B2 · 中上級 チャプター 19

Citing Sources and Causes

4 トータルルール
40 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of explaining causes, citing sources, and setting conditions like a native speaker.

  • Distinguish between internal and external causes for negative outcomes.
  • Integrate news and professional reports using proper citation structures.
  • Express conditional dependencies and universal independence in any situation.
Mastering nuance: from causes to conditions.

学べること

Ready to fine-tune your Korean to B2? This chapter is your secret weapon for sounding truly native when you discuss *why* things happen and *who* or *what* is responsible. You’ll master four essential grammar patterns to express cause, blame, external information, and conditional relationships with precision. First, you'll master attributing negative outcomes. Ever want to subtly blame someone or explain an unexpected mishap? We'll show you how to use -탓에 for assigning blame ('Because of you, I was late!') and -바람에 for sudden, unforeseen problems ('Traffic caused me to be late!'). This nuance is key for B2 speakers. Then, learn to cite information like a pro with -에 따르면. This isn't just 'according to,' it's about correctly integrating reports and news, always paired with the right indirect speech ending like -대요. Imagine discussing current events or sharing advice – you'll do it seamlessly. Next, master -에 따라(서), a versatile expression linking changing results to specific variables. Explain how your exam score *depends on* study effort, or how prices *vary according to* the season. Finally, express absolute independence with -ㄴ/은/는 관계없이. Declare something is true *regardless of* age, cost, or any other condition. Say things like, 'No matter the weather, I'm going!' By chapter's end, you'll confidently wield these rules, expressing complex ideas with native-like accuracy. You'll articulate causes, cite sources, and discuss dependencies, truly elevating your Korean. Get ready to impress!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Articulate specific causes for negative events using -탓에 and -바람에.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Synthesize information from external sources using -에 따르면.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe variable results based on changing factors using -에 따라.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: Assert statements that remain true regardless of context using -관계없이.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your next step in mastering B2 Korean grammar! This chapter is meticulously designed to elevate your ability to articulate *why* things happen, *who* or *what* is responsible, and how information is presented in Korean. Moving beyond basic cause-and-effect, you'll delve into nuances that are crucial for sounding truly native and expressing complex ideas with precision.
Understanding these advanced patterns is key to unlocking a higher level of fluency and engaging in sophisticated conversations.
By focusing on specific expressions for cause, blame, external information, and conditional relationships, you'll gain the tools to discuss current events, share opinions based on reports, and explain dependencies like a seasoned speaker. This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about integrating them into your natural speech to convey subtle meanings. Get ready to refine your Korean grammar and impress with your enhanced communicative abilities.
We'll cover four essential grammar patterns: -탓에, -바람에, -에 따르면, -에 따라(서), and -ㄴ/은/는 관계없이. Each one offers a unique way to connect ideas, attribute outcomes, and structure arguments, pushing your B2 Korean skills to new heights.

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of these powerful Korean grammar patterns, each offering a distinct way to express causality, citation, or dependency.
First, for attributing negative outcomes, we have -탓에 and -바람에. -탓에 is used when you want to assign blame or fault for a negative result, often implying a specific person or action is responsible. It carries a stronger negative connotation than a simple because of. For example: 네 탓에 우리가 늦었어. (We were late because of you.) Here, you are directly blamed.
On the other hand, -바람에 is used for sudden, unforeseen negative consequences, typically caused by external circumstances or events beyond one's control. It doesn't imply blame but rather an unfortunate chain of events. For instance: 갑자기 비가 오는 바람에 소풍이 취소됐어요. (The picnic was canceled because it suddenly rained.)
Next, when you need to cite sources or report information professionally, you'll use -에 따르면. This pattern means according to and is essential for integrating news, reports, or official statements. Crucially, it almost always pairs with indirect speech endings like -대요 (short for -다고 해요) or -라고 합니다.
For example: 뉴스에 따르면 내일 날씨가 맑대요. (According to the news, the weather will be clear tomorrow.)
Then, to express how something changes or varies based on a specific factor, we use -에 따라(서). This versatile expression means depending on, according to, or in accordance with. It highlights a relationship where one element's state or outcome is determined by another. You can use either -에 따라 or -에 따라서 interchangeably.
For example: 가격은 계절에 따라 달라져요. (Prices vary according to the season.)
Finally, to express absolute independence from a condition, you'll master -ㄴ/은/는 관계없이. This pattern translates to regardless of or irrespective of, indicating that a certain condition or factor does not influence the outcome. It's perfect for making strong, unconditional statements.
For instance: 나이와 관계없이 누구나 참여할 수 있어요. (Anyone can participate regardless of age.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 교통체증 탓에 비행기를 놓쳤어요. (I missed the flight because of traffic congestion [blaming traffic].)
✓ Correct: 교통체증 바람에 비행기를 놓쳤어요. (I missed the flight due to traffic congestion [unforeseen circumstance].)
*Explanation:* While -탓에 indicates a cause for a negative outcome, it strongly implies blame or fault, often human. Traffic congestion is an external, unforeseen event, making -바람에 the more natural and appropriate choice to express the negative consequence without assigning blame.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 기상청에 따르면 «내일은 춥다.» (According to the meteorological agency, Tomorrow is cold.)
✓ Correct: 기상청에 따르면 내일은 춥대요. (According to the meteorological agency, tomorrow is cold.)
*Explanation:* -에 따르면 always requires an indirect speech ending (like -대요, -라고 합니다, -다고 합니다, etc.) to properly integrate the reported information into the sentence. Using direct speech or omitting the indirect speech ending is grammatically incorrect in this context.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 열심히 공부한 것에 따라 시험에 합격했어요. (I passed the exam according to studying hard.)
✓ Correct: 노력에 따라 결과가 달라져요. (Results vary depending on effort.) / 열심히 공부해서 시험에 합격했어요. (I studied hard, so I passed the exam.)
*Explanation:* -에 따라 indicates a variable relationship or a consequence of a *changing factor*, not a direct cause for a single, completed event. For a direct cause resulting in a specific outcome, simpler conjunctions like -아/어서 or -기 때문에 are more suitable. The wrong example awkwardly implies the passing was *conditional* on studying rather than a direct result.

Real Conversations

A

A

네 탓에 중요한 회의에 늦었잖아! (Because of you, I was late for the important meeting!)
B

B

미안해, 갑자기 차가 고장 나는 바람에 어쩔 수 없었어. (I'm sorry, my car suddenly broke down, so I couldn't help it.)
A

A

새로운 연구 결과에 따르면 커피가 건강에 좋대요. (According to new research, coffee is good for your health.)
B

B

정말요? 그럼 이제 마음 놓고 마셔도 되겠네요. (Really? Then I can drink it without worry now.)
A

A

이용 요금은 사용하는 시간에 따라 달라지나요? (Does the usage fee vary depending on the time you use it?)
B

B

아니요, 시간과 관계없이 한 달에 만 원이에요. (No, regardless of the time, it's 10,000 won per month.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do -탓에 and -바람에 differ from -때문에 in B2 Korean grammar?

-때문에 is a neutral because of. -탓에 implies blame or fault for a negative outcome. -바람에 suggests an unforeseen, often sudden, negative consequence from external factors.

Q

Can I use -에 따르면 to report my own opinion in Korean?

No, -에 따르면 is strictly for citing external, often objective, sources like news, reports, or official statements, not personal opinions.

Q

Is there a difference between -에 따라 and -에 따라서?

While largely interchangeable, -에 따라서 can sometimes feel slightly more complete or emphatic, but their core meaning and usage for expressing dependency remain the same.

Q

What's a common mistake when using -ㄴ/은/는 관계없이?

A common mistake is trying to attach it to a verb phrase directly without nominalizing it first. Remember to use -는 것 or a noun form before 관계없이. For example, 날씨가 좋은 것과 관계없이 (regardless of the weather being good).

Cultural Context

In Korean communication, the choice between -탓에 and -바람에 subtly reflects how speakers perceive responsibility and express frustration. Using -탓에 can be quite direct and, depending on the context and relationship, might be seen as confrontational. In contrast, -바람에 allows for expressing negative outcomes while subtly deflecting direct blame, often used when explaining unfortunate circumstances.
Citing sources with -에 따르면 is a mark of educated speech and is crucial in formal settings or when conveying verified information, reflecting a value placed on credible sources. These nuances are vital for achieving true B2 Korean fluency and demonstrating cultural awareness.

重要な例文 (6)

1

일기 예보에 따르면 내일은 하루 종일 비가 온대요.

天気予報によると、明日は一日中雨が降るそうです。

情報源の引用 (-에 따르면)
2

최근 조사 결과에 따르면 한국인의 커피 소비량이 늘었대요.

最近の調査結果によると、韓国人のコーヒー消費量が増えたそうです。

情報源の引用 (-에 따르면)
3

사람에 따라 성격이 다 달라요.

人によって性格はみんな違います。

〜によって / 〜に従って ( -에 따라 / -에 따라서 )
4

날씨에 따라서 옷차림이 바뀌어요.

天気によって服装が変わります。

〜によって / 〜に従って ( -에 따라 / -에 따라서 )
5

이유에 관계없이 지각은 안 돼요.

理由に関係なく、遅刻はダメです。

〜に関係なく / 〜を問わず (관계없이)
6

날씨에 관계없이 경기는 계속됩니다.

天候に関わらず、試合は続行されます。

〜に関係なく / 〜を問わず (관계없이)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

使いすぎに注意！

«탓에» を使いすぎると、何でも人のせいにする責任感のない人に見えてしまうかも。他人のミスを指摘する時は慎重に使いましょう。 «너 탓에 망했어.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: せいにするとき：-탓에 と -바람에
🎯

「伝聞」の語尾はセットで！

«-에 따르면» を使ったら、文末は必ず «-대요» や «-라고 해요» にするのが鉄則です。自分が直接見たことではなく、あくまで「聞いた話」だからです。 «뉴스에 따르면 비가 와요» ではなく «비가 온대요» と言いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 情報源の引用 (-에 따르면)
🎯

「다 달라요」との相性が抜群！

文末に迷ったら、とりあえず「全部違います」という意味の «다 달라요» を繋げてみてください。 «사람에 따라 다 달라요.» のように、ほとんどの場面で自然に聞こえますよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜によって / 〜に従って ( -에 따라 / -에 따라서 )
💡

「疑問詞」との組み合わせ技

動詞の活用に迷ったら「疑問詞 + 語尾」を思い出して。「誰がやるか」に関係なく、なら «누가 하는지에 관계없이» と言えば完璧です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に関係なく / 〜を問わず (관계없이)

重要な語彙 (6)

결과 result 뉴스 news 탓 fault 관계 relation 변화 change 보고서 report

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Debriefing a Project

Review Summary

  • Noun + 탓에 / Verb + (으)ㄴ/는 바람에
  • Noun + 에 따르면
  • Noun + 에 따라(서)
  • Noun + (과/와) 관계없이

よくある間違い

-탓에 is strictly for negative outcomes. You cannot use it for positive results.

Wrong: 비가 온 탓에 기분이 좋아요.
正解: 비가 온 탓에 기분이 나빠요.

Use -에 따르면 for citations, not -에 따라서.

Wrong: 뉴스에 따라서 말했어요.
正解: 뉴스에 따르면 말했어요.

Always include the particle -와/과 before 관계없이.

Wrong: 나이 관계없이 공부해요.
正解: 나이와 관계없이 공부해요.

Next Steps

You have navigated the complexities of B2 causality! Keep practicing these in your daily conversations to solidify your fluency.

Listen to a Korean news broadcast and identify one citation.

Continue to: Advanced Descriptive Patterns

クイック練習 (9)

この文章の不自然な部分を直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

나에 따르면 이 영화는 재미있어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 제 생각에는 이 영화는 재미있어.
自分の意見を言う時に «나에 따르면» は使いません。 «제 생각에는» (私の考えでは) を使うのが自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 情報源の引用 (-에 따르면)

不自然な部分を修正してください。

비가 오다 관계없이 축구를 했어.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 비가 오는 것에 관계없이 축구를 했어.
動詞の語幹 «오다» に直接繋げることはできません。 «오는 것»（降ること）のように名詞化するか、 «오는지» のように節にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に関係なく / 〜を問わず (관계없이)

"-에 따르면" と一緒に使うのに最も自然な語尾はどれですか？

일기 예보에 따르면 비가 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 온대요 (降るそうです)
「〜によると」と情報を引用しているので、伝聞を表す「-대요」が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 情報源の引用 (-에 따르면)

空欄を埋めて文章を完成させてください。

경험___ 관계없이 누구나 환영합니다. (経験に関係なく誰でも歓迎します。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 에
名詞を直接 «관계없이» に繋げる時は、助詞 «에» を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に関係なく / 〜を問わず (관계없이)

「流行に従って」の訳として適切なものを選んでください。

유행에 의해서 옷을 샀어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 유행에 따라 옷을 샀어요.
-에 의해서 は受動的な原因を指すことが多いですが、流行という基準に合わせる場合は -에 따라 が自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜によって / 〜に従って ( -에 따라 / -에 따라서 )

ニュースを引用する文章を完成させてください。

___ 따르면, 내일 눈이 온대요. (ニュースによると)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 뉴스에
パターンは「名詞 + -에 따르면」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 情報源の引用 (-에 따르면)

「時間に関係なく」という自然な表現を選んでください。

正しいフレーズはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 시간에 관계없이
標準的なパターンは「名詞 + 에 + 관계없이」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜に関係なく / 〜を問わず (관계없이)

空欄に当てはまる正しい形を選んでください。

상황___ 계획이 바뀔 수도 있어요. (状況によって、計画が変わることもあります。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 에 따라
「〜によって（依存）」を表すには -에 따라 が最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜によって / 〜に従って ( -에 따라 / -에 따라서 )

「-에 따라」を正しく使っている文はどれですか？

最も自然な文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 메뉴에 따라 가격이 달라요.
この文法パターンでは助詞 -에 を使うのが決まりです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜によって / 〜に従って ( -에 따라 / -에 따라서 )

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

はい、日本語と同じです。「君のせいで幸せすぎるよ」のように «너 탓에 너무 행복해» とおどけて言うことはありますが、試験では常にネガティブな意味で使われます。
«-때문에» は中立的な理由ですが、 «-탓에» は「責任の所在」をはっきりさせる非難のニュアンスが強いです。 «탓에» の方が当たりが強いですね。
はい、ほぼ同じ意味です。 «-에 의하면» の方が少し硬い表現で、論文やニュースで好まれます。日常会話では «-에 따르면» がより一般的です。
«-에 따르면» は引用の合図だからです。 «뉴스에 따르면 비가 와요» と言うと、まるで自分が雨を確認したかのように聞こえて不自然です。 «비가 온대요» と言うことで「ニュースがそう言っていた」というニュアンスが完成します。
はい、でも名詞化する必要があります。普通は «-느냐에 따라(서)» というパターンを使いますよ。例えば «무엇을 먹느냐에 따라» (何を食べるかによって) のように言います。
いいえ、丁寧さは文末の «-요» や «-습니다» で決まります。 «-서» をつけるとリズムが良くなり、少し柔らかい口語的な響きになります。 «기분에 따라서 달라요.»
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