La Particule d'État Continu 着 (zhe)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 着 (zhe) to describe an action that is currently in progress or a state that is being maintained.
- Attach to a verb to show continuous action: {他|tā}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}.
- Describe a state of being: {门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.
- Use in the negative with {没|méi} or {没有|méiyǒu}: {他|tā}{没|méi}{戴|dài}{着|zhe}{帽|mào}{子|zi}.
Overview
着.着 comme l'« écran de veille » du mandarin. Une fois qu'une action est terminée, elle laisse parfois un résultat durable. Vous mettez une chemise ; le résultat est que vous la *portez*. Vous ouvrez une porte ; elle *reste ouverte*.How This Grammar Works
着 est simple car il n'y a pas de conjugaisons.- 1Commencez par le sujet.
- 2Choisissez un verbe d'état, comme
穿(porter) ou开(ouvrir). - 3Collez
着juste après le verbe. Ne les séparez pas ! - 4Ajoutez l'objet.
Formule: Sujet + Verbe + 着 + Objet.
没 avant le verbe. N'utilisez jamais 不 !Tone & Nuance
着 crée une ambiance très descriptive et cinématographique. Il adoucit également les ordres. 听 着 se traduit par un doux « continuez à écouter ».Contrast With Similar Patterns
在 contre 着.在 est pour les processus actifs. 他 在 穿 衣服 = Il est en train de s'habiller.着 est pour l'état résultant. 他 穿 着 衣服 = Il porte des vêtements.Real Conversations
(Exemples de conversations sur WhatsApp, Zoom ou au restaurant).
Common Mistakes
不 pour la négation. Toujours utiliser 没.着 après l'objet.Common Collocations
穿 着 (porter), 拿 着 (tenir), 开 着 (être ouvert/allumé).Quick FAQ
呢 à la fin ? R : Cela ajoute une touche familière et naturelle.Formation of 着
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Verb + 着
|
{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}
|
|
Negative
|
没(有) + Verb + 着
|
{没|méi}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}
|
|
Question
|
Verb + 着 + 吗?
|
{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}{吗|ma}?
|
|
Alternative Q
|
Verb + 着 + 没(有)?
|
{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}{没|méi}{有|yǒu}?
|
|
Progressive
|
正/正在 + Verb + 着
|
{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}
|
|
Past/Present
|
Verb + 着
|
{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}
|
Meanings
The particle 着 indicates that an action is ongoing or that a state is being maintained over a period of time.
Continuous Action
An action currently happening.
“{大|dà}{家|jiā}{都|dōu}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.”
“{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{书|shū}.”
State Maintenance
Describing the condition of an object or person.
“{灯|dēng}{亮|liàng}{着|zhe}.”
“{窗|chuāng}{户|hu}{关|guān}{着|zhe}.”
Reference Table
| Forme | Structure | Exemple | Traduction |
|---|---|---|---|
|
État positif
|
Verbe + 着 + Objet
|
{穿|chuān} {着|zhe} {外套|wàitào}
|
Porter un manteau
|
|
État négatif
|
没 + Verbe + 着 + Objet
|
{没|méi} {拿|ná} {着|zhe} {手机|shǒujī}
|
Ne pas tenir de téléphone
|
|
Simultané
|
Verbe1 + 着 + Verbe2
|
{笑|xiào} {着|zhe} {说|shuō}
|
Sourire en parlant
|
|
Existentiel
|
Lieu + Verbe + 着 + Nom
|
{桌子上|zhuōzi shàng} {放|fàng} {着|zhe} {书|shū}
|
Des livres sont posés sur la table
|
|
Impératif
|
Verbe + 着
|
{拿|ná} {着|zhe}!
|
Tiens ça !
|
|
Avec emphase
|
Verbe + 着 + 呢
|
{开|kāi} {着|zhe} {呢|ne}
|
C'est bien ouvert
|
Spectre de formalité
{门|mén}{正|zhèng}{处|chǔ}{于|yú}{开|kāi}{启|qǐ}{状|zhuàng}{态|tài}. (Describing a room)
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}. (Describing a room)
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{呢|ne}. (Describing a room)
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{呗|bei}. (Describing a room)
Exemples par niveau
{他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.
He is sitting.
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.
The door is open.
{我|wǒ}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{你|nǐ}.
I am looking at you.
{灯|dēng}{亮|liàng}{着|zhe}.
The light is on.
{你|nǐ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?
What are you wearing?
{他|tā}{没|méi}{戴|dài}{着|zhe}{眼|yǎn}{镜|jìng}.
He is not wearing glasses.
{窗|chuāng}{户|hu}{关|guān}{着|zhe}{吗|ma}?
Is the window closed?
{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}{放|fàng}{着|zhe}.
The music is playing.
{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{对|duì}{我|wǒ}{说|shuō}.
He said to me while smiling.
{墙|qiáng}{上|shàng}{挂|guà}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{幅|fú}{画|huà}.
A painting is hanging on the wall.
{我|wǒ}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{收|shōu}{音|yīn}{机|jī}.
I am listening to the radio.
{他|tā}{没|méi}{有|yǒu}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{我|wǒ}.
He was not looking at me.
{她|tā}{拿|ná}{着|zhe}{雨|yǔ}{伞|sǎn}{走|zǒu}{了|le}.
She left holding an umbrella.
{桌|zhuō}{子|zi}{上|shàng}{摆|bǎi}{着|zhe}{各|gè}{种|zhǒng}{水|shuǐ}{果|guǒ}.
Various fruits are laid out on the table.
{他|tā}{躺|tǎng}{着|zhe}{看|kàn}{电|diàn}{视|shì}.
He is watching TV while lying down.
{这|zhè}{个|gè}{字|zì}{写|xiě}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?
What is written on this character?
{他|tā}{一|yī}{直|zhí}{忙|máng}{着|zhe}{工|gōng}{作|zuò}.
He has been busy working all along.
{外|wài}{面|miàn}{下|xià}{着|zhe}{大|dà}{雨|yǔ}.
It is raining heavily outside.
{他|tā}{怀|huái}{里|lǐ}{抱|bào}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{只|zhī}{猫|māo}.
He is holding a cat in his arms.
{门|mén}{口|kǒu}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{个|gè}{人|rén}.
A person is standing at the door.
{他|tā}{眼|yǎn}{里|lǐ}{闪|shǎn}{着|zhe}{泪|lèi}{光|guāng}.
His eyes were glistening with tears.
{这|zhè}{里|lǐ}{还|hái}{留|liú}{着|zhe}{当|dāng}{年|nián}{的|de}{痕|hén}{迹|jì}.
The traces of that year still remain here.
{他|tā}{嘴|zuǐ}{里|lǐ}{念|niàn}{叨|dāo}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}.
He was muttering something to himself.
{他|tā}{心|xīn}{里|lǐ}{想|xiǎng}{着|zhe}{家|jiā}{乡|xiāng}.
He was thinking of his hometown.
Facile à confondre
Both indicate continuity, leading to confusion.
Both are aspect particles.
Both are aspect particles.
Erreurs courantes
{他|tā}{在|zài}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.
{他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.
{他|tā}{不|bù}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.
{他|tā}{没|méi}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe}.
{我|wǒ}{吃|chī}{着|zhe}{饭|fàn}.
{我|wǒ}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{吃|chī}{饭|fàn}.
{他|tā}{到|dào}{着|zhe}{了|le}.
{他|dào}{了|le}.
{门|mén}{关|guān}{了|le}{着|zhe}.
{门|mén}{关|guān}{着|zhe}.
{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}{在|zài}.
{他|tā}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{衣|yī}{服|fu}.
{我|wǒ}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}{吗|ma}?
{我|wǒ}{听|tīng}{着|zhe}{音|yīn}{乐|yuè}{吗|ma}?
{他|tā}{跑|pǎo}{着|zhe}{去|qù}{学|xué}{校|xiào}.
{他|tā}{跑|pǎo}{着|zhe}{去|qù}{学|xué}{校|xiào}.
{他|tā}{想|xiǎng}{着|zhe}{买|mǎi}{书|shū}.
{他|tā}{想|xiǎng}{买|mǎi}{书|shū}.
{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{电|diàn}{影|yǐng}{睡|shuì}{着|zhe}{了|le}.
{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{电|diàn}{影|yǐng}{睡|shuì}{着|zhe}{了|le}.
{他|tā}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}{在|zài}{门|mén}{口|kǒu}.
{他|tā}{站|zhàn}{在|zài}{门|mén}{口|kǒu}.
{他|tā}{写|xiě}{着|zhe}{一|yī}{封|fēng}{信|xìn}.
{他|tā}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{写|xiě}{一|yī}{封|fēng}{信|xìn}.
{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{说|shuō}.
{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{说|shuō}.
{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{那|nà}{本|běn}{书|shū}.
{他|tā}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{那|nà}{本|běn}{书|shū}.
Structures de phrases
___ + 着 + ___
___ + 没 + ___ + 着
___ + 正 + 在 + ___ + 着
___ + 着 + ___ + ___
Real World Usage
{我|wǒ}{在|zài}{等|děng}{着|zhe}{你|nǐ}{呢|ne}.
{这|zhè}{里|lǐ}{美|měi}{景|jǐng}{看|kàn}{着|zhe}{真|zhēn}{好|hǎo}.
{我|wǒ}{一|yī}{直|zhí}{在|zài}{学|xué}{着|zhe}{新|xīn}{技|jì}{能|néng}.
{这|zhè}{个|gè}{房|fáng}{间|jiān}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{空|kōng}{调|tiáo}.
{我|wǒ}{正|zhèng}{在|zài}{等|děng}{着|zhe}{外|wài}{卖|mài}.
{他|tā}{笑|xiào}{着|zhe}{看|kàn}{镜|jìng}{头|tóu}.
Pense aux adjectifs en '-é'
N'utilise jamais 不 (bù)
Le petit 呢 (ne) magique
Smart Tips
Use 着 to list the states of objects in the room.
Always use 穿着 for clothing.
Always use 没, never 不.
Use 着 to set the background for a main action.
Prononciation
Neutral Tone
着 is pronounced as a neutral tone, meaning it has no pitch contour and is short.
Statement
{他|tā}{坐|zuò}{着|zhe} →
Neutral declarative statement.
Mémorise-le
Moyen mnémotechnique
Think of 着 as a 'sticky' note that keeps the verb stuck in the present moment.
Association visuelle
Imagine a person standing still with a 'Z' shaped glue bottle (Zhe) pouring glue on their feet so they stay in that state.
Rhyme
Action or state, don't be stressed, just add the particle 着 (zhe).
Story
Xiao Ming is sitting (坐着) in a chair. He is reading (看着) a book. The door is open (开着). He is happy.
Word Web
Défi
Describe 3 things in your room using 'Verb + 着' in the next 5 minutes.
Notes culturelles
Commonly used in daily life to describe states of objects.
Similar usage, but sometimes uses '在' more frequently for progressive.
Sometimes uses '紧' instead of '着' for progressive.
着 originated from the verb 'to attach' or 'to touch' in Classical Chinese.
Amorces de conversation
{你|nǐ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?
{窗|chuāng}{户|hu}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}{吗|ma}?
{那|nà}{个|gè}{人|rén}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}{在|zài}{做|zuò}{什|shén}{么|me}?
{你|nǐ}{桌|zhuō}{子|zi}{上|shàng}{摆|bǎi}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}?
Sujets d'écriture
Erreurs courantes
Test Yourself
Choisis la phrase grammaticalement correcte :
Find and fix the mistake:
La fenêtre n'est pas ouverte. -> {窗户|chuānghu} {不|bù} {开|kāi} {着|zhe}。
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Score: /3
Exercices pratiques
8 exercises{他|tā}{坐|zuò}___。
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
{他|tā}{不|bù}{站|zhàn}{着|zhe}.
{着|zhe} / {看|kàn} / {我|wǒ} / {他|tā}
A: {你|nǐ}{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}{什|shén}{么|me}? B: ______
{门|mén}{开|kāi}{着|zhe}.
Select the verb.
Match:
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises{她|tā} {手里|shǒulǐ} {拿|ná} ___ {一|yī} {杯|bēi} {茶|chá}。
Remets la phrase dans l'ordre :
La porte est ouverte.
Choisis la bonne structure V1 + 着 + V2 :
Il est en train d'enfiler une chemise. -> {他|tā} {穿|chuān} {着|zhe} {衬衫|chènshān}。
Associe la particule à son usage :
Je ne porte pas de lunettes : {我|wǒ} ___ {戴|dài} {着|zhe} {眼镜|yǎnjìng}。
Remets la phrase dans l'ordre :
Choisis la bonne traduction :
Choisis la phrase avec le bon ordre des mots :
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
It's similar, but 着 focuses on state or background action, not just the active process.
No, 着 is for present states or ongoing actions.
没 is for negation of aspectual particles like 着 and 了.
No, only verbs that can represent a state or continuous action.
在 emphasizes the active process, while 着 emphasizes the state.
Yes, it is common in all registers.
Sometimes, but it's complex. Usually, they serve different aspectual functions.
It is a neutral tone, so it's short and light.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
estar + gerundio
着 is an invariant particle, while 'estar' is a conjugated verb.
être en train de
着 covers both active processes and static states, while 'être en train de' is strictly for active processes.
am ... sein
着 is used in almost all contexts, while 'am ... sein' is restricted to informal speech.
〜ている
Japanese '〜ている' conjugates for tense, while 着 does not.
يستمر في
Arabic uses verb morphology rather than a particle.
着
This is the reference point.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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