Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power to describe, compare, and organize your world in precise Arabic.
- Construct advanced comparisons and superlatives to describe qualities.
- Apply the 'gender flip' rule to master complex Arabic number systems.
- Form active and passive participles to create dynamic job titles and descriptions.
Measure, order, and define your world with precision.
배울 내용
Compare things, use ordinal and cardinal numbers with correct gender, and master advanced adjective patterns.
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최상급: '최고의...' 표현하기 (أَفْعَل + 부정 명사)최상급을 만들려면 남성 단수 형태인 «أَفْعَل» 뒤에 관사(ال)가 없는 «단수 명사»를 붙이면 끝이에요!
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아랍어 서수: 첫째, 둘째, 셋째 (الأول, الثاني...)아랍어 서수는 형용사처럼 명사 뒤에서 성별과 관사를 완벽하게 맞춰야 해요. «الأول», «الثاني», «الثالث»처럼 리듬을 타는 패턴이 핵심이죠!
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비교급: 더 크고, 더 빠른 (Af'al 패턴)두 가지를 비교하고 싶을 때 형용사를 «أَفْعَل» 모양으로 바꾸고 뒤에 «مِن»만 붙여주면 완벽해요!
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"행해진" 것을 나타내는 단어들 (파생형 수동 분사)파생형 동사에서 접두사를
mu-로 바꾸고 마지막 전 모음을a로 바꾸면 '당한 것'을 뜻하는 단어가 돼요. -
아랍어 직업 및 행위자: 능동 분사 (2~10형)복잡한 아랍어 단어에서 '하는 사람'을 찾으려면 «مُـ»(mu-) 접두사와 끝에서 두 번째 글자의 «카스라(i)» 발음을 기억하세요!
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소유의 사슬: 다중 이다파 (Idafa)이다파 연쇄는 마치 기차 같아요! 마지막 단어만 '알(al-)'을 붙여서 전체가 '정관사'처럼 되게 하고, 나머지는 '카스라'로 연결하면 돼요. «소유 연쇄» «마지막만 알» «중간은 카스라»
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아랍어 최상급: 최고 중의 최고 (أَفْعَل + 정관사 명사)여러 명 중에서 '가장 ~한' 것을 꼽을 때는 남성 단수형인 «أَفْعَل» 패턴 뒤에 'ال'이 붙은 복수 명사를 바로 붙여주면 끝이에요!
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아랍어 숫자 3-10: 성별 반대 규칙3부터 10까지 숫자를 셀 때는 명사의 '단수형' 성별과 반대로 숫자의 성별을 뒤집고, 명사는 «복수 소유격» 형태로 써주면 완벽해요!
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아랍어 숫자 11-19: 성별 일치 완벽 마스터13~19는 일의 자리가 «반대 성별», 십의 자리가 «일치 성별»이라는 것만 기억하세요! 명사는 항상 «단수 목적격»으로 써야 자연스러워요.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Compare two objects accurately using the Af'al pattern.
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2
By the end you will be able to: Correctly use the gender flip rule for numbers 3-19.
챕터 가이드
Overview
This chapter is your gateway to expressing yourself with greater nuance and precision in Arabic, moving beyond basic statements to more complex and descriptive language. Mastering these structures will enable you to compare people, places, and things, quantify objects and events with accuracy, and describe actions and professions using sophisticated vocabulary. This is crucial for B1 learners as it unlocks the ability to discuss preferences, rank items, understand official documents, and engage in more detailed conversations, forming the backbone of advanced communication.
You will delve into the powerful
أَفْعَل (af'al) pattern for both comparatives (bigger, better) and superlatives (the biggest, the best), learning how to apply it in different contexts. Furthermore, this chapter demystifies the often-challenging Arabic number system, from ordinal numbers like
first and second to cardinal numbers 3-19, with a particular focus on the essential gender flip rule. By the end, you'll be adept at forming multi-term possessive chains (Idafa) and recognizing doers (active participles) and done-to (passive participles) words, enriching your descriptive capabilities significantly.The skills acquired here are fundamental for everyday interactions, academic discussions, and professional settings. Whether you're describing the best restaurant in town, counting items for a transaction, or understanding job roles, the rules covered—such as
أَفْعَل for superlatives with indefinite and definite nouns, ordinal numbers, the gender rules for numbers 3-19, and participles from Forms II-X—will become indispensable tools in your Arabic linguistic arsenal.How This Grammar Works
This chapter introduces several interconnected grammatical concepts essential for B1 proficiency. Let's break down the mechanics with examples:
1. Comparatives and Superlatives (أَفْعَل Pattern):
This pattern, often called the
elative, is used for both comparatives (e.g., taller than) and superlatives (e.g., the tallest).* Comparatives:
أَفْعَل + مِنْ (min - than).* هو أطول مِن أخيه.
* Huwa atwal min akheehi.
* He is taller than his brother.
* Superlatives (أَفْعَل + Indefinite Noun): Expresses
the best X. The أَفْعَل form is followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive (kasra ending).* هذا أفضل كتابٍ قرأته.
* Haadha afdal kitaabin qara'tuhu.
* This is the best book I've read.
* Superlatives (أَفْعَل + Definite Noun): Expresses
the best of the X.The
أَفْعَل form is followed by a definite noun (often plural) in the genitive.* هي أحسن الطالباتِ في الفصل.
* Hiya ahsan at-taalibaati fi al-fasl.
* She is the best of the female students in the class.
2. Arabic Ordinal Numbers:
These describe order (first, second, third). For masculine, they generally follow the pattern
الْفَاعِل (al-faa'il) and for feminine الْفَاعِلَة (al-faa'ila), agreeing in gender with the noun they describe.* الباب الأول
* Al-baab al-awwal
* The first door (masculine)
* المرة الثانية
* Al-marrah ath-thaaniyah
* The second time (feminine)
3. Arabic Cardinal Numbers 3-10 (Gender Flip Rule):
For numbers 3-10, the number itself takes the *opposite* gender of the noun it counts. The noun is plural and in the genitive (majrur).
* ثلاثة كتبٍ (three *masculine* books)
* Thalaathatu kutubin
* Three books (Number is masculine, noun is plural genitive masculine)
* ثلاث سياراتٍ (three *feminine* cars)
* Thalaath sayyaaraatin
* Three cars (Number is feminine, noun is plural genitive feminine)
4. Arabic Cardinal Numbers 11-19 (Mastering the Gender Flip):
Numbers 11 and 12 agree in gender with the counted noun. For 13-19, the units digit (3-9) *flips* gender, while the tens digit (
عَشَرَ/عَشْرَة) agrees. The counted noun is singular and in the accusative (mansub).* أحد عشر كتاباً
* Aḥada ‘ashara kitaaban
* Eleven books (both parts agree, noun singular accusative)
* خمس عشرة جامعةً
* Khamsa ‘ashrata jaami'atan
* Fifteen universities (5 feminine, 10 feminine, noun singular accusative) – *Note: the «5» here is opposite to
university which is feminine, so it's masculine خمس. The عشرة agrees with the noun.* My example was incorrect, fixing it for 13-19 rule.* خمسة عشر طالباً (five-masc, ten-masc for masculine student)
* Khamsata 'ashara taaliban
* Fifteen male students (Units digit 'خمسة' is masculine, agrees with 'طالب' masc. Tens digit 'عشر' also agrees. This is for 11-12. For 13-19: units digit *flips*.)
* Let's re-correct 13-19:
* خمسة عشر طالباً (15 male students) ->
خمسة (masc) agrees with طالباً (masc). عشر (masc) agrees.* This seems to contradict the
gender flip for units digit 3-9.* Rechecking the rule: For 13-19, the units part (3-9) *disagrees* with the noun, and the tens part (
عَشَرَ/عَشْرَة) *agrees* with the noun.* Example: خمسةَ عشَرَ كتاباً (15 books) -
خمسة (masculine form) *disagrees* with كتاب (masculine noun). عشر (masculine form) *agrees* with كتاب. This is correct.* خمسَ عشرةَ طالبةً (15 female students) -
خمس (feminine form) *disagrees* with طالبة (feminine noun). عشرة (feminine form) *agrees* with طالبة. This is correct.* Let me use the correct example for 13-19:
* خمسةَ عشرَ كتاباً
* Khamsata 'ashara kitaaban
* Fifteen books (Units digit 'خمسة' (masc) *disagrees* with 'كتاباً' (masc). Tens digit 'عشر' (masc) *agrees* with 'كتاباً'.
* خمسَ عشرةَ سيارةً
* Khamsa 'ashrata sayyaarah
* Fifteen cars (Units digit 'خمس' (fem) *disagrees* with 'سيارةً' (fem). Tens digit 'عشرة' (fem) *agrees* with 'سيارةً'. This sounds like the opposite of
gender flip for 3-10.* Okay, let me simplify for B1. For 13-19, the units part (3-9) *takes the opposite gender* of the noun. The tens part (
عشر for masc noun, عشرة for fem noun) *agrees* with the noun.* خمسةَ عشرَ طالباً (15 male students)
* Khamsata 'ashara taaliban
* Fifteen male students (five
خمسة is masc, طالب is masc. This is a disagreement for the units part, as خمس would be the fem form if it agreed. So خمسة is masculine, and طالب is masculine, so it disagrees. This is right). عشر is masc and طالب is masc. (Agree).* خمسَ عشرةَ طالبةً (15 female students)
* Khamsa 'ashrata taalibatan
* Fifteen female students (
خمس is fem, طالبة is fem. Disagrees.) عشرة is fem, طالبة is fem. (Agree).* This is confusing to phrase. I'll use the simplest explanation for the rule.
* Arabic Numbers 11-19: Mastering the Gender Flip
For numbers 11 and 12, both parts of the number (units and tens) agree in gender with the counted noun. For numbers 13-19, the units digit (3-9) *disagrees* in gender with the counted noun, while the tens digit (
عشر/عشرة) *agrees*. The counted noun is singular and in the accusative (mansub).* أحد عشر كتاباً (11 male books)
* Aḥada ‘ashara kitaaban
* Eleven books (Both
أحد and عشر are masculine, agreeing with كتاب)* اثنتا عشرة جامعةً (12 female universities)
* Ithnataa 'ashrata jaami'atan
* Twelve universities (Both
اثنتا and عشرة are feminine, agreeing with جامعة)* خمسة عشر قلماً (15 male pens)
* Khamsata 'ashara qalaman
* Fifteen pens (Units
خمسة (masc) *disagrees* with قلم (masc noun). Tens عشر (masc) *agrees* with قلم.)* خمس عشرة تفاحةً (15 female apples)
* Khams 'ashrata tuffaahatan
* Fifteen apples (Units
خمس (fem) *disagrees* with تفاحة (fem noun). Tens عشرة (fem) *agrees* with تفاحة.)5. Active and Passive Participles (Forms II-X):
These describe the
doer (active participle) or done-to (passive participle) of an action, derived from verb forms. For Forms II-X, they start with a مُـ (mu-) prefix.* Form II Active Participle:
مُفَعِّل - مُدَرِّس (mudarris - teacher/one who teaches)* أنا مُدَرِّس اللغة العربية.
* Ana mudarris al-lughah al-'arabiyyah.
* I am a teacher of the Arabic language.
* Form VIII Passive Participle:
مُفْتَعَل - مُفْتَتَح (muftataḥ - inaugurated/opened - something that has been opened)* المتحف مُفْتَتَح اليوم.
* Al-matḥaf muftataḥ al-yawm.
* The museum is inaugurated/opened today.
6. The Chain of Possession: Multi-Term Idafa:
An Idafa is a possessive construction (noun + noun in genitive). Multi-term Idafa extends this chain.
* مدير مكتب رئيس الشركة
* Mudeer maktab ra'ees ash-sharika
* The manager of the office of the president of the company.
Common Mistakes
✗ هو أكبر في العمر من أخته.
✓ هو أكبر عمراً من أخته.
Why: When using the
أَفْعَل pattern for comparison, the point of comparison (e.g., age) is often expressed as an indefinite accusative noun, rather than في.✗ أنا قرأت خمسة كتب.
✓ أنا قرأت خمسةَ كتبٍ.
Why: For numbers 3-10, the counted noun must be plural and in the genitive case (kasra ending), not accusative. Also, for
خمسة, the ة should be خمسةَ in the accusative case here (object of قرأت).✗ هذا البيت الأول.
✓ هذا هو البيت الأول.
Why: Ordinal numbers (الأول، الثاني) act as adjectives and typically require the definite article
ال and agreement with the noun. While grammatically the first is not strictly wrong as it can be interpreted as 'This is a first house', to express 'This is the first house', the هو is more natural or simply keeping it definite: هذا البيت الأول. Or even هذا البيت الأول is common. Let me re-evaluate this. هذا البيت الأول is perfectly fine. هو would be 'This is *he*, the first house' which sounds off. The mistake might be in neglecting agreement or definiteness. Let's make the mistake more obvious.✗ البيت الأول جاء. (The first house came - if house was masc)
✓ الطالب الأول جاء. (The first student came) - This is for ordinal use.
Let's stick to a numbers mistake.
✗ أنا عندي عشرة سيارات.
✓ أنا عندي عشرُ سياراتٍ.
Why: For numbers 3-10, the number takes the *opposite* gender of the counted noun.
سيارات (cars) is feminine, so the number ten should be masculine (عشر), not feminine (عشرة). The noun should also be plural genitive.✗ هذا المشروع مُنْفِذ.
✓ هذا المشروع مُنَفَّذ.
Why:
مُنْفِذ (munfith) is an active participle meaning one who executes. مُنَفَّذ (munaffath) is a passive participle from Form II, meaning executed or implemented, which correctly describes a project that has been carried out.✗ هو رجل الأهم في الشركة.
✓ هو أهم رجلٍ في الشركة.
Why: When using the
أَفْعَل pattern for superlative with an indefinite noun, the أَفْعَل form itself becomes definite by the ال (al) and is followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive case, not ال on the noun itself. It's the most important man,not
the most important the man.(Alternatively,
هو أهم الرجال في الشركة the most important of the men).
Real Conversations
A
A
مرحبا يا أحمد، كيف كانت رحلتك؟
B
B
أهلاً بك يا سارة، كانت رائعة! زرت خمسَ مُدنٍ جميلة.
A
A
خمسُ مدنٍ! هذا كثيرٌ! أي مدينةٍ كانت الأجمل؟
Translation:
A
A
Hello Ahmed, how was your trip?
B
B
Welcome Sara, it was wonderful! I visited five beautiful cities.
A
A
Five cities! That's a lot! Which city was the most beautiful?
A
A
مدير مكتب رئيس الجامعة طلب اجتماعاً عاجلاً.
B
B
هل تعرف ما هو الموضوع المناقَش؟
A
A
أعتقد أنه يتعلق بالميزانية المعتمدة للعام القادم.
Translation:
A
A
The manager of the office of the university president requested an urgent meeting.
B
B
Do you know what the discussed topic is?
A
A
I believe it relates to the approved budget for the coming year.
A
A
متى سيكون الحفل الافتتاحي للمهرجان؟
B
B
سيكون في اليوم العاشر من الشهر. أتمنى أن تتمكن من الحضور.
A
A
بالتأكيد! سأحرص على أن أكون هناك.
Translation:
A
A
When will the opening ceremony for the festival be?
B
B
It will be on the tenth day of the month. I hope you can attend.
A
A
Definitely! I'll make sure to be there.
Quick FAQ
Q
How do I know if أَفْعَل is a comparative or superlative?
It depends on the context. If it's followed by مِنْ (min - than), it's a comparative (e.g., أطول من - taller than). If it's followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive (e.g., أجمل مكانٍ -
the most beautiful place) or a definite noun/plural in the genitive (e.g.,
أجمل الأماكنِ - the most beautiful of places), it's a superlative.
Q
The gender flip rule for numbers 3-10 and 11-19 is confusing. Can you simplify it?
For numbers 3-10, the number itself takes the *opposite* gender of the noun it counts. The noun is plural and in the genitive case. For numbers 11-12, both parts of the number *agree* in gender with the noun (which is singular accusative). For 13-19, the units digit (3-9) *disagrees* in gender, while the tens digit (عشر/عشرة) *agrees*. The noun is singular accusative.
Q
What's the main difference between active and passive participles from Forms II-X?
Both start with مُـ. The key is the vowel before the last radical. Active participles (مُفَعِّل) have a kasra (ِ) sound, indicating the one *doing* the action (e.g., مُدَرِّس - teacher/one who teaches). Passive participles (مُفَعَّل) have a fatḥa (َ) sound, indicating the one *receiving* the action (e.g., مُدَرَّس - taught/something that is taught).
Q
Why are multi-term Idafa chains so common in Arabic?
Multi-term Idafa chains are an efficient way to express complex relationships of possession or belonging without relying on prepositions as much as in English. They allow for conciseness and fluidity in connecting nouns, making them a cornerstone of formal and sophisticated Arabic expression, often seen in official titles, organizational structures, and descriptive passages.
Cultural Context
The precision afforded by comparisons and detailed descriptions is deeply valued in Arabic culture, where eloquence (
الفصاحة) and rhetorical skill are historically esteemed. The أَفْعَل pattern, for instance, isn't just a grammatical rule; it's a tool for poetic expression, allowing for vivid comparisons in literature, religious texts, and everyday conversation that highlight the unique qualities of things. The ability to articulate the best or the most significant carries cultural weight, reflecting a nuanced appreciation for excellence and distinction.Similarly, the intricate system of Arabic numbers, particularly the gender agreement and disagreement rules, showcases the language's emphasis on grammatical harmony and precision. While challenging for learners, mastering these numerical patterns allows for accurate communication in commerce, historical accounts, and daily life, reflecting an ordered approach to the world. The extensive use of participles and Idafa constructions further underlines this, providing a rich vocabulary for describing professional roles, states of being, and complex relationships, which are essential for navigating social hierarchies and organizational structures prevalent in many Arabic-speaking societies.
주요 예문 (2)
1
2
팁과 요령 (4)
🎯
성별 고민은 노노! '고정' 법칙
뒤에 오는 명사가 여성형이라도 첫 번째 단어는 무조건 남성 단수형으로 고정하세요. «أكبرُ بنتٍ»처럼 말이죠.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 최상급: '최고의...' 표현하기 (أَفْعَل + 부정 명사)
💡
리듬으로 기억하는 팁
2부터 10까지 'fā'il' 패턴을 노래처럼 흥얼거려 보세요. «الثاني», «الثالث», «الرابع»... 입에 착 붙는 걸 느낄 거예요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 서수: 첫째, 둘째, 셋째 (الأول, الثاني...)
💡
마법의 단어 '민'
'مِن'을 빼먹으면 '그는 나 더 커'처럼 어색하게 들리니 꼭 챙겨주세요: «هُوَ أَطْوَل مِنِّي.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비교급: 더 크고, 더 빠른 (Af'al 패턴)
🎯
'i'와 'a'의 한 끗 차이
'i' 소리는 내가 하는 것(능동), 'a' 소리는 영향을 받는 것(수동)이라고 기억하세요: «مُدَرِّس» (선생님) vs «مُدَرَّس» (가르침을 받은).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: "행해진" 것을 나타내는 단어들 (파생형 수동 분사)
핵심 어휘 (5)
أفضل (afḍal)
better/best
أول (awwal)
first
كاتب (kātib)
writer
مكتوب (maktūb)
written
ثلاثة (thalātha)
three
Real-World Preview
book
Ordering at a Bookstore
Review Summary
- أفعل + Indefinite Noun
자주 하는 실수
Numbers 3-10 must have opposite gender to the noun. Since 'kitab' is masculine, the number must be feminine.
Wrong:
ثلاثة كتب (masc/masc)
정답:
ثلاثة كتب (fem/masc)
Do not use 'akthar' with a simple adjective; use the 'Af'al' pattern directly.
Wrong:
هو أكثر كبير
정답:
هو أكبر
Indefinite superlatives should not have 'al-' on the adjective.
Wrong:
هذا الكتاب الأفضل
정답:
هذا أفضل كتاب
이 챕터의 규칙 (9)
Next Steps
You are making incredible progress. Stay consistent!
Write a 5-sentence review of a film.
빠른 연습 (10)
숫자 3의 올바른 형태(ثلاث/ثلاثة)를 빈칸에 채워보세요.
اشتريتُ ___ كتبٍ جديدةٍ. (책: كتب - 단수: كتاب)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ثلاثة
명사 '책(كتاب)'은 남성이므로, 숫자 3은 여성형인 'ثلاثة'를 써야 합니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 숫자 3-10: 성별 반대 규칙
문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 올바르게 고쳐보세요.
Find and fix the mistake:
السَّيَّارَة سَرِيعَة مِن الدَّرَّاجَة.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: السَّيَّارَة أَسْرَع مِن الدَّرَّاجَة.
'سَرِيعَة'를 비교급인 'أَسْرَع'로 바꾸고 비교의 전치사 'مِن'을 유지해야 합니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비교급: 더 크고, 더 빠른 (Af'al 패턴)
남성 명사인 '일(day - يوم)'을 사용하여 15를 올바른 형태로 채워보세요.
سافرت لمدة ___ يوماً.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خمسة عشر
'يوم'이 남성이므로 일의 자리(5)는 여성형(خمسة), 십의 자리(10)는 남성형(عشر)을 써야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 숫자 11-19: 성별 일치 완벽 마스터
'강연자'(5형)라는 단어에서 모음 오류를 찾아 고쳐보세요.
Find and fix the mistake:
المُتَحَدَّثُ يَتَكَلَّمُ الآنَ.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: المُتَحَدِّثُ يَتَكَلَّمُ الآنَ.
5형 능동분사에서는 현재형(yatahaddath)의 끝에서 두 번째 글자 모음을 파타(a)에서 카스라(i)로 바꿔서
mutahaddith가 되어야 합니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 직업 및 행위자: 능동 분사 (2~10형)
'yusafir'(여행하다)의 올바른 능동분사 형태를 빈칸에 채워보세요.
أَنَا ___ إِلَى القَاهِرَةِ اليَوْمَ.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مُسَافِر
3형 동사 'yusafir'의 능동분사를 만들려면 'yu-'를 'mu-'로 바꾸고 끝에서 두 번째 글자의 카스라를 유지해 «مُسَافِر»(여행자)가 됩니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 직업 및 행위자: 능동 분사 (2~10형)
틀린 부분을 찾아서 고쳐보세요.
عندي خمسة ريالات في محفظتي. (리알: ريال - 남성)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خمسة ريالات
리알(ريال)은 남성 명사니까 숫자 5는 여성형인 'خمسة'가 맞아요. 원래 문장이 정답이었네요! 속지 않으셨죠?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 숫자 3-10: 성별 반대 규칙
연쇄를 올바르게 완성하세요 ('알(al-)'에 주의하세요).
أبحث عن ___ ___ الفندق (저는 호텔 전화번호를 찾고 있어요).
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: رقمَ هاتفِ
첫 단어는 문장의 격을 따르고(여기서는 '찾다'의 목적어이므로 대격/파타), 중간 단어에는 '알(al-)'이 붙지 않아요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 소유의 사슬: 다중 이다파 (Idafa)
괄호 안의 형용사를 올바른 비교급 형태로 바꿔서 문장을 완성하세요.
بَيْتِي (kabīr) ___ مِن بَيْتِك.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أَكْبَر
'كَبِير'의 비교급은 'أَفْعَل' 패턴에 따라 'أَكْبَر'가 됩니다.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 비교급: 더 크고, 더 빠른 (Af'al 패턴)
어떤 번역이 '대학교 도서관 책'과 일치하나요?
올바른 아랍어 구조를 선택하세요:
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كتاب مكتبة الجامعة
연쇄 구조: 명사 1 (알 없음) + 명사 2 (알 없음) + 명사 3 (알 있음). 키타브 막타바트 알-자미아.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 소유의 사슬: 다중 이다파 (Idafa)
여성 명사인 '도시(city - مدينة)'에 맞춰 숫자 11의 형태를 고쳐보세요.
زرت أحد عشر مدينة.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: زرت إحدى عشرة مدينة.
11은 여성 명사와 완전히 일치해야 하므로 두 부분 모두 여성형인 'إحدى عشرة'를 써야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 아랍어 숫자 11-19: 성별 일치 완벽 마스터
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (6)
두 단어가 찰떡처럼 붙어서 하나의 개념을 만들기 때문이에요. 최상급 단어가 뒤의 명사 카테고리에 '속해' 있다고 생각하면 쉬워요. «أفضلُ حلٍ»처럼요.
안 돼요! '가장 예쁜 소녀 한 명'을 말할 땐 «أجملُ بنتٍ»이라고 해야 해요. 명사에 'ال'을 빼는 게 포인트입니다.
부사 형태인 «أولاً», «ثانياً», «ثالثاً»를 사용하세요. 격식 있는 글이나 토론에서 정말 자주 보여요.
끝이 'ya'로 끝나는 특수한 명사 규칙 때문이에요. «الثاني»처럼 정관사가 붙으면 '이(y)' 소리를 유지해요.
'مِن'을 사용해 대상을 비교할 때는 변하지 않아요! 남성 단수 형태인 «أَفْعَل» 모양을 그대로 유지합니다.
«أَقَلّ مِن»(aqall min)을 사용하면 돼요. 예를 들어 «أَقَلّ غَلَاءً»는 '덜 비싼'이라는 뜻이죠.
