Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of reporting information and linking complex ideas to sound like a native speaker.
- Report past conversations and commands accurately using tense shifting.
- Connect detailed ideas using relative pronouns like 'lo que' and 'cuyo'.
- Structure sentences with precision using commas and passive voice constructions.
你将学到什么
Alright friend, you've learned a lot of Spanish and can express yourself, but now it's time to take your Spanish to the next level and speak like a true native! In this chapter, you'll learn some tricks that will make your conversations much more natural and precise.
First up, you'll master how to report what others said without just repeating them word-for-word. Whether they were talking about a past event (Indirect Speech Tense Shifting) or even asking a question (Reported Questions), we'll teach you how to integrate it into your own speech using si, qué, and dónde. And if someone gave you an order (Reported Commands) that you need to relay, you'll use the imperfect subjunctive – that's truly advanced!
Next, we'll dive into connecting more complex ideas and clauses. With lo que and lo cual (Neutral Relative Pronouns), you can link general concepts or an entire preceding clause, explaining your meaning more fully. You'll learn when to use and omit commas in relative clauses (Commas in Relative Clauses) to signal the difference between 'essential' and 'extra' information. These subtle nuances are what will set you apart! Finally, you'll learn cuyo (Whose) to elegantly show possession in advanced sentences.
Imagine you're telling your friends a story about what happened yesterday and what someone said, or you're relaying a crucial conversation at work. With these skills, you'll be able to express your meaning accurately, without ambiguity, and just like a native Spanish speaker. You'll never feel like your words are incomplete. After this chapter, you'll construct long, detailed sentences that will impress everyone. Ready for this exciting challenge? Let's go!
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间接引语的时态转换 (dijo que venía)转述过去发生的事就像坐时光机！只要主句是过去时，从句的时态就要往后退一步，比如把
Presente变成Imperfecto。看，就这么简单！ -
间接疑问句：他问是否... (si / qué / dónde)间接引语就像是在讲故事，把直接的提问变成叙述。记得用
si连接是非题，或者保留qué、dónde等疑问词，并把动词时态“向后退一步”。 -
西班牙语关系从句：逗号的使用法则 (Que)逗号能让关系从句从“识别信息”变成“额外信息”——要是搞错了，整个句子意思就变了！“que”太重要了！
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转述命令：转告他人的指令 (me dijo que + 虚拟式)想要地道地转述别人的命令或请求？记住这个万能公式：使用
me dijo que加上 «虚拟式过去未完成时»，看，就这么简单！ -
中性关系代词：……的事物 (lo que, lo cual)Use
lo quefor general ideas and starting sentences; uselo cualonly to refer back to clauses. -
被动语态：强调动作 (Voz Pasiva)用被动语态，重点是“发生了什么”，而不是“谁做的”。特别是用
se的方式，超常用！ -
核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法逗号就像一个“侧面说明”的信号灯；去掉它来“锁定目标”，加上它来“补充细节”。记住这三个核心词：
que、quien、el cual。 -
谁的 (cuyo)：像专业人士一样连接所有权记住这个黄金法则：
cuyo永远只跟它后面的“被拥有物”保持性数一致，而不是看主人是谁！看右边就对了。 -
西班牙语被动语态：“被做”模式 (Ser + 过去分词)把重点放在“动作结果”上，用
ser加上像形容词一样变化的 «过去分词» 就能搞定！
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Relay a complex workplace interaction using reported speech and passive voice.
章节指南
Overview
How This Grammar Works
Tengo hambre (I am hungry), you'd report it as Dijo que tenía hambre(He said that he was hungry), changing present to imperfect. If they said
He comido (I have eaten), it becomes Dijo que había comido(He said that he had eaten), shifting present perfect to pluperfect.
Me preguntó si venía(He asked me if I was coming), from
¿Vienes? (Are you coming?). For information questions, use the original interrogative word like qué (what) or dónde (where): Me preguntó qué quería(He asked me what I wanted), from
¿Qué quieres? (What do you want?).Me preguntó dónde vivía(He asked me where I lived), from
¿Dónde vives? (Where do you live?).Haz la tarea (Do the homework!), you'd say Me dijo que hiciera la tarea(He told me to do the homework). This is a hallmark of B2 Spanish proficiency.
what or the thing that and refers to a general idea or an unspecified antecedent: Lo que me molesta es el ruido(What bothers me is the noise). Lo cual means
which and refers to an entire preceding clause or situation: Llegó tarde, lo cual me sorprendió(He arrived late, which surprised me).
Los estudiantes que estudiaron aprobaron(The students *who studied* passed) specifies *which* students.
Los estudiantes, que estaban cansados, se fueron(The students, *who were tired*, left) tells us *why* they left, but the core statement
the students left still stands.El autor cuyos libros leo(The author *whose* books I read) – cuyos matches
libros (masculine plural).
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong:
Dijo que tengo hambre.
Dijo que tenía hambre.
Tengo (present) becomes tenía (imperfect) in indirect speech.- 1✗ Wrong:
No sé qué es lo que me dijo.
No sé lo que me dijo.
Lo que already means the thing that or what. Adding an unnecessary es or repeating the que can make the sentence clunky or grammatically incorrect.- 1✗ Wrong:
Los perros que son ruidosos, me molestan.
Los perros que son ruidosos me molestan.
Real Conversations
A
Necesito el informe para mañana.(My boss told me:
I need the report by tomorrow.)
B
A
¿Has visto a María?(He asked me:
Have you seen María?)
B
A
B
Quick FAQ
How do I know when to use lo que versus lo cual?
Lo que refers to an unspecified thing or idea (what). Lo cual refers to an entire preceding clause or situation, often acting as which in English.
Is tense shifting always mandatory in reported speech?
In formal contexts or when the original statement is clearly in the past, yes. However, in very informal Spanish, especially when the reported information is still true or relevant, speakers sometimes maintain the original tense, though this is less common for B2 Spanish learners.
Can I use cuyo to ask whose?
No, cuyo is a relative pronoun meaning whose or of which (e.g.,
the man whose car...). To ask
Whose is it?, you would use ¿De quién es?
Cultural Context
关键例句 (8)
Mi jefe me preguntó por qué no había terminado el informe.
我老板问我为什么还没完成报告。
间接疑问句：他问是否... (si / qué / dónde)Mi jefe me dijo que terminara el informe para las cinco.
我老板让我五点前完成报告。
转述命令：转告他人的指令 (me dijo que + 虚拟式)技巧与窍门 (4)
别忘了连接词 "Que"
that，但在西语里绝对不行！转述时必须带上它，比如：Dijo que estaba listo.
重音符号陷阱
Me preguntó qué quería comer.
移除测试法
"Decir" 的两副面孔
Me dijo que viene（他说他要来），而转述命令则是：
Me dijo que viniera.（他让我过来。）
核心词汇 (5)
Real-World Preview
Office Update
Review Summary
- Verbo introductorio (dijo) + que + verbo en tiempo pasado
常见错误
When the reporting verb is in the past, the reported action must shift to the past as well.
Extra information in relative clauses must be set off by commas.
Use 'cuyo' for possession instead of 'que su'.
本章规则 (9)
Next Steps
You've tackled some of the most complex syntax in Spanish! Keep practicing these reporting structures to lock in your fluency.
Listen to a Spanish news podcast and identify reported speech.
快速练习 (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
El libro, lo que leí, es bueno.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中性关系代词：……的事物 (lo que, lo cual)
Find and fix the mistake:
Me preguntó si había visto la película ayer.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 间接疑问句：他问是否... (si / qué / dónde)
Mi hermana, ___ vive en Italia, es pintora.
que 和 quien 都可以，不过 quien 感觉更正式一点。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法
Estudió mucho, ___ le ayudó.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中性关系代词：……的事物 (lo que, lo cual)
Original: "Tengo frío." → Ella dijo que ___ frío.
tengo）要后退变成未完成过去时（tenía）。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 间接引语的时态转换 (dijo que venía)
Mi hermana ___ que vive en Italia ___ viene hoy.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语关系从句：逗号的使用法则 (Que)
Find and fix the mistake:
Mi padre dijo que me llames mañana.
Llámame 要变成 que me llamaras。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 间接引语的时态转换 (dijo que venía)
Find and fix the mistake:
Los coches que son caros corren mucho.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法
Find and fix the mistake:
La empresa cuyo oficinas están en Madrid es nueva.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 谁的 (cuyo)：像专业人士一样连接所有权
La empresa cerró, ___ causó desempleo.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中性关系代词：……的事物 (lo que, lo cual)
Score: /10
常见问题 (6)
Dijo que tenía hambre，表示他在过去的那个时刻觉得饿。
Yo jugaba mucho. 转述：Dijo que jugaba mucho.
Me preguntó si... 即可。口语中常听到 Me preguntó que si...，但这在语法上是多余的。
Me preguntó qué quería.
