A2 · 初中級 チャプター 5

Talking About Time and Habits

5 トータルルール
54 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the flow of time and daily routines to speak Korean with natural confidence.

  • Describe ongoing actions and long-term habits.
  • Specify durations for activities and events.
  • Sequence your daily life using before and after markers.
Master your schedule, own your story.

学べること

Hey there, language explorer! You've already built a solid foundation in Korean, and now it's time to supercharge your conversations. This chapter is all about giving you the tools to express yourself like a native speaker when talking about time, ongoing actions, and your daily habits. We'll dive deep into ~고 있다, which isn't just for saying

I am doing X right now
(like "I'm eating lunch!"). It's also perfect for describing current life habits and longer-term ongoing actions – think "I've been studying Korean these days or I'm working at a new company." You'll sound so natural! Next, you'll master 동안, the duration particle. This handy little word lets you clearly state for how long something happened or during what period. Imagine saying
I studied for two hours
or
I traveled during my vacation.
And to truly tell your story, you'll learn how to perfectly sequence events. With ~기 전에, you can smoothly express before doing something (e.g.,
Before going to sleep, I brush my teeth
). Then, ~(으)ㄴ 후에 comes in to help you clearly state after doing something (like "After work, I'll go home"). Picture this: you're chatting with a Korean friend, effortlessly telling them about your day. "I'm studying right now, and after I finish, I'll go to a cafe! or Before I go to work, I always have breakfast." These skills are essential for sharing your experiences and making plans. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to describe your entire routine, talk about how long activities take, and easily connect events in your life, unlocking a whole new level of conversational fluency. Ready to tell your Korean story with confidence? Let's go!

  • 現在進行形：～している (고 있다)
    動詞に «-고 있다» をプラスするだけで、今この瞬間のアクションを実況中継できちゃいます！
  • 今〜している (-고 있다)
    今まさに「〜している」と言いたい時は «-고 있다» を使いましょう。丁寧な «해요» や友達への «해» など、語尾を使い分けるのがコツです。
  • 期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)
    「동안」を使えば、どんな名詞や動作も「ひと塊の時間」に変えられます。«동안» をマスターして、時間の幅を表現しましょう！
  • 〜する前に：〜기 전에
    動詞の「다」を取って «기 전에» をつけるだけで、「〜する前に」という流れをスムーズに作れます。名詞なら «전에» だけでOK！
  • 〜した後に (~(으)ㄴ 후에)
    「Aした後にBする」という順番をハッキリ伝えたい時は «(으)ㄴ 후에» を使いましょう。名詞ならもっと簡単で «후에» だけでOKです！

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: describe your current daily routine and sequence your morning activities.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, language explorer, to an essential chapter in your Korean grammar A2 journey! You've mastered the basics, and now it's time to unlock a new level of conversational fluency by discussing time and habits in Korean. This guide is designed to equip you with the tools to express ongoing actions, durations, and sequences of events, making your conversations much richer and more natural.
Understanding these patterns is crucial for describing your daily routine, sharing experiences, and making plans, which are fundamental aspects of everyday communication.
At the A2 level, learners are expected to talk about their daily life and simple past/future events. This chapter directly addresses that need by focusing on present progressive actions, duration expressions, and sequencing actions. By mastering ~고 있다 for currently doing and ongoing habits, 동안 for for how long, and ~기 전에 / ~(으)ㄴ 후에 for
before/after doing something,
you'll be able to articulate complex ideas with ease.
This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about gaining the ability to tell your story, understand others, and truly engage in speaking Korean with confidence.
You'll discover that these grammar points are incredibly versatile and frequently used by native speakers. Imagine effortlessly telling a friend, "I'm studying Korean these days, and after I finish, I'll go to the gym! or I worked for eight hours today, and before I go to sleep, I'll read a book." These are the kinds of practical sentences you'll be able to form. Get ready to elevate your Korean language skills and sound more like a native speaker!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the core grammar points that will help you talk about time and habits in Korean. We'll start with Present Progressive: -ing (고 있다). This versatile pattern, attached to a verb stem, has two main uses.
First, it signifies an action happening *right now*, similar to the English -ing form. For example, 저는 지금 밥을 먹고 있어요. (I am eating rice right now.) Second, and crucially for A2 learners, it describes ongoing actions or habits that are happening over a longer period, not just at this very moment. Think of it as "I'm currently doing X or I've been doing X these days." For instance, 저는 요즘 한국어를 공부하고 있어요. (I am studying Korean these days.) or 저는 회사에서 일하고 있어요. (I am working at a company [these days/currently]).
Next, we have the Duration Particle: 동안 (For/During). This handy particle is used to express for how long an action takes or during which period something occurs. It can attach directly to nouns indicating a period of time, like 두 시간 동안 (for two hours), or to verb stems (often in the present progressive form or with -(으)ㄴ when describing a state).
For example, 저는 두 시간 동안 책을 읽었어요. (I read a book for two hours.) or 방학 동안 여행했어요. (I traveled during vacation.) When used with verbs, it often takes the form [Verb stem]는 동안, as in 공부하는 동안 음악을 들었어요. (I listened to music while studying.)
To sequence your actions perfectly, you'll master Doing Something Before Another: ~기 전에. This pattern, attached to a verb stem, means before doing [verb]. It's perfect for describing preparatory actions. For example, 자기 전에 이를 닦아요. (Before sleeping, I brush my teeth.) or 밥을 먹기 전에 손을 씻으세요. (Before eating, please wash your hands.) This helps you clearly state the order of events.
Finally, we have After doing something: ~(으)ㄴ 후에. This pattern signifies after doing [verb] and is essential for connecting completed actions to subsequent ones. It attaches to the verb stem after it has been conjugated into its past tense adjectival form (-(으)ㄴ).
For example, 숙제를 한 후에 쉴 거예요. (After doing homework, I will rest.) or 영화를 본 후에 저녁을 먹었어요. (After watching a movie, I ate dinner.) Remember to use ~은 후에 if the verb stem ends in a consonant and ~ㄴ 후에 if it ends in a vowel. Together, these patterns will transform your ability to tell your story in Korean!

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 한국어를 공부하고 있어요. (Meaning: I am studying Korean right now, and that's all.)
✓ Correct: 저는 요즘 한국어를 공부하고 있어요. (I am studying Korean these days/currently.)
*Explanation:* While ~고 있다 *can* mean right now, A2 learners often miss its broader usage for ongoing situations or habits. Adding 요즘 (these days) or context clarifies that it's a longer-term activity, not just happening at this exact second.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 저는 세 시간 동안 공부했어요. 그리고 영화를 봤어요. (I studied for three hours. And then I watched a movie.)
✓ Correct: 세 시간 동안 공부한 후에 영화를 봤어요. (After studying for three hours, I watched a movie.)
*Explanation:* Learners often break sentences into simpler, separate clauses. While not strictly wrong, using ~(으)ㄴ 후에 creates a much more natural and cohesive flow, clearly linking the two actions in sequence and demonstrating good A2-level Korean sentence structure.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 영화를 보기 후에 밥을 먹었어요.
✓ Correct: 영화를 본 후에 밥을 먹었어요. (After watching a movie, I ate dinner.)
*Explanation:* The ~(으)ㄴ 후에 pattern requires the verb stem to be in its past adjectival form (-(으)ㄴ). Simply attaching ~기 is incorrect here. 보다 (to see/watch) becomes 본 (the ㄴ is added as the stem ends in a vowel), so 본 후에 is correct.

Real Conversations

A

A

민수 씨, 뭐 하고 있어요? (Minsu, what are you doing?)
B

B

저는 지금 책을 읽고 있어요. 이 책을 다 읽은 후에 커피 마시러 갈 거예요. (I am reading a book right now. After I finish reading this book, I will go to drink coffee.)
A

A

어제 저녁에 뭐 했어요? (What did you do last night?)
B

B

저는 두 시간 동안 운동했어요. 운동하기 전에 저녁을 먹었어요. (I exercised for two hours. Before exercising, I ate dinner.)
A

A

요즘 어떻게 지내세요? (How have you been these days?)
B

B

저는 새 회사에서 일하고 있어요. 회사에 가기 전에 항상 아침을 먹어요. (I am working at a new company. Before going to work, I always eat breakfast.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How can I tell if ~고 있다 means right now or these days?

A: Context is key! If there's a time expression like 지금 (now) or 방금 (just now), it's immediate. If you see 요즘 (these days), 최근에 (recently), or no specific time, it usually implies an ongoing habit or situation.

Q

Can 동안 be used with both nouns and verbs, and how does it change?

A: Yes! With nouns (like 방학 - vacation, 두 시간 - two hours), it attaches directly: 방학 동안, 두 시간 동안. With verbs, it usually takes the form [Verb stem]는 동안 (e.g., 공부하는 동안 - while studying).

Q

Is ~기 전에 only for verbs? What about nouns?

A: ~기 전에 is specifically for verbs, meaning before *doing* something. For nouns, you'd typically use [Noun] 전에 (e.g., 식사 전에 - before a meal) or [Time] 전에 (e.g., 두 시간 전에 - two hours ago).

Q

What's the main difference between ~(으)ㄴ 후에 and just saying two separate sentences?

A: ~(으)ㄴ 후에 seamlessly connects two actions, indicating that the first action is completed *before* the second one begins, creating a more natural and sophisticated flow. It shows a clear cause-and-effect or sequential relationship, which is common in A2 Korean grammar.

Cultural Context

Koreans frequently use these grammar patterns to describe their daily routines, work schedules, and personal projects, reflecting a culture that values diligence and planning. When discussing habits or ongoing work, using ~고 있다 (e.g., 회사에서 일하고 있어요 - I'm working at a company) is a common way to introduce oneself or explain one's current life stage. Sequencing events with ~기 전에 and ~(으)ㄴ 후에 is essential for making plans and explaining daily activities in a clear, polite manner, whether you're talking about chores, study, or social gatherings.

重要な例文 (8)

1

지금 뭐 하고 있어요?

今、何をしていますか？

現在進行形：～している (고 있다)
2

친구를 기다리고 있어요.

友達を待っています。

現在進行形：～している (고 있다)
3

지금 뭐 `하고 있어요`?

今、何をしていますか？

今〜している (-고 있다)
4

저는 넷플릭스를 `보고 있어요`.

私はネットフリックスを見ています。

今〜している (-고 있다)
5

Jeoneun sam-nyeon dongan Hangugeoreul gongbuhaesseoyo.

私は3年間、韓国語を勉強しました。

期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)
6

Banghak dongan mwo haesseo?

休み中、何してたの？

期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)
7

자기 전에 유튜브를 봐요.

寝る前にYouTubeを見ます。

〜する前に：〜기 전에
8

밥을 먹기 전에 손을 씻으세요.

ご飯を食べる前に手を洗ってください。

〜する前に：〜기 전에

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

スペースを忘れずに

「고」と「있어요」の間には半角スペースを入れましょう。2人が手を繋いでいるイメージです。 «공부하고 있어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 現在進行形：～している (고 있다)
🎯

「動作」か「状態」か？

「着る(입다)」や「乗る(타다)」に使うと、今やっている動作だけでなく、着ている状態も表せます。「지하철을 타고 있어요.」と言えば、今電車に乗っている最中という意味になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 今〜している (-고 있다)
💬

「ちょっと待って」の裏技

「잠깐 동안」と言いますが、会話では短く「잠깐만」と言うのが一般的です。丁寧かつ具体的に言いたい時は «잠깐 동안만 기다려 주세요.» と言います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)
⚠️

過去形トラップに注意！

「기 전에」の前の動詞には、絶対に過去形を使いません。10年前のことでも «먹었기 전에» ではなく、いつも «먹기 전에» と言います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する前に：〜기 전에

重要な語彙 (6)

공부하다(gongbuhada) to study 운동하다(undonghada) to exercise 자다(jada) to sleep 먹다(meokda) to eat 시간(sigan) time/hour 일하다(ilhada) to work

Real-World Preview

coffee

Morning Routine Chat

Review Summary

  • Stem + 고 있다
  • Time + 동안
  • Verb stem + 기 전에
  • Verb stem + (으)ㄴ 후에

よくある間違い

You must use the past tense modifier form when using 후에 for actions.

Wrong: 먹기 후에
正解: 먹은 후에

The particle 기 must be added to the noun-verb to connect it to 전에.

Wrong: 공부 전에
正解: 공부하기 전에

Do not add the location particle 에 to 동안; it is redundant.

Wrong: 3시간 동안에
正解: 3시간 동안

Next Steps

You're becoming a true storyteller in Korean! Keep practicing and don't be afraid to make mistakes.

Write a diary entry for yesterday

Continue to: Conditions and Step-by-Step Actions

クイック練習 (10)

「1時間の間」という意味になるように完成させてください。

저는 ___ 운동했어요. (私は1時間運動しました。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1시간 동안
期間（〜の間）を表すには «동안» を使います。«에» は特定の時点、«때» は「〜の時」を指します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)

「勉強している間は食べないでください」という正しい文を選んでください。

正しい韓国語を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공부하는 동안 먹지 마세요.
動詞（공부하다）を使う時は、«~는» をつけて期間を修飾します。名詞ならそのまま «동안» をつけられます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)

「읽다」（読む）を正しい形にして空欄を埋めてください。

책을 ___ 커피를 마셨어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 읽은 후에
「읽다」にはパッチムがあるので、「은 후에」をつけて「読んだ後に」とします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜した後に (~(으)ㄴ 후에)

文法的に正しい文はどれですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 밥을 먹기 전에 손을 씻어요.
「먹기 전에」が正しい形です。他の選択肢は過去形が混ざっていたり、形が間違っています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する前に：〜기 전에

「シャワーを浴びた後に」として正しいものを選んでください。

Select the correct way to say 'after showering'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 샤워한 후에
「샤워하다」は動詞なので、語幹の「샤워하」に「ㄴ 후에」をつけます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜した後に (~(으)ㄴ 후에)

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

회의기 전에 이메일을 보냈어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 両方とも正解です。
「회의（会議）」は名詞なので「회의 전에」でもいいですし、動詞にして「회의하기 전에」と言っても正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する前に：〜기 전에

文脈に合うように文を完成させてください。

수영하기 전에 준비 ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 文脈によって両方とも使えます
「기 전에」自体に時制はないので、文の最後を過去形にすれば過去の話、未来形にすれば予定の話になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する前に：〜기 전에

正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。

한국에 ___ 전에 한국어를 배웠어요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 오기
「来る前に」と言う時は、語幹の「오」に「기 전에」をつけます。過去形の「왔기」は使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する前に：〜기 전에

文の間違いを直してください。

間違い探し：방학 때 저는 여행을 갔어요. (意味：休みの間、旅行に行きました。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 「期間」を強調するために 방학 때 を 방학 동안 に変える
どちらも間違いではありませんが、期間や継続を強調したい場合は «방학 동안» がより適切です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 期間を表す: 동안 (〜間/〜の間)

この文章の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

점심 먹는 후에 커피를 마셔요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 점심 먹은 후에 커피를 마셔요.
「후에」の前には現在の「~는」ではなく、完了を表す「~(으)ㄴ」を使う必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜した後に (~(으)ㄴ 후에)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

いいえ、使えません。英語と違って、韓国語の «-고 있다» は「今現在」のことだけです。明日のことは未来形 «갈 거예요» を使いましょう。
「자요」は「寝ます（習慣）」や「これから寝る」も含みます。「자고 있어요」は「今まさに寝ている」という状態です。 «동생이 자고 있어요.»
いいえ、基本的には使えません。形容詞は状態を表すので進行形にする必要がないんです。「행복해요（幸せです）」のようにそのまま言いましょう。
「먹어요」は普段食べる習慣や今食べることも含みますが、「먹고 있어요」は「今まさに食べている」ことを強調します。
「때」は特定の時点（点）を指し、「동안」は継続している期間（線）を指します。«방학 동안» は休み中ずっと、という意味になります。
基本的には «에» を使います。«월요일 동안» と言うと「月曜日の間ずっと」というニュアンスになりますが、あまり一般的ではありません。
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