B2 · 중상급 챕터 5

Reporting Information and Linking Clauses

9 총 규칙
93 예문
6 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of reporting information and linking complex ideas to sound like a native speaker.

  • Report past conversations and commands accurately using tense shifting.
  • Connect detailed ideas using relative pronouns like 'lo que' and 'cuyo'.
  • Structure sentences with precision using commas and passive voice constructions.
Connect your thoughts and relay stories with total confidence.

배울 내용

Alright friend, you've learned a lot of Spanish and can express yourself, but now it's time to take your Spanish to the next level and speak like a true native! In this chapter, you'll learn some tricks that will make your conversations much more natural and precise. First up, you'll master how to report what others said without just repeating them word-for-word. Whether they were talking about a past event (Indirect Speech Tense Shifting) or even asking a question (Reported Questions), we'll teach you how to integrate it into your own speech using si, qué, and dónde. And if someone gave you an order (Reported Commands) that you need to relay, you'll use the imperfect subjunctive – that's truly advanced! Next, we'll dive into connecting more complex ideas and clauses. With lo que and lo cual (Neutral Relative Pronouns), you can link general concepts or an entire preceding clause, explaining your meaning more fully. You'll learn when to use and omit commas in relative clauses (Commas in Relative Clauses) to signal the difference between 'essential' and 'extra' information. These subtle nuances are what will set you apart! Finally, you'll learn cuyo (Whose) to elegantly show possession in advanced sentences. Imagine you're telling your friends a story about what happened yesterday and what someone said, or you're relaying a crucial conversation at work. With these skills, you'll be able to express your meaning accurately, without ambiguity, and just like a native Spanish speaker. You'll never feel like your words are incomplete. After this chapter, you'll construct long, detailed sentences that will impress everyone. Ready for this exciting challenge? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Relay a complex workplace interaction using reported speech and passive voice.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome, language adventurer! You've navigated the exciting terrains of Spanish grammar and can now express yourself with confidence. But what if we told you there's another level, a way to sound even more natural and sophisticated, just like a native speaker?
This chapter is your key to unlocking that advanced fluency. We're diving deep into B2 Spanish grammar, focusing on how to report information and elegantly link your ideas, transforming your sentences from basic to brilliant. Mastering these techniques will empower you to recount stories, relay complex conversations, and express nuances that truly elevate your communication.
Get ready to impress with your command of advanced Spanish structures!
This guide will equip you with essential tools for sophisticated storytelling and precise communication. You'll learn the art of indirect speech, allowing you to convey what others said or asked without simply parroting their words. We'll explore how to use neutral relative pronouns like lo que and lo cual to connect broader concepts, and refine your use of relative clauses with proper comma placement, a subtle yet powerful skill.
Finally, you'll master cuyo to express possession in a truly elegant way.
These are the nuances that distinguish a proficient speaker from a truly advanced one. By the end of this chapter, you won't just be constructing sentences; you'll be weaving intricate narratives and expressing complex thoughts with clarity and style. This is where your Spanish language journey truly takes off, enabling you to engage in deeper, more meaningful conversations.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on making your Spanish more fluid and precise by teaching you how to report information and connect clauses effectively. First, let's tackle Indirect Speech Tense Shifting (Reporting the Past). When you report something said in the past, the original tense often shifts.
For example, if someone said Tengo hambre (I am hungry), you'd report it as
Dijo que tenía hambre
(He said that he was hungry), changing present to imperfect. If they said He comido (I have eaten), it becomes
Dijo que había comido
(He said that he had eaten), shifting present perfect to pluperfect.
Next, we master Reported Questions. To report a yes/no question, use si (if):
Me preguntó si venía
(He asked me if I was coming), from ¿Vienes? (Are you coming?). For information questions, use the original interrogative word like qué (what) or dónde (where):
Me preguntó qué quería
(He asked me what I wanted), from ¿Qué quieres? (What do you want?).
Similarly,
Me preguntó dónde vivía
(He asked me where I lived), from ¿Dónde vives? (Where do you live?).
Reported Commands are relayed using me dijo que + imperfect subjunctive. If someone told you Haz la tarea (Do the homework!), you'd say
Me dijo que hiciera la tarea
(He told me to do the homework). This is a hallmark of B2 Spanish proficiency.
Moving to linking clauses, Neutral Relative Pronouns: lo que, lo cual are invaluable. Lo que means what or the thing that and refers to a general idea or an unspecified antecedent:
Lo que me molesta es el ruido
(What bothers me is the noise). Lo cual means which and refers to an entire preceding clause or situation:
Llegó tarde, lo cual me sorprendió
(He arrived late, which surprised me).
For Essential vs Extra Info: Using Commas in Relative Clauses, remember that a comma indicates non-essential, extra information.
Los estudiantes que estudiaron aprobaron
(The students *who studied* passed) specifies *which* students.
Los estudiantes, que estaban cansados, se fueron
(The students, *who were tired*, left) tells us *why* they left, but the core statement the students left still stands.
Finally, Whose (cuyo) is an advanced way to show possession. It agrees in gender and number with the *noun it modifies*, not the possessor.
El autor cuyos libros leo
(The author *whose* books I read) – cuyos matches libros (masculine plural).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Dijo que tengo hambre.
✓ Correct:
Dijo que tenía hambre.
*Explanation:* When reporting past statements, the tense usually shifts. Tengo (present) becomes tenía (imperfect) in indirect speech.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    No sé qué es lo que me dijo.
✓ Correct:
No sé lo que me dijo.
*Explanation:* Lo que already means the thing that or what. Adding an unnecessary es or repeating the que can make the sentence clunky or grammatically incorrect.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Los perros que son ruidosos, me molestan.
✓ Correct:
Los perros que son ruidosos me molestan.
*Explanation:* If the relative clause is essential for identifying the noun (i.e., you're talking about *specific* noisy dogs), no comma is used. The comma would imply that *all* dogs are noisy and bother you, which is likely not the intended meaning.

Real Conversations

A

A

Mi jefe me dijo:
Necesito el informe para mañana.
(My boss told me:
I need the report by tomorrow.
)
B

B

¿Y qué te dijo que hicieras? (And what did he tell you to do?)
A

A

Me preguntó:
¿Has visto a María?
(He asked me:
Have you seen María?
)
B

B

¿Y qué le respondiste? ¿Te preguntó si la habías visto? (And what did you answer? Did he ask you if you had seen her?)
A

A

No me gusta lo que pasó ayer. (I don't like what happened yesterday.)
B

B

A mí tampoco. Fue muy incómodo, lo cual me hizo sentir mal. (Me neither. It was very uncomfortable, which made me feel bad.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know when to use lo que versus lo cual?

Lo que refers to an unspecified thing or idea (what). Lo cual refers to an entire preceding clause or situation, often acting as which in English.

Q

Is tense shifting always mandatory in reported speech?

In formal contexts or when the original statement is clearly in the past, yes. However, in very informal Spanish, especially when the reported information is still true or relevant, speakers sometimes maintain the original tense, though this is less common for B2 Spanish learners.

Q

Can I use cuyo to ask whose?

No, cuyo is a relative pronoun meaning whose or of which (e.g.,

the man whose car...
). To ask Whose is it?, you would use
¿De quién es?

Cultural Context

Native Spanish speakers use these structures constantly, often without conscious thought, to weave complex narratives and express nuanced ideas. The fluidity of indirect speech and the precision of relative clauses are hallmarks of advanced communication. While formal rules exist for tense shifting, in casual conversation, you might occasionally hear less strict adherence, especially if the reported event is still very present in the speaker's mind.
However, mastering the standard shifts and the correct use of lo que, lo cual, and cuyo will make your Spanish sound educated and natural, helping you connect more deeply in any Spanish-speaking environment. These grammar points are crucial for sounding truly fluent.

주요 예문 (8)

1

Me preguntó si quería ir al cine con ella.

그녀는 나에게 자기랑 영화 보러 가고 싶은지 물어봤어요.

간접 의문문: ~인지 물어보다 (si / qué / dónde)
2

Mi jefe me preguntó por qué no había terminado el informe.

상사님은 내가 왜 보고서를 끝내지 못했는지 물어보셨어요.

간접 의문문: ~인지 물어보다 (si / qué / dónde)
3

La pizza que pedí está fría.

내가 주문한 그 피자가 식었어.

스페인어 관계절: 쉼표를 쓸까 말까? (Que)
4

Mi perro, que es muy viejo, duerme mucho.

우리 강아지는, 나이가 아주 많은데, 잠을 많이 자.

스페인어 관계절: 쉼표를 쓸까 말까? (Que)
5

Mi jefe me dijo que terminara el informe para las cinco.

상사가 나에게 5시까지 보고서를 끝내라고 했어요.

간접 명령: 명령받은 내용을 전달하기 (me dijo que + 접속법)
6

El camarero nos pidió que esperáramos un momento.

웨이터가 우리에게 잠시만 기다려 달라고 부탁했어요.

간접 명령: 명령받은 내용을 전달하기 (me dijo que + 접속법)
7

Lo que me gusta de esta serie es el final.

이 시리즈에서 내가 좋아하는 건 결말이야.

중성 관계 대명사: 것 (lo que, lo cual)
8

Él llegó tarde, lo cual molestó a todos.

그는 늦게 도착했고, 그 사실이 모두를 짜증 나게 했어.

중성 관계 대명사: 것 (lo que, lo cual)

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

연결 고리 'que'를 잊지 마세요!

영어에서는 'that'을 자주 생략하지만, 스페인어에서 'que'는 문장을 이어주는 필수 다리예요.
Dijo que estaba listo.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 화법 시제 일치 (dijo que venía)
⚠️

강세의 마법

물음표가 사라져도 qué, cómo, dónde 같은 의문사 위에는 반드시 강세(tilde)를 유지해야 해요! «No sabía qué 하객이었다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 의문문: ~인지 물어보다 (si / qué / dónde)
💡

삭제 테스트 해보기

쉼표 사이의 문장을 지워보세요. 그래도 문장이 완벽하다면 쉼표를 아주 잘 쓴 거예요!
Mi perro, que es viejo, duerme.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 관계절: 쉼표를 쓸까 말까? (Que)
⚠️

'Decir'의 두 가지 얼굴

단순한 사실을 말할 때(직설법)와 명령할 때(접속법)를 헷갈리면 안 돼요. 모음 하나 차이로 뜻이 완전히 달라지거든요:
Me dijo que fuera.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 명령: 명령받은 내용을 전달하기 (me dijo que + 접속법)

핵심 어휘 (5)

relatar to recount/tell cuyo whose lo cual which (referring to a clause) mandato command/order pasivo passive

Real-World Preview

briefcase

Office Update

Review Summary

  • Verbo introductorio (dijo) + que + verbo en tiempo pasado

자주 하는 실수

When the reporting verb is in the past, the reported action must shift to the past as well.

Wrong: Él dijo que va a la oficina.
정답: Él dijo que iba a la oficina.

Extra information in relative clauses must be set off by commas.

Wrong: La casa que tiene dos pisos, es bonita.
정답: La casa, que tiene dos pisos, es bonita.

Use 'cuyo' for possession instead of 'que su'.

Wrong: Esta es la mujer que su coche es rojo.
정답: Esta es la mujer cuyo coche es rojo.

이 챕터의 규칙 (9)

1

간접 화법 시제 일치 (dijo que venía)

B2
과거의 대화를 보고할 때는 시제의 '타임머신'을 태운다고 생각하세요. Imperfecto, Condicional, Pluscuamperfecto가 여러분의 핵심 도구가 될 거예요!
Mi novio me dijo que ya no me quería.
10 예문
2

간접 의문문: ~인지 물어보다 (si / qué / dónde)

B2
누군가의 질문을 옮길 때는 preguntar 뒤에 si나 의문사를 붙이고, 시제를 한 단계 과거로 back-shift 하는 것이 핵심이에요!
Me preguntó si quería ir al cine con ella.
10 예문
3

스페인어 관계절: 쉼표를 쓸까 말까? (Que)

B2
쉼표 하나로 '필수 정보'인지 '보너스 정보'인지가 결정돼요! 핵심 키워드는 que와 «쉼표»예요.
La pizza que pedí está fría.
10 예문
4

간접 명령: 명령받은 내용을 전달하기 (me dijo que + 접속법)

B2
누군가의 명령이나 부탁을 전달할 때는 'me dijo que' 뒤에 접속법 과거를 써보세요. que, subjuntivo, pasado 이 세 가지만 기억하면 완벽해요!
Mi jefe me dijo que terminara el informe para las...
11 예문
5

중성 관계 대명사: 것 (lo que, lo cual)

B2
일반적인 생각이나 문장 시작엔 lo que를, 앞 문장 전체를 받아서 쉼표 뒤에 보충 설명할 땐 lo cual을 사용해 보세요!
Lo que me gusta de esta serie es el final.
12 예문
6

수동태: 행동 강조하기 (Voz Pasiva)

B2
누가 했는지보다 '무엇이' 되었는지를 강조하고 싶을 때 «ser + 과거분사»나 더 쉬운 se를 활용해 보세요.
El mensaje fue enviado por WhatsApp.
10 예문
7

필수 정보 vs 추가 정보: 관계절에서의 쉼표 사용법

B2
콤마는 일종의 '부연 설명' 신호예요! 대상을 특정하려면 콤마 없이 que를 쓰고, 이미 아는 대상에 정보를 더하려면 콤마와 함께 que, quien, el cual을 활용하세요.
La chica que está allí es mi prima.
10 예문
8

누구의 (cuyo): 프로처럼 소유 관계 연결하기

B2
cuyo는 소유주가 아니라 '뒤에 오는 명사'의 성과 수에 일치시켜야 해요. cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas 세련된 표현을 위한 필수 도구랍니다!
Esa es la influencer cuyos vídeos son siempre vira...
10 예문
9

스페인어 수동태: '~되었다' 패턴 (Ser + 과거분사)

B2
행동의 결과를 강조하고 싶을 때 ser 동사와 과거분사를 사용하세요. 주어에 맞춰 ado, ada, ados, adas를 골라 쓰는 게 핵심이에요!
La pizza fue entregada por el repartidor.
10 예문

Next Steps

You've tackled some of the most complex syntax in Spanish! Keep practicing these reporting structures to lock in your fluency.

Listen to a Spanish news podcast and identify reported speech.

Continue to: Navigating Uncertainty and Future Events

빠른 연습 (10)

cuyo가 올바르게 사용된 문장을 고르세요.

가장 문법적으로 정확한 문장은 무엇인가요?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: El hombre cuyo perro es grande.
cuyo 뒤에는 el 같은 관사를 쓰지 않으며, que su는 비격식적인 표현이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 누구의 (cuyo): 프로처럼 소유 관계 연결하기

올바른 간접 화법 문장을 고르세요.

원래 말: "Llegaré a las 8."

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dijo que llegaría a las 8.
미래 시제('llegaré')는 보고할 때 조건부 시제('llegaría')로 바뀝니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 화법 시제 일치 (dijo que venía)

문맥상 '모든 차가 비싸다'는 것을 나타내도록 콤마를 수정하세요.

Los coches que son caros corren mucho.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Los coches, que son caros, corren mucho.
문맥에 있는 모든 차가 비싸다는 추가 정보를 주려면 관계절 앞뒤에 콤마를 찍어야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 필수 정보 vs 추가 정보: 관계절에서의 쉼표 사용법

'그 차(특히 빨간색 차)는 내 거야'라는 의미로 알맞은 문장은?

대상을 특정하는(한정적) 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: El coche que es rojo es mío.
특정 차를 지칭할 때(한정적)는 쉼표를 사용하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 관계절: 쉼표를 쓸까 말까? (Que)

빈칸에 알맞은 문장 부호를 넣으세요.

Mi hermana ___ que vive en Italia ___ viene hoy.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: , / ,
내 자매(특정 인물)에 대한 거주지 설명은 추가 정보이므로 양쪽에 쉼표가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 관계절: 쉼표를 쓸까 말까? (Que)

빈칸에 알맞은 동사 형태를 채워 넣으세요.

Él me preguntó si (tener) ___ tiempo para ayudarlo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tenía
전달 동사인 'preguntó'가 과거형이므로, 현재형 'tengo'는 불완료 과거인 'tenía'로 바뀌어야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 의문문: ~인지 물어보다 (si / qué / dónde)

문장의 시제 오류를 고쳐보세요.

Mi padre dijo que me llames mañana.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mi padre dijo que me llamaras mañana.
이것은 간접 명령문입니다. 명령형은 접속법 불완료 과거('llamaras')로 바뀌어야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 화법 시제 일치 (dijo que venía)

빈칸에 알맞은 중성 관계대명사를 넣으세요.

___ me molesta es que nunca contestas al móvil.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Lo que
문장을 시작할 때는 'lo cual'을 쓸 수 없어요. '나를 짜증 나게 하는 것'이라는 의미로 'Lo que'를 써야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중성 관계 대명사: 것 (lo que, lo cual)

빈칸에 알맞은 cuyo의 형태를 넣어보세요.

El autor, ___ libros son famosos, visitará la ciudad.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: cuyos
'Libros'는 남성 복수 명사니까 'cuyos'가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 누구의 (cuyo): 프로처럼 소유 관계 연결하기

'¡Haz la tarea!' (숙제해!)라는 명령을 올바르게 전달한 문장을 고르세요.

다음 중 문법적으로 옳은 문장은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Me dijo que hiciera la tarea.
'hiciera'는 과거의 명령을 전달할 때 필요한 올바른 접속법 과거 형태입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 간접 명령: 명령받은 내용을 전달하기 (me dijo que + 접속법)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

말할 순 있지만 의미가 달라져요! 현재형을 쓰면 그가 '지금 이 순간에도' 배가 고프다는 뜻이 되거든요. 과거의 상태를 보고할 땐
Dijo que tenía hambre
가 정석이에요.
그대로 불완료 과거를 유지하면 됩니다. 더 뒤로 갈 곳이 없거든요! 예를 들어
Dijo que jugaba mucho
처럼 말이죠.
문법적으로는 쓰지 않는 것이 맞아요. 하지만 일상 회화에서는
Me preguntó que si...
처럼 말하는 경우가 아주 많답니다.
문장 구조는 평서문이지만 의미상 의문 대명사이기 때문이에요.
Me preguntó qué quería
처럼 강세를 꼭 찍어야 접속사 'que'와 구분돼요.
말하려는 대상이 누구인지 정확히 밝혀주는 문장이에요. 필수 정보라 쉼표를 안 써요. 예:
El coche que es rápido.
이미 누군지 아는 대상에 대해 추가 정보를 줄 때 써요. 항상 쉼표 사이에 넣어요. 예:
Mi coche, que es rápido, es rojo.
이전 챕터
Dynamic Actions and Group Instructions
다음 챕터
Navigating Uncertainty and Future Events
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