Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock sophisticated German by weaving precise details into your sentences using powerful relative clauses.
- Identify nominative relative pronouns for subject-focused descriptions.
- Apply accusative pronouns to describe objects you interact with.
- Master dative pronouns to connect people and things to actions.
学べること
Hey there! In this chapter, we're taking a huge leap forward to make your German sound incredibly sophisticated! You'll master how to use Relative Clauses to add rich, precise details to your sentences. No more choppy, basic language; you'll connect your ideas and provide nuances just like a native German speaker. Imagine introducing a friend and wanting to say, “This is my friend *who I met at university*.” Or perhaps at a restaurant, you want to describe the dish *that you ate yesterday and absolutely loved*. How do you express these details? Exactly—with relative clauses! We’ll start this journey logically: first, you'll get to know nominative relative pronouns, which act as the subject of a sub-clause. Then, we’ll move on to accusative relative pronouns for direct objects, and finally, we'll tackle dative relative pronouns, perfect for explaining to whom or to what. Always remember, in these clauses, the verb goes to the very end! By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to describe people, objects, and situations with full detail and natural flow, constructing longer, more complex sentences. Your German speaking will truly level up. Ready for this leap?
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あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)関係代名詞は、副文の中で主語の役割をします。名詞の性に合わせて形が変わり、動詞を一番後ろに移動させるのが特徴です。覚えておきたいキーワードは「der/die/das」「主語」「動詞最後」ですね!
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ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)関係代名詞の「4格」では、名詞の性に合わせて形が変わりますが、文の中では目的語としての役割を果たします。そして、動詞は常に文の「最後」に来ることを忘れずに。「性別」「目的語」「動詞最後」がポイントですよ!
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「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞関係文の中での名詞の性別と3格の役割によって、「dem」、「der」、それとも「denen」を使うか決まります。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Construct complex sentences describing people and objects using correct relative pronoun cases.
チャプターガイド
Overview
the person *who told me that*,or
the book *that I read yesterday*.These are relative clauses, and mastering their German equivalents will drastically improve your descriptive abilities. This chapter will demystify German relative pronouns, showing you how they act as bridges between your main ideas and the extra information you want to convey. By the end, you'll be able to construct elegant, flowing sentences that showcase your advanced understanding of the language.
How This Grammar Works
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong:
Das ist der Mann, den hat mir geholfen.
Das ist der Mann, der mir geholfen hat.
helped me, so the nominative relative pronoun der is needed. Also, the verb hat must go to the end of the subordinate clause.- 1✗ Wrong:
Ich suche das Buch, das ich habe gelesen.
Ich suche das Buch, das ich gelesen habe.
- 1✗ Wrong:
Das ist die Frau, der ich habe gesehen.
Das ist die Frau, die ich gesehen habe.
To see (sehen) takes an accusative object. Therefore, the relative pronoun referring to *die Frau* (feminine singular) must be in the accusative case, which is die. The verb also needs to be at the end.Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
Why do German relative clauses send the verb to the end?
In German, all subordinate clauses (including relative clauses) follow a specific word order where the finite verb is placed at the very end. This structure helps clarify which part of the sentence is the main clause and which is the dependent clause.
How do I choose the correct German relative pronoun?
You choose the correct relative pronoun based on two factors: 1) the gender and number of the noun it refers to (the antecedent) in the main clause, and 2) the grammatical case (nominative, accusative, dative) that the pronoun needs *within the relative clause* itself.
Are there alternatives to 'der, die, das' for German relative pronouns?
While der, die, das forms are by far the most common and generally preferred, you might occasionally encounter welcher, welche, welches as an alternative, especially in more formal or written contexts. However, for B2 German grammar, mastering der, die, das forms is the priority.
Cultural Context
重要な例文 (6)
Der Film, den wir gestern auf Netflix geschaut haben, war total langweilig.
昨日Netflixで観た映画、すごくつまらなかったよ。
ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)Die neue App, die ich heruntergeladen habe, stürzt ständig ab.
ダウンロードした新しいアプリ、すぐに落ちちゃうんだ。
ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)ヒントとコツ (3)
コンマのルール、忘れてない?
Der Mann, der dort steht, ist mein Freund.
「N」のルール
複数形は要注意!
重要な語彙 (5)
Real-World Preview
At the Café
Review Summary
- Noun + , der/die/das + ... + Verb(end)
- Noun + , den/die/das + ... + Verb(end)
- Noun + , dem/der + ... + Verb(end)
よくある間違い
You used the accusative 'den' instead of the nominative 'der'. Since the man is the subject of the sub-clause, use nominative.
In a relative clause, the verb must go to the very end. 'Gekauft' should follow 'habe'.
Giving something TO someone requires the dative case. 'Die' is nominative/accusative; 'der' is dative feminine.
このチャプターのルール (3)
Next Steps
You have mastered a huge hurdle today. Keep practicing these clauses in your daily writing, and watch your German reach new heights!
Write 5 sentences about your hobbies using relative clauses.
クイック練習 (9)
Choose the grammatically correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)
Find and fix the mistake:
Die Pizza, die ich gestern bestellt, war kalt.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)
Das ist {der|m} Mann, ___ neben mir wohnt.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)
Find and fix the mistake:
Das ist die Frau, mit die ich wohne.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞
「私が一緒に旅行する友達」に合う正しい文を選んでください。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞
Dort ist der Bus, ___ ich nehmen muss.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)
Find and fix the mistake:
Dort ist das Kind, die laut spielt.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: あれは誰?ドイツ語の関係代名詞(主格)
Das ist der Student, ___ ich das Buch gebe.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「誰に」「誰と」をつなぐ接着剤:3格(Dative)の関係代名詞
Choose the grammatically correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の関係代名詞:対格(目的語)の形 (den, die, das)
Score: /9
よくある質問 (6)
Der Mann, der dort steht...のように使われます。
Wer das weiß, soll es sagen.(それを知っている者は言うべきだ)のように。特定の先行詞を説明する関係代名詞としては「der/die/das」を使いましょう。