Chapter in 30 Seconds
Unlock the power to describe, compare, and organize your world in precise Arabic.
- Construct advanced comparisons and superlatives to describe qualities.
- Apply the 'gender flip' rule to master complex Arabic number systems.
- Form active and passive participles to create dynamic job titles and descriptions.
Measure, order, and define your world with precision.
学べること
Compare things, use ordinal and cardinal numbers with correct gender, and master advanced adjective patterns.
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最上級：「最高のもの」の言い方 (أَفْعَل + 非限定名詞)「أَفْعَل」の形の単語を、単数・非限定（الなし）の名詞の前に置くだけ！ «أفضل» や «أكبر» が便利なキーワードだよ。
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アラビア語の序数：第1、第2、第3 (الأول、الثاني...)アラビア語の序数は、名詞とセットで性別や冠詞を一致させる形容詞の仲間！基本は "fā'il" パターンを覚えればバッチリだよ。
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比較級：より大きい、より良い (Af'al パターン)「AはBより〜だ」と言いたい時は、形容詞を «أَفْعَل» の形に変えて «مِن» を後ろに置くだけでOK！
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「〜された」を表す言葉（派生形受動分詞）派生形の動詞は、頭を
mu-に変えて、最後から2番目の音をaにするだけで「〜されたもの」に変身します！mu-とaがポイントだよ。 -
アラビア語の職業と行為者：能動分詞 (第2〜10型)複雑な動詞から「実行者」を見つけるには、頭の
mu-とお尻付近のiの音を探して！ «مُدَرِّس» や «مُسَافِر» がその代表例だよ。 -
所有の連鎖：多重イダーファ (Idafa)所有の連鎖では、最後の単語以外は「al-」を付けません。最後の単語だけが「al-」や接尾辞を持つことで、連鎖全体が「特定」されます。
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アラビア語の最上級：最高の表現（أَفْعَل＋定冠詞名詞）「グループの中で一番の〜」と言いたい時は、男性単数形の «أَفْعَل» パターンに「定冠詞付きの複数形名詞」を繋げるだけでOKです。«أَفْضَل» や «أَكْبَر» を使いこなしましょう！
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アラビア語の数字3-10：性別の逆転ルール3から10の数え方は、名詞の単数形の性別を「逆転」させて、名詞は「複数形」にするのが鉄則です。 «性別逆転» «複数形» «属格»
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アラビア語の数字11-19：性の使い分けをマスターする13-19は「1の位が反抗期」で性が逆転！「10の位」と「名詞」はいつも仲良しペア。名詞は必ず «単数形» を使ってね。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Compare two objects accurately using the Af'al pattern.
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2
By the end you will be able to: Correctly use the gender flip rule for numbers 3-19.
チャプターガイド
Overview
This chapter is your gateway to expressing yourself with greater nuance and precision in Arabic, moving beyond basic statements to more complex and descriptive language. Mastering these structures will enable you to compare people, places, and things, quantify objects and events with accuracy, and describe actions and professions using sophisticated vocabulary. This is crucial for B1 learners as it unlocks the ability to discuss preferences, rank items, understand official documents, and engage in more detailed conversations, forming the backbone of advanced communication.
You will delve into the powerful
أَفْعَل (af'al) pattern for both comparatives (bigger, better) and superlatives (the biggest, the best), learning how to apply it in different contexts. Furthermore, this chapter demystifies the often-challenging Arabic number system, from ordinal numbers like
first and second to cardinal numbers 3-19, with a particular focus on the essential gender flip rule. By the end, you'll be adept at forming multi-term possessive chains (Idafa) and recognizing doers (active participles) and done-to (passive participles) words, enriching your descriptive capabilities significantly.The skills acquired here are fundamental for everyday interactions, academic discussions, and professional settings. Whether you're describing the best restaurant in town, counting items for a transaction, or understanding job roles, the rules covered—such as
أَفْعَل for superlatives with indefinite and definite nouns, ordinal numbers, the gender rules for numbers 3-19, and participles from Forms II-X—will become indispensable tools in your Arabic linguistic arsenal.How This Grammar Works
This chapter introduces several interconnected grammatical concepts essential for B1 proficiency. Let's break down the mechanics with examples:
1. Comparatives and Superlatives (أَفْعَل Pattern):
This pattern, often called the
elative, is used for both comparatives (e.g., taller than) and superlatives (e.g., the tallest).* Comparatives:
أَفْعَل + مِنْ (min - than).* هو أطول مِن أخيه.
* Huwa atwal min akheehi.
* He is taller than his brother.
* Superlatives (أَفْعَل + Indefinite Noun): Expresses
the best X. The أَفْعَل form is followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive (kasra ending).* هذا أفضل كتابٍ قرأته.
* Haadha afdal kitaabin qara'tuhu.
* This is the best book I've read.
* Superlatives (أَفْعَل + Definite Noun): Expresses
the best of the X.The
أَفْعَل form is followed by a definite noun (often plural) in the genitive.* هي أحسن الطالباتِ في الفصل.
* Hiya ahsan at-taalibaati fi al-fasl.
* She is the best of the female students in the class.
2. Arabic Ordinal Numbers:
These describe order (first, second, third). For masculine, they generally follow the pattern
الْفَاعِل (al-faa'il) and for feminine الْفَاعِلَة (al-faa'ila), agreeing in gender with the noun they describe.* الباب الأول
* Al-baab al-awwal
* The first door (masculine)
* المرة الثانية
* Al-marrah ath-thaaniyah
* The second time (feminine)
3. Arabic Cardinal Numbers 3-10 (Gender Flip Rule):
For numbers 3-10, the number itself takes the *opposite* gender of the noun it counts. The noun is plural and in the genitive (majrur).
* ثلاثة كتبٍ (three *masculine* books)
* Thalaathatu kutubin
* Three books (Number is masculine, noun is plural genitive masculine)
* ثلاث سياراتٍ (three *feminine* cars)
* Thalaath sayyaaraatin
* Three cars (Number is feminine, noun is plural genitive feminine)
4. Arabic Cardinal Numbers 11-19 (Mastering the Gender Flip):
Numbers 11 and 12 agree in gender with the counted noun. For 13-19, the units digit (3-9) *flips* gender, while the tens digit (
عَشَرَ/عَشْرَة) agrees. The counted noun is singular and in the accusative (mansub).* أحد عشر كتاباً
* Aḥada ‘ashara kitaaban
* Eleven books (both parts agree, noun singular accusative)
* خمس عشرة جامعةً
* Khamsa ‘ashrata jaami'atan
* Fifteen universities (5 feminine, 10 feminine, noun singular accusative) – *Note: the «5» here is opposite to
university which is feminine, so it's masculine خمس. The عشرة agrees with the noun.* My example was incorrect, fixing it for 13-19 rule.* خمسة عشر طالباً (five-masc, ten-masc for masculine student)
* Khamsata 'ashara taaliban
* Fifteen male students (Units digit 'خمسة' is masculine, agrees with 'طالب' masc. Tens digit 'عشر' also agrees. This is for 11-12. For 13-19: units digit *flips*.)
* Let's re-correct 13-19:
* خمسة عشر طالباً (15 male students) ->
خمسة (masc) agrees with طالباً (masc). عشر (masc) agrees.* This seems to contradict the
gender flip for units digit 3-9.* Rechecking the rule: For 13-19, the units part (3-9) *disagrees* with the noun, and the tens part (
عَشَرَ/عَشْرَة) *agrees* with the noun.* Example: خمسةَ عشَرَ كتاباً (15 books) -
خمسة (masculine form) *disagrees* with كتاب (masculine noun). عشر (masculine form) *agrees* with كتاب. This is correct.* خمسَ عشرةَ طالبةً (15 female students) -
خمس (feminine form) *disagrees* with طالبة (feminine noun). عشرة (feminine form) *agrees* with طالبة. This is correct.* Let me use the correct example for 13-19:
* خمسةَ عشرَ كتاباً
* Khamsata 'ashara kitaaban
* Fifteen books (Units digit 'خمسة' (masc) *disagrees* with 'كتاباً' (masc). Tens digit 'عشر' (masc) *agrees* with 'كتاباً'.
* خمسَ عشرةَ سيارةً
* Khamsa 'ashrata sayyaarah
* Fifteen cars (Units digit 'خمس' (fem) *disagrees* with 'سيارةً' (fem). Tens digit 'عشرة' (fem) *agrees* with 'سيارةً'. This sounds like the opposite of
gender flip for 3-10.* Okay, let me simplify for B1. For 13-19, the units part (3-9) *takes the opposite gender* of the noun. The tens part (
عشر for masc noun, عشرة for fem noun) *agrees* with the noun.* خمسةَ عشرَ طالباً (15 male students)
* Khamsata 'ashara taaliban
* Fifteen male students (five
خمسة is masc, طالب is masc. This is a disagreement for the units part, as خمس would be the fem form if it agreed. So خمسة is masculine, and طالب is masculine, so it disagrees. This is right). عشر is masc and طالب is masc. (Agree).* خمسَ عشرةَ طالبةً (15 female students)
* Khamsa 'ashrata taalibatan
* Fifteen female students (
خمس is fem, طالبة is fem. Disagrees.) عشرة is fem, طالبة is fem. (Agree).* This is confusing to phrase. I'll use the simplest explanation for the rule.
* Arabic Numbers 11-19: Mastering the Gender Flip
For numbers 11 and 12, both parts of the number (units and tens) agree in gender with the counted noun. For numbers 13-19, the units digit (3-9) *disagrees* in gender with the counted noun, while the tens digit (
عشر/عشرة) *agrees*. The counted noun is singular and in the accusative (mansub).* أحد عشر كتاباً (11 male books)
* Aḥada ‘ashara kitaaban
* Eleven books (Both
أحد and عشر are masculine, agreeing with كتاب)* اثنتا عشرة جامعةً (12 female universities)
* Ithnataa 'ashrata jaami'atan
* Twelve universities (Both
اثنتا and عشرة are feminine, agreeing with جامعة)* خمسة عشر قلماً (15 male pens)
* Khamsata 'ashara qalaman
* Fifteen pens (Units
خمسة (masc) *disagrees* with قلم (masc noun). Tens عشر (masc) *agrees* with قلم.)* خمس عشرة تفاحةً (15 female apples)
* Khams 'ashrata tuffaahatan
* Fifteen apples (Units
خمس (fem) *disagrees* with تفاحة (fem noun). Tens عشرة (fem) *agrees* with تفاحة.)5. Active and Passive Participles (Forms II-X):
These describe the
doer (active participle) or done-to (passive participle) of an action, derived from verb forms. For Forms II-X, they start with a مُـ (mu-) prefix.* Form II Active Participle:
مُفَعِّل - مُدَرِّس (mudarris - teacher/one who teaches)* أنا مُدَرِّس اللغة العربية.
* Ana mudarris al-lughah al-'arabiyyah.
* I am a teacher of the Arabic language.
* Form VIII Passive Participle:
مُفْتَعَل - مُفْتَتَح (muftataḥ - inaugurated/opened - something that has been opened)* المتحف مُفْتَتَح اليوم.
* Al-matḥaf muftataḥ al-yawm.
* The museum is inaugurated/opened today.
6. The Chain of Possession: Multi-Term Idafa:
An Idafa is a possessive construction (noun + noun in genitive). Multi-term Idafa extends this chain.
* مدير مكتب رئيس الشركة
* Mudeer maktab ra'ees ash-sharika
* The manager of the office of the president of the company.
Common Mistakes
✗ هو أكبر في العمر من أخته.
✓ هو أكبر عمراً من أخته.
Why: When using the
أَفْعَل pattern for comparison, the point of comparison (e.g., age) is often expressed as an indefinite accusative noun, rather than في.✗ أنا قرأت خمسة كتب.
✓ أنا قرأت خمسةَ كتبٍ.
Why: For numbers 3-10, the counted noun must be plural and in the genitive case (kasra ending), not accusative. Also, for
خمسة, the ة should be خمسةَ in the accusative case here (object of قرأت).✗ هذا البيت الأول.
✓ هذا هو البيت الأول.
Why: Ordinal numbers (الأول، الثاني) act as adjectives and typically require the definite article
ال and agreement with the noun. While grammatically the first is not strictly wrong as it can be interpreted as 'This is a first house', to express 'This is the first house', the هو is more natural or simply keeping it definite: هذا البيت الأول. Or even هذا البيت الأول is common. Let me re-evaluate this. هذا البيت الأول is perfectly fine. هو would be 'This is *he*, the first house' which sounds off. The mistake might be in neglecting agreement or definiteness. Let's make the mistake more obvious.✗ البيت الأول جاء. (The first house came - if house was masc)
✓ الطالب الأول جاء. (The first student came) - This is for ordinal use.
Let's stick to a numbers mistake.
✗ أنا عندي عشرة سيارات.
✓ أنا عندي عشرُ سياراتٍ.
Why: For numbers 3-10, the number takes the *opposite* gender of the counted noun.
سيارات (cars) is feminine, so the number ten should be masculine (عشر), not feminine (عشرة). The noun should also be plural genitive.✗ هذا المشروع مُنْفِذ.
✓ هذا المشروع مُنَفَّذ.
Why:
مُنْفِذ (munfith) is an active participle meaning one who executes. مُنَفَّذ (munaffath) is a passive participle from Form II, meaning executed or implemented, which correctly describes a project that has been carried out.✗ هو رجل الأهم في الشركة.
✓ هو أهم رجلٍ في الشركة.
Why: When using the
أَفْعَل pattern for superlative with an indefinite noun, the أَفْعَل form itself becomes definite by the ال (al) and is followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive case, not ال on the noun itself. It's the most important man,not
the most important the man.(Alternatively,
هو أهم الرجال في الشركة the most important of the men).
Real Conversations
A
A
مرحبا يا أحمد، كيف كانت رحلتك؟
B
B
أهلاً بك يا سارة، كانت رائعة! زرت خمسَ مُدنٍ جميلة.
A
A
خمسُ مدنٍ! هذا كثيرٌ! أي مدينةٍ كانت الأجمل؟
Translation:
A
A
Hello Ahmed, how was your trip?
B
B
Welcome Sara, it was wonderful! I visited five beautiful cities.
A
A
Five cities! That's a lot! Which city was the most beautiful?
A
A
مدير مكتب رئيس الجامعة طلب اجتماعاً عاجلاً.
B
B
هل تعرف ما هو الموضوع المناقَش؟
A
A
أعتقد أنه يتعلق بالميزانية المعتمدة للعام القادم.
Translation:
A
A
The manager of the office of the university president requested an urgent meeting.
B
B
Do you know what the discussed topic is?
A
A
I believe it relates to the approved budget for the coming year.
A
A
متى سيكون الحفل الافتتاحي للمهرجان؟
B
B
سيكون في اليوم العاشر من الشهر. أتمنى أن تتمكن من الحضور.
A
A
بالتأكيد! سأحرص على أن أكون هناك.
Translation:
A
A
When will the opening ceremony for the festival be?
B
B
It will be on the tenth day of the month. I hope you can attend.
A
A
Definitely! I'll make sure to be there.
Quick FAQ
Q
How do I know if أَفْعَل is a comparative or superlative?
It depends on the context. If it's followed by مِنْ (min - than), it's a comparative (e.g., أطول من - taller than). If it's followed by an indefinite noun in the genitive (e.g., أجمل مكانٍ -
the most beautiful place) or a definite noun/plural in the genitive (e.g.,
أجمل الأماكنِ - the most beautiful of places), it's a superlative.
Q
The gender flip rule for numbers 3-10 and 11-19 is confusing. Can you simplify it?
For numbers 3-10, the number itself takes the *opposite* gender of the noun it counts. The noun is plural and in the genitive case. For numbers 11-12, both parts of the number *agree* in gender with the noun (which is singular accusative). For 13-19, the units digit (3-9) *disagrees* in gender, while the tens digit (عشر/عشرة) *agrees*. The noun is singular accusative.
Q
What's the main difference between active and passive participles from Forms II-X?
Both start with مُـ. The key is the vowel before the last radical. Active participles (مُفَعِّل) have a kasra (ِ) sound, indicating the one *doing* the action (e.g., مُدَرِّس - teacher/one who teaches). Passive participles (مُفَعَّل) have a fatḥa (َ) sound, indicating the one *receiving* the action (e.g., مُدَرَّس - taught/something that is taught).
Q
Why are multi-term Idafa chains so common in Arabic?
Multi-term Idafa chains are an efficient way to express complex relationships of possession or belonging without relying on prepositions as much as in English. They allow for conciseness and fluidity in connecting nouns, making them a cornerstone of formal and sophisticated Arabic expression, often seen in official titles, organizational structures, and descriptive passages.
Cultural Context
The precision afforded by comparisons and detailed descriptions is deeply valued in Arabic culture, where eloquence (
الفصاحة) and rhetorical skill are historically esteemed. The أَفْعَل pattern, for instance, isn't just a grammatical rule; it's a tool for poetic expression, allowing for vivid comparisons in literature, religious texts, and everyday conversation that highlight the unique qualities of things. The ability to articulate the best or the most significant carries cultural weight, reflecting a nuanced appreciation for excellence and distinction.Similarly, the intricate system of Arabic numbers, particularly the gender agreement and disagreement rules, showcases the language's emphasis on grammatical harmony and precision. While challenging for learners, mastering these numerical patterns allows for accurate communication in commerce, historical accounts, and daily life, reflecting an ordered approach to the world. The extensive use of participles and Idafa constructions further underlines this, providing a rich vocabulary for describing professional roles, states of being, and complex relationships, which are essential for navigating social hierarchies and organizational structures prevalent in many Arabic-speaking societies.
重要な例文 (6)
1
2
3
4
5
6
ヒントとコツ (4)
🎯
「固定」のルール
名詞の性別を気にしなくていいから楽ちん！最初の単語は常に男性単数形だよ。 «أكبرُ بنتٍ» (一番大きな女の子) もこの通り。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 最上級：「最高のもの」の言い方 (أَفْعَل + 非限定名詞)
💡
リズムで覚えよう
2から10までは、Thānī, Thālith, Rābi'... と「ファーイル」のリズムで唱えると、口が自然に覚えるよ！ «الدرس الثالث»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の序数：第1、第2、第3 (الأول、الثاني...)
💡
魔法の「ミン」を忘れずに
日本語の「〜より」にあたる «مِن» を忘れると、カタコトに聞こえちゃうよ。 «أَنَا أَكْبَرُ مِنْكَ» のようにセットで使おう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 比較級：より大きい、より良い (Af'al パターン)
🎯
「i」と「a」の魔法のコツ
「i」は自分でする人（能動）、「a」はされるもの（受動）と覚えよう。 «مُدَرِّس» (先生) と «مُدَرَّس» (教えられた) の違いだね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「〜された」を表す言葉（派生形受動分詞）
重要な語彙 (5)
أفضل (afḍal)
better/best
أول (awwal)
first
كاتب (kātib)
writer
مكتوب (maktūb)
written
ثلاثة (thalātha)
three
Real-World Preview
book
Ordering at a Bookstore
Review Summary
- أفعل + Indefinite Noun
よくある間違い
Numbers 3-10 must have opposite gender to the noun. Since 'kitab' is masculine, the number must be feminine.
Wrong:
ثلاثة كتب (masc/masc)
正解:
ثلاثة كتب (fem/masc)
Do not use 'akthar' with a simple adjective; use the 'Af'al' pattern directly.
Wrong:
هو أكثر كبير
正解:
هو أكبر
Indefinite superlatives should not have 'al-' on the adjective.
Wrong:
هذا الكتاب الأفضل
正解:
هذا أفضل كتاب
このチャプターのルール (9)
Next Steps
You are making incredible progress. Stay consistent!
Write a 5-sentence review of a film.
クイック練習 (10)
正しい文章はどっち？
「4台の車」を正しく言ってみよう：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أربع سيارات
車（سيارة）は女性名詞なので、数字は男性形の「أربع」を使います。また、名詞は複数形にする必要があります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の数字3-10：性別の逆転ルール
数字の3（ثلاث/ثلاثة）の正しい形を選んで空欄を埋めてね。
اشتريتُ ___ كتبٍ جديدةٍ. (本: كتب - 単数: كتاب)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ثلاثة
本（كتاب）は男性名詞なので、数字の3は女性形の「ثلاثة」にする必要があります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の数字3-10：性別の逆転ルール
このイダーファ連鎖の間違いを修正してください。
مفتاح الباب السيارة مفقود (車のドアの鍵がない)。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مفتاح باب السيارة مفقود
途中の単語「ال-باب」から 'al-' を取り除きましょう。最後の単語「ال-سيارة」だけが 'al-' を維持します。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の連鎖：多重イダーファ (Idafa)
連鎖を正しく完成させてください（'al-' に注意！）。
أبحث عن ___ ___ الفندق (私はホテルの電話番号を探しています)。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: رقمَ هاتفِ
最初の単語は文の格を取ります（ここでは「探している」の目的語なので対格/ファトハ）。途中の単語には 'al-' は付きません。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の連鎖：多重イダーファ (Idafa)
文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。
هُوَ الأَفْضَلُ الأَصْدِقَاءِ.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: هُوَ أَفْضَلُ الأَصْدِقَاءِ.
الأَفْضَل から ال を取り除きます。最上級の連結構造では、最初の言葉に ال は付きません。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の最上級：最高の表現（أَفْعَل＋定冠詞名詞）
正しい最上級の形を選んで空欄を埋めてください。
هَذِهِ ___ المُدُنِ فِي البَلَدِ. (最大の)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أَكْبَرُ
イダーファ構造の最初の単語なので、
أَفْعَل パターンを使い、かつ ال を付けてはいけません。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の最上級：最高の表現（أَفْعَل＋定冠詞名詞）
「大学の図書館の本」に合う翻訳を選んでください。
正しいアラビア語の構文を選んでください:
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: كتاب مكتبة الجامعة
連鎖の構造は、名詞1（al-なし）+ 名詞2（al-なし）+ 名詞3（al-あり）です。「كتاب مكتبة الجامعة」ですね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所有の連鎖：多重イダーファ (Idafa)
「3階にいます」という文の間違いを直してね。
Find and fix the mistake:
أنا في الطابق ثلاثة.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أنا في الطابق الثالث.
「3」という普通の数字（ثلاثة）を「3番目」の意味で使うことはできないよ。序数の「الثالث」を使おう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の序数：第1、第2、第3 (الأول、الثاني...)
間違いを見つけて直してね。
Find and fix the mistake:
عندي خمسة ريالات في محفظتي. (リヤル: ريال - 男性名詞)
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خمسة ريالات
おっと！リヤル（ريال）は男性名詞なので、5は女性形の「خمسة」で合っています。元の文が正解でした！自信を持ってね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の数字3-10：性別の逆転ルール
「街」(مدينة - 女性名詞) に対しての「11」の形を直してね。
Find and fix the mistake:
زرت أحد عشر مدينة.
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: زرت إحدى عشرة مدينة.
11は名詞の性と完全に一致させる必要があるから、女性名詞の「街」に合わせて両方とも女性形にするんだ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: アラビア語の数字11-19：性の使い分けをマスターする
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
2つの単語がセットで結びついているからだよ。最初の単語が後ろの単語のカテゴリーに「属している」イメージだね。 «أفضلُ حلٍ» (最高の解決策) みたいに。
いいえ、その意味では間違いだよ！「一番美しい女の子」なら «أجملُ بنتٍ» 、「女の子たちの中で一番」なら «أجملُ البناتِ» と言おう。
「أولاً（awwalan）」「ثانياً（thāniyan）」のように、語尾にアンを付けた副詞の形を使います。議論や論文でよく見かけるよ。
最後が「yā」で終わる特殊な名詞だからだよ。冠詞の「Al」がつくと「ي」が残って «الثاني» と書くのが一般的だね。
いいえ、 «مِن» を使う時は変わりません！男性、女性、グループの誰について話しても «أَفْعَل» の形のままで大丈夫だよ。
その場合は «أَقَلّ مِن» (aqall min) を使ってみて。例えば «أَقَلّ غَلَاءً» で「より安価（高くない）」と言えるよ。
