外|wài}{卖|mài}.

Describing Photos very common

{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{看|kàn}{镜|jìng}{头|tóu}.

💡

Pense aux adjectifs en '-é'

Même si on le traduit souvent par '-ing', vois-le plutôt comme un état : 'assis', 'habillé' ou 'fermé'. Par exemple : «门开着。»
⚠️

N'utilise jamais 不 (bù)

C'est tentant de dire 不穿着 pour 'ne pas porter', mais c'est impossible. Tu dois toujours utiliser 没 (méi) pour nier un état avec 着. «他没戴着眼镜。»
🎯

Le petit 呢 (ne) magique

Ajouter un 呢 à la fin de ta phrase te fera paraître 10 fois plus fluide et naturel, comme un vrai natif. «我拿着呢。»

Smart Tips

Use 着 to list the states of objects in the room.

{桌|zhuō}{子|zi}{上|shàng}{有|yǒu}{书|shū}. {桌|zhuō}{子|zi}{上|shàng}{摆|bǎi}{着|zhe}{书|shū}.

Always use 穿着 for clothing.

{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{衣|yī}{服|fu}. {他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}.

Always use 没, never 不.

{他|tā}{不|bù}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}. {他|tā}{没|méi}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}.

Use 着 to set the background for a main action.

{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{说|shuō}. {他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{说|shuō}.

Prononciation

zhe (light)

Neutral Tone

着 is pronounced as a neutral tone, meaning it has no pitch contour and is short.

Statement

{他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe} →

Neutral declarative statement.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 着 as a 'sticky' note that keeps the verb stuck in the present moment.

Association visuelle

Imagine a person standing still with a 'Z' shaped glue bottle (Zhe) pouring glue on their feet so they stay in that state.

Rhyme

Action or state, don't be stressed, just add the particle 着 (zhe).

Story

Xiao Ming is sitting (坐着) in a chair. He is reading (看着) a book. The door is open (开着). He is happy.

Word Web

{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}

Défi

Describe 3 things in your room using 'Verb + 着' in the next 5 minutes.

Notes culturelles

Commonly used in daily life to describe states of objects.

Similar usage, but sometimes uses '在' more frequently for progressive.

Sometimes uses '紧' instead of '着' for progressive.

着 originated from the verb 'to attach' or 'to touch' in Classical Chinese.

Amorces de conversation

{你|nǐ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?

{窗|chuāng}{户|hu}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{吗|ma}?

{那|nà}{个|gè}{人|rén}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}{在|zài}{做|zuò}{什|shén}{么|me}?

{你|nǐ}{桌|zhuō}{子|zi}{上|shàng}{摆|bǎi}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?

Sujets d'écriture

Describe your current room.
Describe what your family members are doing right now.
Describe a photo you took recently.
Describe a busy street scene.

Erreurs courantes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Quelle phrase décrit correctement quelqu'un qui porte un chapeau ? Choix multiple

Choisis la phrase grammaticalement correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā} {戴|dài} {着|zhe} {帽子|màozi}。
Les accessoires comme les chapeaux demandent le verbe 戴 (dài), et pour décrire l'état de le porter, on utilise 着 (zhe).
Trouve et corrige l'erreur dans cette négation. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

La fenêtre n'est pas ouverte. -> {窗户|chuānghu} {不|bù} {开|kāi} {着|zhe}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {窗户|chuānghu} {没|méi} {开|kāi} {着|zhe}。
Tu dois obligatoirement utiliser 没 (méi) pour nier un état avec 着 (zhe). 不 (bù) est interdit ici.
Associe le verbe à son sens d'état continu avec 着. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
Ce sont les combinaisons les plus fréquentes avec la particule 着. Apprends ces blocs par cœur !

Score: /3

Exercices pratiques

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with 着.

{他|tā}{坐|zuò}___。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
着 marks the ongoing state.
Choose the correct sentence. Choix multiple

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.
Simple state description.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

{他|tā}{不|bù}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā}{没|méi}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}.
Use 没 for negation.
Reorder the words. Sentence Building

{着|zhe} / {看|kàn} / {我|wǒ} / {他|tā}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{我|wǒ}
Subject-Verb-Particle-Object.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: {你|nǐ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}? B: ______

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {我|wǒ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}.
Answering the state question.
Transform to negative. Sentence Transformation

{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {门|mén}{没|méi}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.
Use 没 for negation.
Which verb can take 着? Grammar Sorting

Select the verb.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {坐|zuò}
坐 is a state verb.
Match the Chinese to English. Match Pairs

Match:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All match
Correct mappings.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complète la phrase avec la bonne particule. Texte trous

{她|tā} {手里|shǒulǐ} {拿|ná} ___ {一|yī} {杯|bēi} {茶|chá}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {着|zhe}
Remets les mots dans l'ordre pour dire : 'Un tableau est accroché au mur.' Sentence Reorder

Remets la phrase dans l'ordre :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {墙|qiáng} {上|shàng} {挂|guà} {着|zhe} {一|yī} {幅|fú} {画|huà}
Traduis la phrase en chinois. Traduction

La porte est ouverte.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {门|mén} {开|kāi} {着|zhe}。
Quelle phrase signifie 'manger en restant debout' ? Choix multiple

Choisis la bonne structure V1 + 着 + V2 :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {站|zhàn} {着|zhe} {吃|chī} {饭|fàn}
Corrige l'erreur pour exprimer l'action d'enfiler un vêtement. Error Correction

Il est en train d'enfiler une chemise. -> {他|tā} {穿|chuān} {着|zhe} {衬衫|chènshān}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā} {在|zài} {穿|chuān} {衬衫|chènshān}。
Associe chaque situation à la bonne particule grammaticale. Match Pairs

Associe la particule à son usage :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
Complète la phrase négative. Texte trous

Je ne porte pas de lunettes : {我|wǒ} ___ {戴|dài} {着|zhe} {眼镜|yǎnjìng}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {没|méi}
Remets les mots dans l'ordre pour dire : 'Ne reste pas debout, assieds-toi.' Sentence Reorder

Remets la phrase dans l'ordre :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {别|bié} {站|zhàn} {着|zhe}, {坐下|zuòxià}
Traduis 'Elle tient un parapluie.' Traduction

Choisis la bonne traduction :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {她|tā} {拿|ná} {着|zhe} {一把|yī bǎ} {伞|sǎn}。
Où doit se placer la particule 着 ? Choix multiple

Choisis la phrase avec le bon ordre des mots :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā} {拿|ná} {着|zhe} {手机|shǒujī}。

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

It's similar, but 着 focuses on state or background action, not just the active process.

No, 着 is for present states or ongoing actions.

没 is for negation of aspectual particles like 着 and 了.

No, only verbs that can represent a state or continuous action.

在 emphasizes the active process, while 着 emphasizes the state.

Yes, it is common in all registers.

Sometimes, but it's complex. Usually, they serve different aspectual functions.

It is a neutral tone, so it's short and light.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

estar + gerundio

着 is an invariant particle, while 'estar' is a conjugated verb.

French moderate

être en train de

着 covers both active processes and static states, while 'être en train de' is strictly for active processes.

German moderate

am ... sein

着 is used in almost all contexts, while 'am ... sein' is restricted to informal speech.

Japanese high

〜ている

Japanese '〜ている' conjugates for tense, while 着 does not.

Arabic low

يستمر في

Arabic uses verb morphology rather than a particle.

Chinese self

This is the reference point.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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