B2 · 中上級 チャプター 14

Adding Detail with Relative Clauses

3 トータルルール
31 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Unlock sophisticated German by weaving precise details into your sentences using powerful relative clauses.

  • Identify nominative relative pronouns for subject-focused descriptions.
  • Apply accusative pronouns to describe objects you interact with.
  • Master dative pronouns to connect people and things to actions.
Connect your world with precision and flow.

学べること

Hey there! In this chapter, we're taking a huge leap forward to make your German sound incredibly sophisticated! You'll master how to use Relative Clauses to add rich, precise details to your sentences. No more choppy, basic language; you'll connect your ideas and provide nuances just like a native German speaker. Imagine introducing a friend and wanting to say, “This is my friend *who I met at university*.” Or perhaps at a restaurant, you want to describe the dish *that you ate yesterday and absolutely loved*. How do you express these details? Exactly—with relative clauses! We’ll start this journey logically: first, you'll get to know nominative relative pronouns, which act as the subject of a sub-clause. Then, we’ll move on to accusative relative pronouns for direct objects, and finally, we'll tackle dative relative pronouns, perfect for explaining to whom or to what. Always remember, in these clauses, the verb goes to the very end! By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to describe people, objects, and situations with full detail and natural flow, constructing longer, more complex sentences. Your German speaking will truly level up. Ready for this leap?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Construct complex sentences describing people and objects using correct relative pronoun cases.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to a pivotal chapter in your German grammar B2 journey! If you've been looking for ways to make your German sound more natural, sophisticated, and precise, you've come to the right place. This guide will unlock the power of German relative clauses, a fundamental element for achieving fluency and expressing complex ideas with ease.
At the B2 level, moving beyond simple sentences is key, and relative clauses are your secret weapon for connecting thoughts and adding rich detail, just like a native speaker would.
Think about how often you use phrases like
the person *who told me that*,
or
the book *that I read yesterday*.
These are relative clauses, and mastering their German equivalents will drastically improve your descriptive abilities. This chapter will demystify German relative pronouns, showing you how they act as bridges between your main ideas and the extra information you want to convey. By the end, you'll be able to construct elegant, flowing sentences that showcase your advanced understanding of the language.
We'll break down the process logically, starting with the basics of how relative pronouns work, then diving into the specific forms for different grammatical cases. You'll learn about nominative relative pronouns, accusative relative pronouns, and dative relative pronouns, each serving a distinct purpose in your sentences. Get ready to elevate your German and add incredible depth to your communication!

How This Grammar Works

At its heart, a German relative clause is a subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun (called the antecedent) in the main clause. It acts like an adjective, describing or clarifying the noun it refers to. The most crucial rule to remember for *all* subordinate clauses in German, including relative clauses, is that the finite verb always goes to the very end of the clause.
Let's explore the specific types of German relative pronouns covered in this chapter:
Who's That? German Relative Pronouns (Nominative)
These pronouns act as the subject of the relative clause. They agree in gender and number with the antecedent (the noun they refer to) but take the nominative case *within the relative clause*. The pronouns are: der (masculine singular), die (feminine singular), das (neuter singular), and die (plural).
* Das ist der Mann, der mir geholfen hat. (This is the man who helped me.) – *Der* refers to *der Mann* (masculine singular) and is the subject of *geholfen hat*.
* Ich kenne die Frau, die das Buch geschrieben hat. (I know the woman who wrote the book.) – *Die* refers to *die Frau* (feminine singular) and is the subject of *geschrieben hat*.
German Relative Pronouns: The Object Form (den, die, das)
When the relative pronoun functions as the direct object (accusative) within the relative clause, we use these forms. Again, they agree in gender and number with the antecedent. The pronouns are: den (masculine singular), die (feminine singular), das (neuter singular), and die (plural).
Notice only the masculine singular changes from nominative.
* Das ist der Freund, den ich gestern getroffen habe. (This is the friend whom I met yesterday.) – *Den* refers to *der Freund* (masculine singular) and is the direct object of *getroffen habe*.
* Das ist das Auto, das ich kaufen möchte. (This is the car that I want to buy.) – *Das* refers to *das Auto* (neuter singular) and is the direct object of *kaufen möchte*.
The 'To Whom' Glue: Dative Relative Pronouns
These pronouns are used when the relative pronoun is the indirect object (dative) within the relative clause. The forms are: dem (masculine singular), der (feminine singular), dem (neuter singular), and denen (plural).
* Das ist der Lehrer, dem ich die Hausaufgaben gegeben habe. (This is the teacher to whom I gave the homework.) – *Dem* refers to *der Lehrer* (masculine singular) and is the indirect object of *gegeben habe*.
* Wo ist die Kollegin, der du geholfen hast? (Where is the colleague to whom you helped?) – *Der* refers to *die Kollegin* (feminine singular) and is the indirect object of *geholfen hast*.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong:
    Das ist der Mann, den hat mir geholfen.
Correct:
Das ist der Mann, der mir geholfen hat.
*Explanation:* The relative pronoun must agree in case with its function *within the relative clause*. Here, *der Mann* is the subject of helped me, so the nominative relative pronoun der is needed. Also, the verb hat must go to the end of the subordinate clause.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Ich suche das Buch, das ich habe gelesen.
Correct:
Ich suche das Buch, das ich gelesen habe.
*Explanation:* In all German subordinate clauses, including relative clauses, the finite verb (here, habe) must always move to the very end of the clause.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Das ist die Frau, der ich habe gesehen.
Correct:
Das ist die Frau, die ich gesehen habe.
*Explanation:* To see (sehen) takes an accusative object. Therefore, the relative pronoun referring to *die Frau* (feminine singular) must be in the accusative case, which is die. The verb also needs to be at the end.

Real Conversations

A

A

Kennst du den neuen Kollegen, der gestern angefangen hat? (Do you know the new colleague who started yesterday?)
B

B

Ja, ich habe ihn schon getroffen. Er ist sehr nett! (Yes, I've already met him. He's very nice!)
A

A

Hast du das Restaurant gefunden, das ich dir empfohlen habe? (Did you find the restaurant that I recommended to you?)
B

B

Ja, das Essen, das wir dort gegessen haben, war fantastisch! (Yes, the food that we ate there was fantastic!)
A

A

Das ist meine Freundin, der ich von unseren Plänen erzählt habe. (This is my friend to whom I told about our plans.)
B

B

Ah, schön, dich kennenzulernen! (Ah, nice to meet you!)

Quick FAQ

Q

Why do German relative clauses send the verb to the end?

In German, all subordinate clauses (including relative clauses) follow a specific word order where the finite verb is placed at the very end. This structure helps clarify which part of the sentence is the main clause and which is the dependent clause.

Q

How do I choose the correct German relative pronoun?

You choose the correct relative pronoun based on two factors: 1) the gender and number of the noun it refers to (the antecedent) in the main clause, and 2) the grammatical case (nominative, accusative, dative) that the pronoun needs *within the relative clause* itself.

Q

Are there alternatives to 'der, die, das' for German relative pronouns?

While der, die, das forms are by far the most common and generally preferred, you might occasionally encounter welcher, welche, welches as an alternative, especially in more formal or written contexts. However, for B2 German grammar, mastering der, die, das forms is the priority.

Cultural Context

German relative clauses are incredibly common in everyday speech and writing, reflecting the German language's emphasis on precision and detailed communication. Native speakers frequently use them to pack more information into a single sentence, creating a more elegant and less choppy flow. Mastering them isn't just about grammatical correctness; it's about sounding natural and sophisticated.
They allow for nuanced descriptions, whether you're talking about complex scientific concepts or simply describing the weather. Their consistent use across all registers of the language makes them an indispensable tool for anyone aiming for true fluency.

重要な例文 (6)

1

Ich suche {einen|m} Mitbewohner, der nicht raucht.

私はタバコを吸わないルームメイトを探しています。

あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)
2

Das ist {die|f} App, die ich jeden Tag nutze.

それは私が毎日使っているアプリです。

あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)
3

Der Film, den wir gestern auf Netflix geschaut haben, war total langweilig.

昨日Netflixで観た映画、すごくつまらなかったよ。

ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)
4

Die neue App, die ich heruntergeladen habe, stürzt ständig ab.

ダウンロードした新しいアプリ、すぐに落ちちゃうんだ。

ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)
5

Das ist {der|m} Kollege, **dem** ich vertraue.

あれは私が信頼している同僚です。

「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞
6

{die|f} App, **mit der** ich lerne, ist super.

私が使って学んでいるアプリは最高です。

「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞

ヒントとコツ (3)

💡

コンマのルール、忘れてない?

ドイツ語では、関係代名詞の前に必ずコンマが必要です。これは英語とは違って、スタイルの問題ではなく文法的に必須のルールなんですよ。「あ、コンマがない!」ってすぐに気づけるようになりましょうね。
Der Mann, der dort steht, ist mein Freund.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)
💡

「N」のルール

男性名詞が目的語として使われる時だけ、「-n」がついて「der」が「den」に変わると覚えておくといいですよ。他の性は変化しないんです。「Ich suche den Mann, den ich gestern getroffen habe.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)
⚠️

複数形は要注意!

複数形の関係代名詞に「den」は絶対に使わないでください。正しいのは「denen」です。末尾の「en」は、まるで敬意を表しているかのようだと思ってください! 「Die Freunde, mit denen ich spreise.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞

重要な語彙 (5)

derjenige the one who das Gericht the dish/meal der Kollege the colleague begeistern to inspire/thrill verbinden to connect

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Café

Review Summary

  • Noun + , der/die/das + ... + Verb(end)
  • Noun + , den/die/das + ... + Verb(end)
  • Noun + , dem/der + ... + Verb(end)

よくある間違い

You used the accusative 'den' instead of the nominative 'der'. Since the man is the subject of the sub-clause, use nominative.

Wrong: Das ist der Mann, den ist mein Freund.
正解: Das ist der Mann, der mein Freund ist.

In a relative clause, the verb must go to the very end. 'Gekauft' should follow 'habe'.

Wrong: Das Buch, das ich habe gekauft.
正解: Das Buch, das ich gekauft habe.

Giving something TO someone requires the dative case. 'Die' is nominative/accusative; 'der' is dative feminine.

Wrong: Die Frau, die ich das Buch gebe.
正解: Die Frau, der ich das Buch gebe.

Next Steps

You have mastered a huge hurdle today. Keep practicing these clauses in your daily writing, and watch your German reach new heights!

Write 5 sentences about your hobbies using relative clauses.

クイック練習 (9)

正しい語順の文を選びましょう。

Choose the grammatically correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Das ist die Frau, die Deutsch lernt.
関係文の中では、活用した動詞(ここでは 'lernt')は必ず一番最後に置かれます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Die Pizza, die ich gestern bestellt, war kalt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die Pizza, die ich gestern bestellt habe, war kalt.
動詞「bestellt habe」が抜けていました。「Pizza」は女性名詞なので「die」で正しいです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)

正しい関係代名詞(主格)を埋めましょう。

Das ist {der|m} Mann, ___ neben mir wohnt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: der
「der Mann」は男性名詞なので、主語となる関係代名詞は「der」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)

関係文の誤りを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Das ist die Frau, mit die ich wohne.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Das ist die Frau, mit der ich wohne.
前置詞「mit」は3格を必要とします。「Frau」は女性名詞です。3格では、女性名詞の「die」は「der」に変化します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞

複数形を正しく扱っている文を選んでください。

「私が一緒に旅行する友達」に合う正しい文を選んでください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die Freunde, mit denen ich reise.
関係文では、複数3格は厳密に「denen」です。「den」は単なる定冠詞であり、「denen」が関係代名詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞

正しい関係代名詞(den, die, das)を埋めましょう。

Dort ist der Bus, ___ ich nehmen muss.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: den
名詞「Bus」は「nehmen」の直接目的語なので、4格の「den」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)

関係文の間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Dort ist das Kind, die laut spielt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dort ist das Kind, das laut spielt.
「Kind」は中性名詞なので、関係代名詞は「das」でなければなりません。「die」ではありませんよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)

正しい関係代名詞を埋めてください。

Das ist der Student, ___ ich das Buch gebe.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dem
「Student」は男性名詞で、「geben」(与える)という動詞は受け手を3格にします。男性名詞3格は「dem」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞

正しい語順の文を選びましょう。

Choose the grammatically correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Das ist der Film, den ich gesehen habe.
関係代名詞節では、定形動詞(ここでは「habe」)は必ず文の最後に移動します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

ドイツ語は、定冠詞を関係代名詞として再利用したんですよ!新しい単語を覚えなくていいのは嬉しいですよね。動詞の位置などの新しいルールに慣れていきましょう。
Der Mann, der dort steht...
のように使われます。
いいえ、「wer」は疑問文(「誰が?」)や、一般的な意味での「〜する者」に使われます。
Wer das weiß, soll es sagen.
(それを知っている者は言うべきだ)のように。特定の先行詞を説明する関係代名詞としては「der/die/das」を使いましょう。
関係代名詞は「den」や「die」、「das」のような言葉で、ある名詞についてもっと詳しい情報を付け加えるために、関係代名詞節を導きます。二つの関連する考えを結びつける接着剤のような役割なんですよ。「Das ist der Freund, den ich mag.」
関係代名詞節の中の動詞に注目しましょう。もし関係代名詞が「動作をしている主語」なら1格(主格)を使います。もし関係代名詞が「動作を受けている目的語」なら4格(目的格)を使うんです。「Der Mann, der lacht, ist mein Onkel.」(主語)「Der Mann, den ich sehe, ist mein Onkel.」(目的語)
ドイツ語の3格では、女性名詞の定冠詞が「die」から「der」に変化します。関係代名詞もこのパターンに沿うので、女性名詞にも「der」が使われるんです。最初は少し不思議に感じるかもしれませんが、慣れてくると自然になりますよ。「Die Frau, der ich helfe.」(私が助ける女性)のように使われます。
いいえ、そうではありません。「was」は「すべて〜なもの」(例: alles, was...)のように、特定されていないものに対してのみ使われます。具体的な名詞に対しては、性別に合った関係代名詞(der, die, das)を正しく使う必要があります。「Das ist alles, was ich brauche.」(それが私が必要なすべてだ)のように使います。