Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the 'Af'al' (أفعل) pattern to compare two things or identify the most extreme quality of one.
- Use 'Af'al' pattern for comparatives: 'أكبر' (bigger) than 'min' (من).
- Use 'al-' + 'Af'al' for superlatives: 'الأكبر' (the biggest).
- If the adjective is complex, use 'akthar' (أكثر) + masdar (verbal noun).
Overview
اِسْم التَّفْضِيل – *ism at-tafḍīl*), is a fundamental grammatical structure used to express degrees of comparison between two entities. This pattern allows you to state that one thing possesses a quality to a greater extent than another, akin to English structures like bigger, faster, or more intelligent. Unlike English, which often uses suffixes like -er or independent words like more, Arabic typically modifies the adjective itself by transforming its triliteral root into a specific أَفْعَل (*afʿal*) morphological template. This pattern is not merely a linguistic convenience; it's deeply ingrained in the semantics of Arabic, reflecting how qualities are inherently scaled and compared.أَفْعَل pattern unlocks a powerful expressive capability, enabling nuanced descriptions and comparative statements that are central to meaningful discourse.أَفْعَل pattern is a manifestation of Arabic's root-and-pattern morphology, a system where meaning is derived by slotting three (or sometimes four) root consonants into various templates. For comparatives, this template is أَفْعَل. This pattern signifies an intensification of a quality, positioning it as superior or more prominent.ك-ب-ر (k-b-r) meaning big, you derive أَكْبَر (*akbar*) meaning bigger or older. The elegance of this system lies in its systematicity: once you grasp the underlying principles, you can apply them to a vast number of adjectives. This structure is not only used for direct comparison but also forms the basis for superlatives, which we'll briefly touch upon to clarify distinctions.How This Grammar Works
أَفْعَل pattern is to morph a standard adjective into its comparative form. When comparing two nouns or pronouns, the structure invariably involves the comparative adjective followed by the preposition مِن (*min*), which translates to than. This مِن (min) is crucial; it explicitly establishes the comparative relationship, distinguishing it from other uses of the أَفْعَل form, such as colors or physical defects. The fundamental formula for a comparative statement is [Subject] + [أَفْعَل (afʿal) form of adjective] + مِن (min) + [Object of Comparison].أَفْعَل form itself is correctly derived.جَمِيل (*jamīl*), meaning beautiful. Its triliteral root is ج-م-ل (j-m-l). Applying the أَفْعَل pattern transforms it into أَجْمَل (*ajmal*), meaning more beautiful. To say This flower is more beautiful than that one,you would construct the sentence as
هَذِهِ الزَّهْرَةُ أَجْمَلُ مِن تِلْكَ (*hādhihi az-zahratu ajmalu min tilka*). Notice how the comparative أَجْمَلُ remains masculine singular, regardless of the gender or number of the subject الزَّهْرَةُ (feminine singular) or the object of comparison تِلْكَ.أَفْعَل form when followed by مِن (min) is a critical point that differentiates Arabic comparatives from English and often simplifies sentence construction for learners.أَفْعَل form acts as a non-declining adverbial element specifying the degree of the quality, rather than an adjective directly modifying the subject. Therefore, it doesn't agree in gender or number with the noun it describes when مِن (min) is present. This is a common pitfall for learners who might attempt to feminize or pluralize أَفْعَل forms.البَيْتُ أَكْبَرُ مِنَ المَتْجَرِ (*al-baytu akbaru min al-matjari*) – The house is bigger than the shop.Or,
هِيَ أَصْغَرُ مِنِّي (*hiya aṣgharu minnī*) – She is younger than me.In both cases,
أَكْبَرُ and أَصْغَرُ retain their masculine singular form, even when the subject is feminine or plural. This grammatical rigidity, paradoxically, makes the comparative structure simpler to master.
Formation Pattern
أَفْعَل (*afʿal*) pattern from a triliteral root adjective is a systematic process, though it has several important exceptions. The primary rule applies to most regular, sound triliteral root adjectives. You take the three root letters (ف-ع-ل), prefix them with an أَ (*alif* with *hamza* and *fatḥa*), place a *sukūn* on the first root letter, a *fatḥa* on the second, and retain the third root letter with a *ḍamma* (though this final vowel is often dropped in informal speech or when indefinite).
أَفْعَل Pattern | Comparative Form | Meaning | Example Use | Transliteration |
كَبِير (kabīr) | ك-ب-ر | أَكْبَر | أَكْبَرُ | bigger, older | أَكْبَرُ مِن | akbaru min |
صَغِير (ṣaghīr) | ص-غ-ر | أَصْغَر | أَصْغَرُ | smaller, younger | أَصْغَرُ مِن | aṣgharu min |
طَوِيل (ṭawīl) | ط-و-ل | أَطْوَل | أَطْوَلُ | taller, longer | أَطْوَلُ مِن | aṭwalu min |
جَدِيد (jadīd) | ج-د-د | أَجَدّ | أَجَدُّ | newer | أَجَدُّ مِن | ajaddu min |
كَبِير (kabīr):
ك-ب-ر (k-b-r).
أَ to the beginning: أَكـ...
ك): أَكْـ...
ب): أَكْبَـ...
ر): أَكْبَر.
أَكْبَرُ.
جَدِيد – *jadīd*, root ج-د-د), the two identical letters are merged into a *shadda* (doubled consonant). For example, جَدِيد (*jadīd*, new) becomes أَجَدّ (*ajadd*, newer/more new). Similarly, حَارّ (*ḥārr*, hot), from root ح-ر-ر, becomes أَحَرّ (*aḥarr*, hotter).
و or ي): If the third root letter is a weak letter (و or ي), it often transforms into an ا (*alif maqṣūrah* or a standing *alif*) in the أَفْعَل pattern. For instance, غَنِيّ (*ghaniyy*, rich), from root غ-ن-ي, becomes أَغْنَى (*aghnā*, richer/more rich). عَالِي (*ʿālī*, high), from root ع-ل-و, becomes أَعْلَى (*aʿlā*, higher).
و or ي) as their second consonant (e.g., قَوِيّ – *qawiyy*, strong, root ق-و-ي) follow the regular pattern for the most part, though some might appear to be exceptions due to vowel shifts. قَوِيّ becomes أَقْوَى (*aqwā*, stronger). Another common one is خَيْر (*khayr*, good), which has an irregular comparative خَيْر (*khayr*) and أَحْسَن (*aḥsan*) or أَفْضَل (*afḍal*). شَرّ (*sharr*, bad) becomes شَرّ (*sharr*) or أَسْوَأ (*aswaʾ*).
أَفْعَل pattern strictly applies to triliteral roots. For adjectives derived from roots with four or more letters, or those that are already participles (e.g., مُجْتَهِد – *mujṭahid*, diligent), you cannot directly apply the أَفْعَل template. Instead, you use a helper word like أَكْثَر (*akthar*, more) or أَقَلّ (*aqall*, less) followed by the verbal noun (مَصْدَر – *maṣdar*) of the adjective. This is similar to saying more crowded instead of crowdeder in English.
مُزْدَحِم (*muzdaḥim*, crowded) is not أَزْدَحَم. Instead, you use أَكْثَرُ اِزْدِحَامًا (*aktharu izdiḥāman*, more crowded). اِزْدِحَامًا is the verbal noun of to be crowded, in the accusative case (*manṣūb*) acting adverbially.
مُهِمّ (*muhimm*, important) becomes أَكْثَرُ أَهَمِّيَّةً (*aktharu ahammiyyatan*, more important).
أَفْعَل pattern for colors (e.g., أَحْمَر – *aḥmar*, red; أَخْضَر – *akhḍar*, green) and physical defects (e.g., أَعْمَى – *aʿmā*, blind; أَعْرَج – *aʿraj*, lame). These adjectives inherently describe a state rather than a comparative degree of a quality. Therefore, if you wish to express a comparative for a color or defect, you must use the helper word أَكْثَر (akthar) or أَقَلّ (aqall) followed by the verbal noun of the color/defect. For example, to say more red, you would say أَكْثَرُ اِحْمِرَارًا (*aktharu iḥmirāran*), not أَحْمَرُ مِن.
أَفْعَل pattern or have synonymous أَفْعَل forms. These must be memorized:
جَيِّد (*jayyid*, good) or حَسَن (*ḥasan*, good) becomes أَحْسَن (*aḥsan*, better/more good) or أَفْضَل (*afḍal*, better/preferable).
سَيِّئ (*sayyiʾ*, bad) becomes أَسْوَأ (*aswaʾ*, worse/more bad).
كَثِير (*kathīr*, much/many) becomes أَكْثَر (*akthar*, more).
قَلِيل (*qalīl*, little/few) becomes أَقَلّ (*aqall*, less/fewer).
أَفْعَل form is used with مِن (min) for comparison, it never changes for gender or number. It always remains in its masculine singular form. This is a significant simplification for learners.
When To Use It
أَفْعَل comparative pattern is employed whenever you need to highlight a difference in degree between two items or groups concerning a specific quality. It is a workhorse of daily Arabic communication, used in scenarios ranging from simple observations to complex arguments. Its primary function is to establish a direct comparison where one element possesses a quality to a greater extent than another.- 1Direct Comparison of Two Nouns/Pronouns: This is the most straightforward application. You compare two distinct entities using the pattern [Noun 1] + [أَفْعَل form] + مِن (min) + [Noun 2]. The
أَفْعَلform here remains masculine singular, regardless of the gender or number of Noun 1 or Noun 2.
الإنْتِرْنِتُ أَسْرَعُ مِنَ البَرِيدِ(*al-intirnitu asraʿu min al-barīdi*) –The internet is faster than mail.
(Comparing speeds)مُحَمَّدٌ أَذْكَى مِن أَحْمَدَ(*Muḥammadun adhkā min Aḥmada*) –Muhammad is smarter than Ahmed.
(Comparing intelligence)هَذِهِ الكُتُبُ أَغْلَى مِن تِلْكَ(*hādhihi al-kutubu aghlā min tilka*) –These books are more expensive than those.
(Even with pluralكُتُبُ,أَغْلَىstays masculine singular).
- 1Expressing Personal Preference or Opinion: When stating that you prefer one thing over another, the comparative is essential. This often involves adjectives like
أَحْسَن(better),أَفْضَل(preferable),أَجْمَل(more beautiful), orأَلَذّ(tastier).
أُفَضِّلُ الشَّايَ عَلَى القَهْوَةِ، هُوَ أَطْيَبُ لِي(*ufaḍḍilu ash-shāya ʿalā al-qahwati, huwa aṭyabu lī*) –I prefer tea over coffee; it is tastier for me.
هَذَا المَطْعَمُ أَفْضَلُ مِنَ المَطْعَمِ الآخَرِ(*hādhā al-maṭʿamu afḍalu min al-maṭʿami al-ākhari*) –This restaurant is better than the other restaurant.
- 1Quantities and Amounts: The comparatives
أَكْثَر(*akthar*, more) andأَقَلّ(*aqall*, less/fewer) are used extensively with nouns to express comparisons of quantity or frequency. When used with a noun, the noun is typically indefinite and in the accusative case (منصوب) acting as a *tamyīz* (discriminating accusative).
لَدَيَّ كُتُبٌ أَكْثَرُ مِنكَ(*ladayya kutubun aktharu minka*) –I have more books than you.
(Here,كُتُبٌis the subject,أَكْثَرُis the comparative describing the books in terms of quantity.)أَكْسَبُ مَالًا أَقَلَّ مِنْهُ(*aksabu mālan aqalla minhu*) –I earn less money than him.
(مَالًاis *tamyīz*).
- 1Cultural Insight: In many Arab societies, it's common to use comparatives in polite discourse, even for self-deprecation or humility. For instance, when complimenting someone, they might respond with
أَنْتَ أَفْضَلُ(*anta afḍalu*) –You are better– rather than simply accepting the compliment. This reflects a cultural emphasis on modesty and deferring praise.
- 1With Verbs (Implicit Comparison): Sometimes the comparative implies a verb. For example,
أَكْثَرُ عَمَلًا(*aktharu ʿamalan*) meansmore workor implicitlyworks more.This is common when avoiding a verbose verbal construction.
هِيَ أَكْثَرُ عَمَلًا مِن أَخِيهَا(*hiya aktharu ʿamalan min akhīhā*) –She works more than her brother.
(Literally:She is more in terms of work than her brother.
)
أَفْعَل form, when functioning as a comparative with مِن (min), does not agree in gender or number with the noun it describes. This is a critical rule to remember to avoid common errors. الْبِنْتُ أَطْوَلُ مِنَ الوَلَدِ (*al-bintu aṭwalu min al-waladi*) – The girl is taller than the boy.Here,
أَطْوَلُ is masculine singular despite describing a feminine subject الْبِنْتُ.
Common Mistakes
- 1Forgetting
مِن(min): One of the most prevalent mistakes is omitting the prepositionمِن(min) when making a direct comparison. In English,thanis often optional or implicitly understood in some informal contexts, but in Arabic,مِن(min) is grammatically indispensable to signify the comparative relationship. Without it, theأَفْعَلform might be misinterpreted as a superlative or simply as an adjective.
- Incorrect:
هُوَ أَطْوَلُ أَخِيهِ(This would roughly translate toHe is taller his brother,
which is ungrammatical.) - Correct:
هُوَ أَطْوَلُ مِن أَخِيهِ(*huwa aṭwalu min akhīhi*) –He is taller than his brother.
- 1Gender and Number Agreement with
أَفْعَل+مِن: This is perhaps the most persistent error. Because most Arabic adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they describe, learners instinctively try to apply this rule to the comparativeأَفْعَلform. However, when theأَفْعَلform is used withمِن(min), it functions as a predicate that remains in its masculine singular form, irrespective of the gender or number of the subject.
- Incorrect:
هِيَ كُبْرَى مِنِّي(Attempting to feminizeأَكْبَرintoكُبْرَىfor a feminine subject). - Correct:
هِيَ أَكْبَرُ مِنِّي(*hiya akbaru minnī*) –She is older than me.
- Incorrect:
هَؤُلَاءِ الطُّلَّابُ أَكْبَرُونَ مِن أُولَئِكَ(Attempting to pluralizeأَكْبَر). - Correct:
هَؤُلَاءِ الطُّلَّابُ أَكْبَرُ مِن أُولَئِكَ(*hāʾulāʾi aṭ-ṭullābu akbaru min ulāʾika*) –These students are older than those.
أَفْعَل form acts as a non-declining comparative *element* in this specific construction.- 1Incorrect Formation of Irregular/Weak Roots: Neglecting the special rules for geminate roots, weak-ending roots, or hollow roots can lead to incorrectly formed comparatives. Forcing a regular pattern onto an irregular root is a common issue.
- Incorrect:
أَجْدَدُ(forجَدِيد). - Correct:
أَجَدُّ(*ajadd*) –newer. - Incorrect:
أَغْنَيُ(forغَنِيّ). - Correct:
أَغْنَى(*aghnā*) –richer.
- 1Using
أَفْعَلfor Colors/Defects in Comparative Sense: As discussed, theأَفْعَلpattern is also used for colors and physical defects. A common mistake is to try and use these forms for comparison directly, which is ungrammatical.
- Incorrect:
هَذَا أَحْمَرُ مِن ذَاكَ(This is more red than that.
) - Correct:
هَذَا أَكْثَرُ اِحْمِرَارًا مِن ذَاكَ(*hādhā aktharu iḥmirāran min dhāka*) –This is redder than that.
(Literally:This is more in redness than that.
)
أَفْعَل form.- 1Confusing Comparative with Superlative: While the
أَفْعَلform is the basis for both, the presence ofمِن(min) or other contextual cues distinguishes them. Omittingمِن(min) can accidentally turn a comparative into a superlative if the context implies it, especially when definite.
هُوَ أَكْبَرُ مِن أَخِيهِ(Comparative:He is older than his brother.
)هُوَ الأَكْبَرُ(Superlative:He is the oldest.
)
مِن (min) and the definite article الـ (*al-*) is key to avoiding this confusion.
Real Conversations
In authentic Arabic communication, the أَفْعَل comparative pattern is pervasive, appearing in formal and informal contexts alike. Its use often reflects direct comparisons, opinions, and even subtle social dynamics.
1. Everyday Descriptions and Comparisons:
- On Social Media: صُورَتُكِ أَجْمَلُ مِن صُورَتِي! (*ṣūratuki ajmalu min ṣūratī!*) –
Your picture is more beautiful than my picture!(A common compliment between friends.)
- Discussing products: هَذَا الهَاتِفُ أَغْلَى لَكِنَّهُ أَفْضَلُ بِكَثِيرٍ. (*hādhā al-hātifu aghlā lākinnahu afḍalu bi-kathīrin.*) – "This phone is more expensive, but it's much better." (Implicit مِن when the object of comparison is clear from context.)
- Talking about weather: الجَوُّ اليَوْمَ أَحَرُّ مِن أَمْسِ. (*al-jawwu al-yawma aḥarru min amsi.*) –
The weather today is hotter than yesterday.(
أَحَرُّ is from the geminate root ح-ر-ر).
2. Expressing Opinions and Preferences:
- Food preferences: أَكْلُ أُمِّي أَلَذُّ مِن أَكْلِ أَيِّ مَطْعَمٍ. (*aklu ummī aladdu min akli ayyi maṭʿamin.*) – "My mom's food is tastier than any restaurant's food." (Here, أَلَذُّ comes from the root ل-ذ-ذ).
- Debates/Arguments: فِكْرَتِي أَصَحُّ مِن فِكْرَتِكَ. (*fikratī aṣaḥḥu min fikratika.*) –
My idea is more correct/sound than your idea.(
أَصَحُّ is from ص-ح-ح).
3. In Work or Academic Contexts:
- Project evaluation: هَذَا التَّقْرِيرُ أَشْمَلُ مِنَ السَّابِقِ. (*hādhā at-taqrīru ashmlu min as-sābiqi.*) –
This report is more comprehensive than the previous one.(
أَشْمَلُ from ش-م-ل, inclusive/comprehensive).
- Performance review: أَدَاؤُهَا أَفْضَلُ هَذَا الشَّهْرَ. (*adāʾuhā afḍalu hādhā ash-shahra.*) –
Her performance is better this month.(Again,
مِن is implicit, comparing to previous months).
4. Cultural and Social Nuances:
- Humility/Politeness: In many situations, an Arab speaker might downplay their own achievements by comparing themselves unfavorably to others, or reciprocate a compliment by elevating the other person. For example, if someone says أَنْتَ مُتَمَيِّزٌ (*anta mutamayyizun*, You are excellent), a polite response might be بَل أَنْتَ أَفْضَلُ (*bal anta afḍalu*,
Rather, you are better.). This is a subtle yet significant cultural aspect of communication.
- Proverbs and Sayings: Arabic proverbs often utilize comparative structures to convey wisdom or common observations efficiently.
- مَعْرِفَةُ الرِّجَالِ أَفْضَلُ مِن مَعْرِفَةِ الأَرْضِ (*maʿrifatu ar-rijāli afḍalu min maʿrifati al-arḍi*) –
Knowing men is better than knowing the land.(Emphasizing human connection over material possessions).
5. Dialectal Variations: While the أَفْعَل pattern is standard in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), dialects often simplify or adapt its usage. In many spoken dialects, especially Levantine or Egyptian, the أَفْعَل form is widely used and understood, often with simplified pronunciation (dropping final short vowels). However, for longer adjectives, some dialects might prefer أَكْثَر (akthar) + adjective (e.g., أَكْثَر حَلُو in some dialects for sweeter instead of أَحْلَى) or even retain the standard adjective with أَكْثَر.
Quick FAQ
أَفْعَل pattern to express less than?أَقَلّ (aqall) followed by a verbal noun (e.g., أَقَلُّ جَمَالًا مِن... – *aqallu jamālan min...*, less beautiful than...), native speakers typically prefer to flip the adjective to express the opposite comparative. For instance, instead of saying less expensive, it's far more natural and common to say cheaper (أَرْخَصُ). Similarly, instead of less beautiful, you'd typically say uglier (أَقْبَحُ) or use the helper أَكْثَرُ قُبْحًا (*aktharu qubḥan*).أَقَلّ (aqall) primarily for comparing quantities (e.g., أَقَلُّ مَالًا – *aqallu mālan*, less money) or when an opposite adjective is awkward or unavailable.good and bad? Are they regular?good and bad are highly irregular and essential to memorize due to their high frequency. You will use them constantly.- For
جَيِّد(*jayyid*, good) orحَسَن(*ḥasan*, good), the comparative is typicallyأَحْسَن(*aḥsan*, better/more good) orأَفْضَل(*afḍal*, better/preferable/more virtuous).أَحْسَنis usually for general quality or beauty, whileأَفْضَلoften implies superiority or preference. - For
سَيِّئ(*sayyiʾ*, bad), the comparative isأَسْوَأ(*aswaʾ*, worse/more bad). These forms are critical; integrate them into your vocabulary immediately.
فَعَلَ pattern), such as quadriliteral roots or derived forms like participles (e.g., مُجْتَهِد – *mujṭahid*, diligent; مُسْتَقْبَل – *mustaqbal*, future), you cannot use the direct أَفْعَل pattern. Instead, you must use a helper word (أَكْثَرُ – *aktharu*, more; or أَقَلُّ – *aqallu*, less) followed by the verbal noun (مَصْدَر – *maṣdar*) of the quality in the accusative case (*manṣūb*). This verbal noun functions as a *tamyīz* (discriminating accusative).هَذَا الطَّالِبُ أَكْثَرُ اِجْتِهَادًا مِن ذَاكَ(*hādhā aṭ-ṭālibu aktharu ijtihādan min dhāka*) –This student is more diligent than that one.
(اِجْتِهَادًاis the verbal noun ofاِجْتَهَدَ).مَدِينَتِي أَكْثَرُ تَطَوُّرًا مِن قَرْيَتِكَ(*madīnatī aktharu taṭawwuran min qaryatika*) –My city is more developed than your village.
(تَطَوُّرًاis the verbal noun ofتَطَوَّرَ).
أَكْبَرُ)?أَكْبَرُ) are pronounced, indicating grammatical case. However, in casual conversation (اللُّغَةُ الدَّارِجَةُ – *al-lughatu ad-dārijah*) and often even in modern written communication, these final short vowels are typically dropped in a phenomenon called *waṣl* (pausing). So, أَكْبَرُ مِن would commonly be pronounced akbar min.أَفْعَل pattern is the foundation for both comparatives and superlatives. The distinction lies in their construction and context:- Comparative:
أَفْعَل+مِن(min) =X is more Y than Z.
(e.g.,أَكْبَرُ مِن–bigger than). Theأَفْعَلform remains masculine singular. - Superlative: There are two main ways to form superlatives from
أَفْعَل:
- 1
الـ(*al-*) +أَفْعَل(definite article) =the most Yorthe Y-est(e.g.,الأَكْبَرُ– *al-akbaru*,the biggest/oldest). Here, theأَفْعَلform agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies if used as an adjective (e.g.,المَدِينَةُ الكُبْرَى– *al-madīnatu al-kubrā*,the biggest city). This is a key difference from the comparative use withمِن. - 2
أَفْعَل+ indefinite genitive noun =the most Y of N
(e.g.,أَكْبَرُ مَدِينَةٍ– *akbaru madīnatin*,biggest city). In thisiḍāfah(genitive construction), theأَفْعَلform typically remains masculine singular.
مِن (min) and the definiteness of the أَفْعَل form are your primary clues.The Af'al Pattern
| Root | Adjective | Comparative (Af'al) | Superlative (Al-Af'al) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
ك-ب-ر
|
كبير
|
أكبر
|
الأكبر
|
|
ص-غ-ر
|
صغير
|
أصغر
|
الأصغر
|
|
س-ر-ع
|
سريع
|
أسرع
|
الأسرع
|
|
ط-و-ل
|
طويل
|
أطول
|
الأطول
|
|
ق-ر-ب
|
قريب
|
أقرب
|
الأقرب
|
|
س-ه-ل
|
سهل
|
أسهل
|
الأسهل
|
Meanings
The Elative form (Ism al-Tafdil) is used to express that someone or something possesses a quality to a greater degree than another, or to the highest degree.
Comparative
Comparing two entities.
“أحمد أطول من علي.”
“السيارة أسرع من الدراجة.”
Superlative
The most extreme degree.
“هذا هو الأكبر في العائلة.”
“هي الأذكى في الفصل.”
Reference Table
| 形容詞のタイプ | 元の形 | 比較級 (男性/女性/複数共通) | 意味 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
規則的
|
كَبِير (kabīr)
|
أَكْبَر (akbar)
|
より大きい / より年上
|
|
規則的
|
صَغِير (ṣaghīr)
|
أَصْغَر (aṣghar)
|
より小さい / より年下
|
|
規則的
|
طَوِيل (ṭawīl)
|
أَطْوَل (aṭwal)
|
より高い / より長い
|
|
重ね字 (Geminate)
|
جَدِيد (jadīd)
|
أَجَدّ (ajadd)
|
より新しい
|
|
語末が弱い
|
حُلْو (ḥulw)
|
أَحْلَى (aḥlā)
|
より甘い / より綺麗
|
|
不規則
|
جَيِّد (jayyid)
|
أَحْسَن (aḥsan)
|
より良い
|
|
長い形容詞
|
مُهِمّ (muhimm)
|
أَهَمّ (ahamm)
|
より重要
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
هذا هو الأفضل. (Quality assessment)
هذا أفضل. (Quality assessment)
هذا أحسن شيء. (Quality assessment)
هذا توب. (Quality assessment)
比較級のレシピ
材料（語根）
- 1文字目 最初 (˚)
- 2文字目 二番目 (a)
- 3文字目 三番目
規則動詞 vs 重ね字のパターン
どの形を使うべき？
語根は3文字？
色や身体的特徴の言葉？
よく使う比較級
サイズ・長さ
- • أَكْبَر (より大きい)
- • أَصْغَر (より小さい)
- • أَطْوَل (より高い)
質・良し悪し
- • أَحْسَن (より良い)
- • أَسْوَأ (より悪い)
- • أَجْمَل (より綺麗)
レベル別の例文
هذا أكبر.
This is bigger.
أنا أسرع.
I am faster.
هذا أفضل.
This is better.
هو أصغر.
He is smaller.
البيت أكبر من المكتب.
The house is bigger than the office.
هي أذكى من أخيها.
She is smarter than her brother.
هذا أرخص من ذلك.
This is cheaper than that.
القهوة ألذ من الشاي.
Coffee is tastier than tea.
هذا هو الكتاب الأفضل في المكتبة.
This is the best book in the library.
هو أكثر ذكاءً من الجميع.
He is more intelligent than everyone.
هذا أصعب درس تعلمته.
This is the hardest lesson I learned.
السيارة هي الأسرع في السباق.
The car is the fastest in the race.
تعتبر هذه المدينة الأكثر ازدحاماً.
This city is considered the most crowded.
كان هذا القرار هو الأصوب.
This decision was the most correct.
إنه أكثر الناس خبرةً.
He is the most experienced person.
تعد هذه الطريقة هي الأنجع.
This method is the most effective.
إنها أكثر اللغات تعقيداً وجمالاً.
It is the most complex and beautiful of languages.
يعد هذا الاكتشاف الأهم في العقد.
This discovery is the most important of the decade.
لا يوجد ما هو أسمى من الحرية.
There is nothing more sublime than freedom.
كانت النتائج أكثر إيجابية مما توقعنا.
The results were more positive than we expected.
يظل هذا النص هو الأبلغ في الأدب العربي.
This text remains the most eloquent in Arabic literature.
تعتبر هذه النظرية الأكثر شمولية.
This theory is considered the most comprehensive.
لا شيء أكثر إثارةً من هذا التحدي.
Nothing is more exciting than this challenge.
تعد هذه الممارسة هي الأقدم تاريخياً.
This practice is historically the oldest.
間違えやすい
Learners use the base adjective when they mean to compare.
Using 'akthar' for simple 3-letter roots.
Forgetting the definite article for superlatives.
よくある間違い
أكثر كبير
أكبر
أكبر من لا شيء
أكبر من...
أكبرة
أكبر
أكبر في
أكبر من
أكثر سريع
أسرع
الأكبر من
أكبر من
أكثر ذكي
أكثر ذكاءً
هذا هو الأكبر من ذلك
هذا أكبر من ذلك
أكثر غلاءً
أغلى
أفضل من الجميع
الأفضل من الجميع
أكثر جمالاً من
أجمل من
الأكثر جمالاً
الأجمل
أكثر تعقيد
أكثر تعقيداً
文型パターン
___ هو ___ من ___.
هذا هو ___ في ___.
هذا ___ أكثر ___ من ___.
لا شيء ___ من ___.
Real World Usage
هذا أحسن.
أنا الأكثر تأهيلاً.
أريد الأفضل.
أين أقرب فندق؟
أجمل صورة!
تعد هذه الطريقة الأنجع.
魔法の「ミン」を忘れずに
ジェンダー・トラップ
強調のテクニック
「神は偉大なり」の秘密
Allāhu Akbar も実は比較級なんだ。 «اللهُ أَكْبَر» は「神は何よりも偉大である」というニュアンスなんだよ。Smart Tips
Use the Af'al pattern + min.
Add 'al-' to the Af'al pattern.
Use 'akthar' + accusative.
Use 'afdal'.
発音
Sukun
Ensure the second letter is vowelless.
Comparative
أكبر ↗ من
Rising intonation on the comparative word.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Af'al' as 'A-Full'—it's full of more quality!
視覚的連想
Imagine a giant scale. On one side is a small box, on the other a giant 'A' (أ) pushing the box up to make it 'bigger'.
Rhyme
To make it bigger, add an A, and keep the rest in the Af'al way.
Story
Ali wanted the biggest apple. He looked at the small ones and said 'No'. He found the giant one and shouted 'Al-Akbar!'. Now he is the happiest boy.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Find 3 objects in your room and compare them using the Af'al pattern out loud.
文化メモ
Often uses 'ahsan' (أحسن) instead of 'afdal' (أفضل) for 'better'.
Frequently uses 'aktar' for almost all comparisons.
Maintains formal 'Af'al' patterns strictly.
The Af'al pattern is a Proto-Semitic morphological feature.
会話のきっかけ
أي مدينة هي الأجمل؟
هل القهوة أفضل من الشاي؟
ما هو أصعب شيء في تعلم العربية؟
هل هذا الكتاب أكثر إثارةً من الفيلم؟
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercisesالبيت ___ من المكتب (big).
هذا هو ___ في الفصل (smart).
Find and fix the mistake:
هذا أكثر كبير من ذلك.
من / السيارة / أسرع / الدراجة
This is the best.
هذا كتاب كبير. (Make superlative)
كبير -> ?
هذا الدرس ___ من الدرس السابق (difficult).
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesهَذَا الكِتَاب ___ مِن ذَلِك.
ペアを作ってね
「高い (ghālī)」の正しい形を選んでね:
أَنَا أَطْوَل عَنكَ.
أَحْمَد / عَلِي / أَكْبَر / مِن
الشَّمْس ___ مِن القَمَر.
比較級を使っている文はどれ？
Harder (ṣa'b から)
المَدِينَة ___ اِزْدِحَامًا مِن القَرْイَة.
لَيْلَى أَكْبَرَة مِن سَارَة.
不規則な形をマッチさせて
語根の文字を見つけてね:
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
No, only for adjectives with more than 3 letters or specific colors/defects.
No, it remains the same for masculine and feminine nouns.
It is the standard preposition for comparisons, meaning 'than'.
When the adjective is a superlative (the most).
Yes, it is standard in all registers.
Use 'afdal' (أفضل).
The comparative form itself does not pluralize.
It is used for complex adjectives to avoid awkward patterns.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
más + adj + que
Arabic uses a pattern change; Spanish uses a separate word.
plus + adj + que
Arabic is synthetic.
adj + er + als
Arabic uses prefixes and internal vowels.
yori
Arabic changes the adjective itself.
bi
Arabic is highly inflected.
more/er
Arabic pattern is more regular.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
関連動画
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