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Reporting Information and Linking Clauses
核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法

1 间接引语的时态转换 (dijo que venía) 2 间接疑问句：他问是否... (si / qué / dónde) 3 西班牙语关系从句：逗号的使用法则 (Que) 4 转述命令：转告他人的指令 (me dijo que + 虚拟式) 5 中性关系代词：……的事物 (lo que, lo cual) 6 被动语态：强调动作 (Voz Pasiva) 7 核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法 8 谁的 (cuyo)：像专业人士一样连接所有权 9 西班牙语被动语态：“被做”模式 (Ser + 过去分词)

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B2 Relative Clauses 15 min read 简单

核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法

逗号就像一个“侧面说明”的信号灯；去掉它来“锁定目标”，加上它来“补充细节”。记住这三个核心词：que、quien、el cual。

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use commas to add extra info, but skip them when the info is essential to identify the noun.

Restrictive (No commas): Essential info. 'Los estudiantes que estudian aprueban.' (Only those who study pass.)
Non-restrictive (Commas): Extra info. 'Los estudiantes, que estudian mucho, aprueban.' (All students pass, and they study a lot.)
Always use commas for non-restrictive clauses to avoid changing the meaning of your sentence.

Noun + [no comma] + que + essential info = Specific | Noun + [comma] + que + extra info = Descriptive

Overview

Relative clauses are fundamental linguistic tools that allow you to expand upon nouns, providing additional information or specifying which noun you are referring to. In Spanish, these clauses, introduced by relative pronouns like que, quien, or donde, are crucial for building complex sentences and expressing nuanced ideas. At the B2 level, mastering their usage, particularly the distinction between defining (especificativas) and non-defining (explicativas) clauses, becomes essential for clarity and precision.

This distinction primarily hinges on whether the information is crucial for identifying the noun, known as the antecedent, or merely adds supplementary detail.

The presence or absence of commas signals this critical difference to your listener or reader. A defining relative clause is inextricably linked to its antecedent, providing information without which the sentence's meaning would be incomplete or ambiguous. Conversely, a non-defining clause offers extra, descriptive material that could be removed without obscuring the identity of the antecedent.

Understanding this grammatical dichotomy is not just about punctuation; it is about conveying exact meaning and avoiding misinterpretation, a skill vital for advanced communication in Spanish.

How This Grammar Works

The core function of a relative clause is to modify an antecedent, which can be a noun, pronoun, or even an entire sentence. In Spanish, this modification takes two distinct forms: defining and non-defining. Defining relative clauses (oraciones de relativo especificativas) integrate directly into the main sentence without punctuation, acting as an essential identifier.

They answer the implicit question Which one? or What kind?. For instance, in Los estudiantes que estudiaron aprobaron el examen (The students who studied passed the exam), the clause que estudiaron is indispensable. It clarifies that only a specific group of students—the ones who studied—passed, distinguishing them from others who might not have.

If you remove que estudiaron, the sentence Los estudiantes aprobaron el examen would imply *all* students passed, fundamentally altering the message.

Non-defining relative clauses (oraciones de relativo explicativas), on the other hand, are set off by commas, much like parenthetical remarks in English. Their role is to provide additional, non-essential information about an antecedent that is already clearly identified. Consider Mi hermano, que vive en Madrid, viene a visitarme.

The clause que vive en Madrid provides an interesting detail about your brother, but it does not serve to identify him, presumably because you only have one brother, or his identity is otherwise clear from context. The sentence Mi hermano viene a visitarme remains perfectly understandable without the clause, though it loses some descriptive richness. This distinction is paramount: use commas when the information is an extra detail; omit them when it's essential for identification.

The choice dictates not only the punctuation but also the interpretation of your statement.

Formation Pattern

Constructing relative clauses in Spanish involves selecting the correct relative pronoun and applying appropriate punctuation based on whether the clause is defining or non-defining. The antecedent is the noun or pronoun that the relative clause modifies. The relative pronoun then bridges the antecedent to the clause.

Identify the Antecedent: Determine the person, thing, or concept you want to describe further. This will influence your choice of relative pronoun.

Choose the Relative Pronoun:

*que*: This is the most versatile relative pronoun, serving as both that, which, who, or whom. It can refer to people or things, and function as a subject or direct object. Use que when the relative clause immediately follows the antecedent without a preposition.

La casa que compramos es grande. (The house *that* we bought is big.)

El hombre que habla es mi jefe. (The man *who* is speaking is my boss.)

*quien / quienes*: Primarily refers to people. While que can also refer to people, quien is often preferred, especially in non-defining clauses or when preceded by a preposition. It agrees in number with the antecedent.

María, quien es ingeniera, trabaja mucho. (María, *who* is an engineer, works a lot.)

Fueron con sus amigos, a quienes conocen desde niños. (They went with their friends, *whom* they've known since childhood.)

*el cual / la cual / los cuales / las cuales*: These compound relative pronouns are more formal and less common in spoken Spanish, but are valuable for precision and avoiding ambiguity, especially after prepositions or in non-defining clauses. They agree in gender and number with the antecedent.

Recibió una carta, la cual leyó inmediatamente. (He received a letter, *which* he read immediately.)

Hablé con el profesor de mi hermana, el cual me dio buenos consejos. (I spoke with my sister's professor, *who* gave me good advice.)

*cuyo / cuya / cuyos / cuyas*: This pronoun means whose and indicates possession. It agrees in gender and number with the *noun it modifies within the relative clause*, not the antecedent itself. It is less common in casual speech but crucial for formal writing.

El autor cuyo libro leí es famoso. (The author *whose* book I read is famous.)

Tienen una hija, cuyos ojos son muy bonitos. (They have a daughter, *whose* eyes are very beautiful.)

*donde*: Refers to places. It can be preceded by prepositions like en or a.

Visitamos el pueblo donde nací. (We visited the town *where* I was born.)

Iremos a la ciudad a donde se mudaron. (We will go to the city *where* they moved.)

*cuando*: Refers to time.

Recuerdo el día cuando te conocí. (I remember the day *when* I met you.)

*como*: Refers to manner.

No me gusta la forma como te vistes. (I don't like the way *how* you dress.)

Apply Punctuation:

No commas for defining clauses.

Commas surrounding non-defining clauses. The clause is inserted like an aside.

Check Agreement: Ensure quien/quienes, el cual (and its forms), and cuyo (and its forms) agree correctly with their respective nouns in gender and number.

| :--------------- | :------------------ | :----------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------- |

| el cual (etc.) | People, Things | Subject, Direct Object | Formal. Used to avoid ambiguity, especially after long prepositions (e.g., a pesar de, debido a) or in non-defining clauses. |

When To Use It

The choice between a defining and a non-defining relative clause is dictated by the identifiability of the antecedent and the nature of the information you wish to convey.

Use defining relative clauses (without commas) when:

The antecedent is unspecified or one of many, and the clause is essential to narrow down its identity. Without the clause, the sentence would be vague or refer to the wrong entity.
Dame el libro que está sobre la mesa. (Give me the book *that is on the table*.) – You are specifying *which* book among many.
Los científicos que trabajan en la cura merecen respeto. (The scientists *who are working on the cure* deserve respect.) – This refers to a specific group of scientists.
You are contrasting two similar items or groups.
No me gustan las películas que son muy largas. (I don't like movies *that are very long*.) – You like some movies, just not the lengthy ones.

Use non-defining relative clauses (with commas) when:

The antecedent is already clearly identified, either because it's unique, a proper noun, or explicitly defined by other means. The clause adds supplementary information.
Gabriel García Márquez, quien escribió Cien años de soledad, es mi autor favorito. (Gabriel García Márquez, *who wrote
One Hundred Years of Solitude
*, is my favorite author.) – Gabriel García Márquez is a unique individual. The clause adds extra detail.
Mi coche, que es de color rojo, necesita una reparación. (My car, *which is red*, needs a repair.) – You presumably have only one car, so which is red is an extra descriptor.
You want to provide an explanation or a cause for the main statement. In this context, lo cual is often used to refer to an entire preceding idea.
Llegó tarde a la reunión, lo cual molestó al director. (He arrived late to the meeting, *which* annoyed the director.) – The lateness itself is the antecedent for lo cual.
You are expressing an aside or an opinion about the antecedent.
París, que es una ciudad hermosa, atrae a millones de turistas. (Paris, *which is a beautiful city*, attracts millions of tourists.) –
Which is a beautiful city
is your subjective assessment.

In summary, ask yourself: Is this information absolutely necessary for someone to know *who* or *what* I'm talking about? If yes, no commas. If no, and it's just extra flavor, use commas. This subtle distinction significantly impacts how your message is received.

Common Mistakes

Learners at the B2 level frequently encounter specific pitfalls when navigating Spanish relative clauses. These errors often stem from direct translation from English or a lack of understanding regarding the essential vs. non-essential information distinction.

Misplacing Commas: The most prevalent error is using commas with defining relative clauses. This fundamentally alters the meaning, transforming a specific reference into a general statement with an added observation.
Incorrect: Los estudiantes, que estaban cansados, se fueron a casa. (Implies *all* students were tired and went home).
Correct (Defining): Los estudiantes que estaban cansados se fueron a casa. (Only the tired students went home, implying others stayed.)
Correct (Non-defining): Mis amigos, que estaban cansados, se fueron a casa. (My friends, *all of whom were tired*, went home. This implies you have one group of friends, and they were all tired.)

The Quien Trap (Using quien without a Preposition in Defining Clauses): While quien refers to people, it is generally not used without a preceding preposition in defining clauses. For simple identifying clauses about people, que is the correct choice.
Incorrect: El chico quien me ayudó es mi primo.
Correct: El chico que me ayudó es mi primo.
Correct (Non-defining with quien): Mi primo, quien me ayudó, es muy amable. (Here, quien is fine because it's non-defining).
Correct (with Preposition): La persona con quien hablé era amable. (Here, quien is correct due to the preposition con.)

Over-reliance on que for Everything: While que is highly versatile, using it indiscriminately in all contexts can make your Spanish sound less sophisticated or even ambiguous. At B2, you should demonstrate mastery of quien and el cual (or its forms) when appropriate, especially after prepositions or in formal non-defining contexts.
Suboptimal: El problema de que hablábamos es grave. (Can be ambiguous, de que could be misinterpreted.)
Better: El problema del cual hablábamos es grave. (Clearer, particularly in formal contexts or to disambiguate.)

Confusing que with lo que: Que introduces a relative clause that modifies a specific noun. Lo que (what or that which) refers to an entire idea, concept, or an unspecified thing. This is a common error when a relative clause needs to refer to a preceding statement rather than a specific noun.
Incorrect: No vino a la fiesta, que me sorprendió. (Suggests the party surprised you.)
Correct: No vino a la fiesta, lo que me sorprendió. (The *fact* that he didn't come surprised you.)

Ignoring Gender and Number Agreement with el cual and cuyo: These pronouns must meticulously agree with the noun they relate to. Failing to do so signals a lack of precision.
Incorrect: La universidad, los cuales profesores son excelentes, es prestigiosa. (Here, la universidad is singular and feminine, but los cuales is plural and masculine.)
Correct: La universidad, cuyos profesores son excelentes, es prestigiosa. (Here, cuyos agrees with profesores.)

By actively recognizing and correcting these common errors, you can significantly enhance the accuracy and naturalness of your Spanish relative clauses.

Real Conversations

The application of defining and non-defining relative clauses permeates all forms of Spanish communication, from casual texting to formal reports. Understanding their pragmatic use helps you sound more natural and precise.

In Casual Speech and Texting:

In informal contexts, que remains the workhorse relative pronoun. The distinction between defining and non-defining clauses is often conveyed through pauses in speech or, in writing, sometimes implicitly rather than with strict comma adherence, though correct punctuation is always clearer.

- Defining (essential): ¿Viste la peli que me recomendaste? (Did you see the movie *that you recommended to me*?) – Identifying a specific movie.

- **Non-defining (extra info): Mi prima, que es súper graciosa, viene mañana. (My cousin, *who is super funny*, is coming tomorrow.) – Adds a descriptor to an already known person.

- Latin American variation: In some Latin American regions, que can be heard in contexts where quien might be expected in Spain, especially after a pause. However, formal writing generally adheres to the quien rule for people after prepositions.

In Social Media:

Platforms like X (formerly Twitter) or Instagram often feature concise language. While brevity is key, the comma distinction still holds its importance for clarity.

- Nueva cafetería en el barrio, que abre este sábado! (New coffee shop in the neighborhood, *which opens this Saturday*!) – The coffee shop is new and identifiable; the opening date is extra news.

- Busco a alguien que sepa editar videos. (I'm looking for someone *who knows how to edit videos*.) – This is a defining clause; you're looking for a *specific type* of person.

In Formal or Academic Writing:

This is where the precise use of el cual (and its variants) and cuyo truly shines, particularly to avoid ambiguity or maintain a formal tone.

- El informe técnico, el cual fue revisado por expertos, concluye que el problema persiste. (The technical report, *which was reviewed by experts*, concludes that the problem persists.) – el cual is used in a non-defining clause to refer back to el informe técnico formally.

- La resolución, a cuya aprobación se oponen varios miembros, se debatirá mañana. (The resolution, *whose approval several members oppose*, will be debated tomorrow.) – cuya creates a clear possessive link in a formal setting.

- El artículo hace referencia a la teoría de la relatividad, según la cual el tiempo es relativo. (The article refers to the theory of relativity, *according to which* time is relative.) – After a longer prepositional phrase (según la cual), la cual avoids awkward phrasing with que. This is a crucial function of el cual in formal registers.

Understanding these contextual nuances allows you to not only use the grammar correctly but also to adapt your register and sound like a truly proficient Spanish speaker. The best choice of pronoun often depends on the formality and the need for precision in your communication.

Quick FAQ

Q: Can I always use que?
A: Almost, especially in defining clauses for both people and things. However, for non-defining clauses referring to people (Mi madre, quien es médica...) or after prepositions referring to people (la persona con quien hablo...), quien is preferred and sounds more natural. In formal contexts, el cual (and its forms) is also an option for clarity and formality, especially after longer prepositions.
Q: Does the comma really change the meaning that much?
A: Absolutely. It determines whether the information is essential for identification or merely supplementary. Consider: Los empleados que hablan inglés trabajan en marketing. (Only the English-speaking employees work in marketing) vs. Los empleados, que hablan inglés, trabajan en marketing. (All employees speak English, and they all work in marketing). The difference is significant.
Q: When should I choose el cual over que or quien?
A: El cual (and its forms) is more formal and less common in everyday conversation. Its primary uses are to avoid ambiguity when the antecedent is not immediately clear (e.g., Hablé con el hermano de Juan, el cual vive en Madrid. – el cual clarifies it's the brother, not Juan) or when preceded by a multi-word prepositional phrase (a pesar de lo cual, debido a la cual). It is also a hallmark of more formal non-defining clauses.
Q: Is cuyo used often in spoken Spanish?
A: Cuyo is primarily a formal and written pronoun. In casual spoken Spanish, possessive constructions like del que or de quien are more common. For example, instead of El autor cuyo libro leí, you might hear El autor del que leí el libro or El autor, el libro de quien leí. However, cuyo is indispensable for formal writing and understanding more complex texts.
Q: How do Latin American usage patterns differ from Spain?
A: While the fundamental distinction between defining and non-defining clauses holds, you might observe slightly more flexibility in Latin American Spanish, particularly in informal speech. Que is sometimes used more broadly in contexts where peninsular Spanish might opt for quien after a preposition. However, the formal rules for written Spanish largely align across dialects.

Relative Clause Structure

Type	Punctuation	Relative Pronoun	Function
Restrictive	None	que / quien	Defines the noun
Non-restrictive	Commas	que / quien / el cual	Adds extra info

Meanings

The use of commas in Spanish relative clauses distinguishes between information that defines a noun (restrictive) and information that merely describes it (non-restrictive).

Restrictive (Especificativa)

The clause limits the noun to a specific subset.

“Los libros que tienen tapas rojas son míos.”

“La chica que habla francés es mi hermana.”

Non-restrictive (Explicativa)

The clause provides additional, non-essential information.

“Mi hermano, que vive en Madrid, viene hoy.”

“El libro, que es muy largo, me gustó mucho.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 核心信息 vs 额外补充：关系从句中的逗号用法
从句类型	标点符号	用途	常用代词
限定性 (Especificativa)	无逗号	识别/限定名词	que
解释性 (Explicativa)	使用逗号 ( , , )	添加额外细节	que, quien, el cual
带介词	视情况而定	通过动作连接	el que, el cual, quien
所有格	通常无逗号	表示所属关系	cuyo/a/os/as
指代整个句子	必须加逗号	指代一种情况	lo que, lo cual
指代人	逗号可选	强调人类身份	que (限定), quien (解释)

正式程度

正式

El hombre, quien se encuentra allí, es mi jefe.

El hombre, quien se encuentra allí, es mi jefe. (Workplace)

中性

El hombre que está allí es mi jefe.

El hombre que está allí es mi jefe. (Workplace)

非正式

El tipo que está ahí es mi jefe.

El tipo que está ahí es mi jefe. (Workplace)

俚语

El pavo que está ahí es mi jefe.

El pavo que está ahí es mi jefe. (Workplace)

定语从句大拆解

定语从句

限定性

Sin comas 无逗号
Identifica 锁定目标

解释性

Con comas 有逗号
Información extra 额外信息

逗号的神奇魔力

限定性 (筛选)

Los amigos que fuman... 只有那些抽烟的朋友...

解释性 (描述)

Los amigos, que fuman,... 我的朋友们（他们全都抽烟）...

我需要加逗号吗？

听者已经知道你在指哪个名词了吗？

YES

这是解释性的。

这是限定性的。

如果删掉从句，句子意思还完整吗？

YES

加逗号！

NO ↓

关系代词全家福

🌎

万能型

• que

👤

仅限人类

• quien
• quienes

🎩

正式/特定型

• el cual
• el que

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按水平分级的例句

El chico que corre es mi hermano.

The boy who is running is my brother.

La casa que es azul es mía.

The house that is blue is mine.

El perro que ladra es grande.

The dog that barks is big.

La mujer que trabaja aquí es amable.

The woman who works here is kind.

Mis padres, que viven en Lima, vienen hoy.

My parents, who live in Lima, are coming today.

El coche que compré es rojo.

The car that I bought is red.

Juan, que es profesor, habla mucho.

Juan, who is a teacher, talks a lot.

Los alumnos que estudian aprueban.

The students who study pass.

La ciudad, que es muy antigua, tiene mucha historia.

The city, which is very old, has a lot of history.

Los libros que están en la mesa son míos.

The books that are on the table are mine.

Mi mejor amigo, quien vive en México, me llamó.

My best friend, who lives in Mexico, called me.

Las personas que no tienen entrada no pueden entrar.

People who don't have a ticket cannot enter.

El proyecto, el cual fue aprobado ayer, comenzará pronto.

The project, which was approved yesterday, will start soon.

Los empleados que no cumplan con las normas serán sancionados.

Employees who do not comply with the rules will be sanctioned.

Madrid, que es la capital de España, es vibrante.

Madrid, which is the capital of Spain, is vibrant.

El candidato, que tiene mucha experiencia, es ideal.

The candidate, who has a lot of experience, is ideal.

La empresa, cuyos beneficios han aumentado, invertirá más.

The company, whose profits have increased, will invest more.

Aquellos estudiantes que hayan terminado pueden salir.

Those students who have finished may leave.

El autor, quien es muy reconocido, firmará libros.

The author, who is very recognized, will sign books.

Las leyes, que fueron redactadas en 1990, siguen vigentes.

The laws, which were drafted in 1990, remain in force.

El fenómeno, el cual ha sido estudiado extensamente, es complejo.

The phenomenon, which has been studied extensively, is complex.

Los ciudadanos que deseen votar deben registrarse.

Citizens who wish to vote must register.

La obra, que fue escrita por Cervantes, es un clásico.

The work, which was written by Cervantes, is a classic.

El equipo, cuyos miembros son expertos, ganó el premio.

The team, whose members are experts, won the prize.

容易混淆

Essential vs Extra Info: Using Commas in Relative Clauses 对比 Adjectives vs. Relative Clauses

Learners mix up simple adjectives with relative clauses.

Essential vs Extra Info: Using Commas in Relative Clauses 对比 Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive

Learners don't know when to use commas.

Essential vs Extra Info: Using Commas in Relative Clauses 对比 Que vs. Quien

Learners use 'que' for people in non-restrictive clauses.

常见错误

✗

Mi hermano, que vive en Madrid, es médico.

✓

Mi hermano que vive en Madrid es médico.

If you have multiple brothers, you don't need commas.

✗

El coche, que es rojo, es mío.

✓

El coche que es rojo es mío.

Don't use commas if you are defining which car.

✗

Juan que es mi amigo viene.

✓

Juan, que es mi amigo, viene.

Proper names always require commas for relative clauses.

✗

La casa, que compré, es grande.

✓

La casa que compré es grande.

Restrictive clauses should not have commas.

✗

El libro, que leí ayer, es bueno.

✓

El libro que leí ayer es bueno.

If you are specifying which book, no commas.

✗

Mi madre que vive en España me llama.

✓

Mi madre, que vive en España, me llama.

You only have one mother, so it's extra info.

✗

El presidente que fue elegido ayer, hablará hoy.

✓

El presidente, que fue elegido ayer, hablará hoy.

The president is a unique entity.

句型

El/La ___ que ___ es mi favorito/a.

Mi ___, que ___, es muy ___.

Los ___ que ___ son los mejores.

El/La ___, el cual/la cual ___, es ___.

Real World Usage

Social Media common

Mi perro, que es muy travieso, rompió el sofá.

Texting very common

El chico que conocí ayer es majo.

Job Interview common

El proyecto, el cual lideré, fue un éxito.

Travel occasional

El hotel que reservé está en el centro.

Food Delivery occasional

La pizza que pedí no ha llegado.

Academic Paper constant

Los datos, que fueron analizados, son concluyentes.

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⚠️

逗号的“成双成对”

千万不要在主语和动词之间只放一个逗号。如果你开启了一个解释性从句，必须在动词前把它关上：

Mi perro, que es viejo, duerme mucho

是对的，而

Mi perro, que es viejo duerme mucho

就错啦。

🎯

名字测试法

如果先行词是个专有名词（比如 Maria 或 Madrid），你几乎总是需要逗号。因为世界上只有一个玛丽亚或马德里，后面跟着的 que 只能是额外信息。

💬

正式感十足的 'Quien'

在西班牙，你会在文学或新闻里经常听到 quien。但在日常 WhatsApp 聊天中，que 才是王者。在面试时用 quien 会让你听起来像个 B2 级别的大神！

Smart Tips

If you use a name, use commas.

Juan que es mi amigo viene. → Juan, que es mi amigo, viene.

Use commas to set it apart.

Mi coche que es viejo se rompió. → Mi coche, que es viejo, se rompió.

Don't use commas.

Los alumnos, que estudian, aprueban. → Los alumnos que estudian aprueban.

Use 'el cual' instead of 'que'.

El plan, que es importante, sigue. → El plan, el cual es importante, sigue.

发音

Pause before and after the clause.

Intonation

In non-restrictive clauses, you should pause slightly at the commas.

Parenthetical pause

Mi hermano, // que vive en Madrid, // es médico.

Signals extra info.

记住它

记忆技巧

Commas are like a hug; they hold extra information together.

视觉联想

Imagine a restrictive clause as a tight, unzipped jacket (essential). Imagine a non-restrictive clause as a loose, zipped jacket with a scarf (extra).

Rhyme

If the info is extra, add a comma, don't be a drama.

Story

I have one brother who lives in Madrid. I say: 'Mi hermano que vive en Madrid es médico.' (I have other brothers). Then I say: 'Mi hermano, que vive en Madrid, es médico.' (I only have one brother).

Word Web

限定性从句不使用逗号，用来筛选特定群体（只有辣的那些）。

在关于人的解释性从句中，填入最合适的代词。

Mi hermana, ___ vive en Italia, es pintora.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ambas son correctas

在解释性从句中，que 和 quien 都可以，不过 quien 感觉更正式一点。

修正逗号错误，以表达“所有的车都很贵”的意思。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Los coches que son caros corren mucho.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Los coches, que son caros, corren mucho.

为了表达在这个语境下所有的车都很贵，你需要用逗号将其变为解释性从句。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises

Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: c

Both are correct but have different meanings.

Fill in the blank with commas if needed.

Mi madre ___ que vive en Lima ___ es doctora.