A1 Verb Conjugation 6 min read 쉬움

러시아어 동사 변화 1: 'E' 그룹 (-ать/-ять)

Master the -ю, -ешь, -ет endings to unlock the most common verbs in the Russian language.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

First conjugation verbs use the vowel 'e' in their endings, except for the 'I' (я) and 'they' (они) forms.

  • Identify the stem by removing the infinitive ending -ть.
  • Add endings: -ю, -ешь, -ет, -ем, -ете, -ют.
  • Remember: 'я' gets -ю and 'они' gets -ют.
Stem + (ю/ешь/ет/ем/ете/ют)

Overview

러시아어 동사가 행동을 하는 사람에 따라 어떻게 «옷»을 갈아입는지 눈치채신 적이 있나요? 영어에서는 단순히 I work, you work라고 하지만, 러시아어는 조금 더 드라마틱합니다. 러시아어에는 두 가지 주요 어미 시스템이 있습니다.
가장 흔한 것을 제1변화(또는 «E-변화»)라고 부릅니다. -ать 또는 -ять로 끝나는 대부분의 동사가 여기에 속합니다. 이것을 러시아어 동사의 «기본 모드»라고 생각하세요.
러시아인의 인스타그램 캡션을 스크롤하다 보면 어디에서나 이 어미들을 볼 수 있을 것입니다. 이것들은 일상 대화의 중추입니다. 이 그룹을 마스터하는 것은 도시의 열쇠를 얻는 것과 같습니다.
고장난 로봇처럼 들리지 않고도 무엇을 읽고, 무엇을 알고, 지금 무엇을 하고 있는지 말할 수 있게 해줍니다. 일단 리듬을 익히면 놀라울 정도로 직관적이 됩니다.

Conjugation Table

형태 예시 (читать - 읽다) 번역
Я (나) Я читаю 나는 읽는다 / 읽고 있다
Ты (너 - 비격식) Ты читаешь 너는 읽는다 / 읽고 있다
Он/О나/О노 (그/그녀/그것) Он читает 그는 읽는다 / 읽고 있다
Мы (우리) Мы читаем 우리는 읽는다
Вы (당신 / 당신들) Вы читаете 당신은 읽습니다
Они (그들) О니 читают 그들은 읽는다

How This Grammar Works

러시아어에서는 대명사를 생략하더라도 동사가 주어가 누구인지 알려줍니다. -ешь라는 어미를 보면 누군가가 친구에게 말하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있습니다. -ют이면 여러 사람입니다.
그래서 러시아인들은 문자 메시지에서 ЯТы를 자주 생략합니다. 어미가 모든 중요한 역할을 하기 때문입니다. 영어와 달리 러시아어에는 «~하고 있다»라는 별도의 형태가 없습니다.
Я читаю는 «(습관적으로) 읽는다»와 «(지금) 읽고 있다»는 뜻을 모두 포함합니다. 이것은 여러분에게 큰 이점입니다! 보조 동사를 걱정할 필요가 없습니다.
메인 동사만 변화시키면 끝입니다.

Formation Pattern

1
이러한 형태를 만드는 것은 간단한 4단계 과정입니다:
2
부정사(사전 형태)에서 시작하세요. 보통 -ть로 끝납니다 (예: знать - 알다).
3
부정사 어미를 제거하세요. -ть를 잘라내어 어간을 찾습니다. знать의 경우 어간은 зна-입니다.
4
어간의 마지막 모음을 확인하세요. 제1변화에서는 보통 а 또는 я입니다.
5
인칭 어미를 추가하세요: , -ешь, -ет, -ем, -ете, -ют.

Politeness Levels

러시아어는 사회적 계층에 매우 구체적입니다. 잘못된 형태를 사용하면 무례한 이방인이나 지나치게 격식 차린 로봇처럼 들릴 수 있습니다.

- **캐주얼 (Ты)

** 친구, 가족, 아이들, 반려동물에게는 -ешь 어미를 사용하세요.

- **격식 (Вы)

** 상사, 선생님, 낯선 사람 또는 연장자에게는 -ете 어미를 사용하세요.

- **사회적 맥락

** 확신이 서지 않을 때는 вы로 시작하세요. 나중에 친해지는 것이 실수로 무례하게 행동하고 사과하는 것보다 훨씬 쉽습니다.

When To Use It

일상 생활의 거의 모든 부분에서 제1변화를 사용하게 될 것입니다.
  • 현재 행동: «지금 일하고 있어요» (Я сейчас работаю).
  • 습관: «매일 아침 팟캐스트를 들어요» (Я слушаю подкасты каждое утро).
  • 일반적인 사실: «그는 모든 것을 알아요» (Он всё знает).

Common Mistakes

걱정하지 마세요, 처음에는 누구나 실수합니다.
  • 'E'와 'I'의 혼동: 초보자들은 제1변화의 -ет 대신 제2변화 어미인 -ит을 자주 사용합니다. 제1그룹 = Е라고 기억하세요.
  • 연음 기호의 함정: ты 형태(читаешь)에서 연음 기호 ь를 잊어버리는 것.

Quick FAQ

Q

왜 어떤 동사들은 'Я'일 때 대신 로 끝나나요?

보통 ж, ш, ч와 같은 자음 뒤에서 일어나는 철자 규칙입니다.

Q

делать는 제1변화 동사인가요?

네! 가장 흔한 동사 중 하나입니다.

Meanings

The first conjugation is the most common pattern for Russian verbs, characterized by the use of 'e' in the endings.

1

Present Tense Action

Used to describe actions happening now or generally.

“Я читаю.”

“Ты понимаешь.”

Conjugation of 'Читать' (To Read)

Person Pronoun Ending Form
1st Sing Я читаю
2nd Sing Ты -ешь читаешь
3rd Sing Он/Она -ет читает
1st Plur Мы -ем читаем
2nd Plur Вы -ете читаете
3rd Plur Они -ют читают

Reference Table

Reference table for 러시아어 동사 변화 1: 'E' 그룹 (-ать/-ять)
Pronoun Ending Example (Работать) Translation
Я работаю I work
Ты -ешь работаешь You work (informal)
Он/Она -ет работает He/She works
Мы -ем работаем We work
Вы -ете работаете You work (formal/plural)
Они -ют работают They work

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Вы много читаете.

Вы много читаете. (Casual conversation)

중립
Ты много читаешь.

Ты много читаешь. (Casual conversation)

비격식체
Ты много читаешь.

Ты много читаешь. (Casual conversation)

속어
Ты читаешь тонну.

Ты читаешь тонну. (Casual conversation)

Common First Conjugation Verbs

First Conjugation

Daily Life

  • работать to work
  • делать to do

Communication

  • читать to read
  • знать to know

Informal vs. Formal Conjugation

Informal (Ты)
знаешь you know
думаешь you think
Formal (Вы)
знаете you know
думаете you think

How to Conjugate a Verb

1

Does it end in -ать or -ять?

YES
Go to step 2
NO
Check Group 2
2

Drop the -ть. Is the stem ready?

YES
Add endings (-ю, -ешь, etc.)
NO ↓

Ending Patterns

👤

Singular

  • -ю (I)
  • -ешь (You)
  • -ет (He/She)
👥

Plural

  • -ем (We)
  • -ете (You all)
  • -ют (They)

Examples by Level

1

Я читаю книгу.

I am reading a book.

2

Ты понимаешь меня?

Do you understand me?

3

Они знают ответ.

They know the answer.

4

Мы играем в футбол.

We are playing football.

1

Он не понимает этот урок.

He does not understand this lesson.

2

Вы часто читаете газеты?

Do you often read newspapers?

3

Я не знаю, где он.

I don't know where he is.

4

Они работают в офисе.

They work in an office.

1

Мы обсуждаем важные вопросы.

We are discussing important questions.

2

Ты отдыхаешь на выходных?

Are you resting on the weekend?

3

Они рисуют прекрасные картины.

They are painting beautiful pictures.

4

Вы ожидаете ответа от них?

Are you expecting an answer from them?

1

Он предполагает, что это ошибка.

He assumes that this is a mistake.

2

Мы исследуем новые возможности.

We are exploring new opportunities.

3

Они требуют немедленного ответа.

They are demanding an immediate answer.

4

Ты осознаешь последствия?

Do you realize the consequences?

1

Они провозглашают новые законы.

They are proclaiming new laws.

2

Мы предвкушаем успех проекта.

We are anticipating the project's success.

3

Ты олицетворяешь лучшие качества.

You embody the best qualities.

4

Они игнорируют очевидные факты.

They are ignoring obvious facts.

1

Он проповедует идеалы гуманизма.

He preaches the ideals of humanism.

2

Мы созерцаем величие природы.

We are contemplating the greatness of nature.

3

Они преувеличивают масштаб проблемы.

They are exaggerating the scale of the problem.

4

Ты олицетворяешь собой эпоху.

You embody an era.

Easily Confused

Russian Verb Conjugation 1: The 'E' Group (-ать/-ять) 1st vs 2nd Conjugation

Learners mix up the endings.

Russian Verb Conjugation 1: The 'E' Group (-ать/-ять) 1st person singular

Forgetting the -ю ending.

Russian Verb Conjugation 1: The 'E' Group (-ать/-ять) 3rd person plural

Using -ят instead of -ют.

자주 하는 실수

ты читает

ты читаешь

Wrong ending for 2nd person singular.

они читают

они читают

Wait, this is correct, but learners often write 'читают' as 'читают'.

я читает

я читаю

Wrong ending for 1st person singular.

мы читаете

мы читаем

Confusing 1st and 2nd person plural.

он не читаю

он не читает

Subject-verb mismatch.

вы читают

вы читаете

Wrong ending for 2nd person plural.

ты читаю

ты читаешь

Using 1st person ending for 2nd person.

они читают

они читают

Often confused with 2nd conjugation -ят.

мы читают

мы читаем

Mixing plural forms.

я читаешь

я читаю

Mixing 1st and 2nd person.

они читают

они читают

Rarely wrong at this level, but sometimes stems are misapplied.

Sentence Patterns

Я ___ (читать) книгу.

Ты ___ (понимать) меня?

Они ___ (знать) ответ.

Мы ___ (играть) в футбол.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Ты читаешь?

Social Media very common

Они знают!

Job Interview common

Я работаю в...

Travel occasional

Вы понимаете?

Food Delivery common

Я заказываю...

Classroom constant

Мы читаем.

💡

The 'E' Rule

If you see an 'е' in the ending (like -ешь, -ет), you are almost certainly looking at a First Conjugation verb.
⚠️

Don't forget the Soft Sign

The 'ты' form always ends in -шь. It's a common typo for beginners to leave it off!
🎯

Context is King

Russian doesn't have a present continuous tense. 'Я работаю' can mean both 'I work' and 'I am working right now'. Use context clues like 'сейчас' (now) to be specific.

Smart Tips

Think 'First Conjugation'.

читать я читаю

Always end with -ю.

я читае я читаю

Always end with -ют.

они читают они читают

Always end with -ешь.

ты читает ты читаешь

발음

chi-TA-yu

Stress

Stress can shift in some verbs.

Question

Ты читаешь↑?

Rising intonation for questions.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

E is for Everyone! First conjugation verbs love the letter E in their endings.

Visual Association

Imagine a giant letter 'E' wearing a crown, standing over the verb endings. Every time you see a verb, the 'E' jumps into the spot to help you conjugate it.

Rhyme

First conjugation is the way, use an E every day!

Story

Ivan the Verb-Maker had a magic wand. Whenever he touched a word ending in -ать, he sprinkled 'E' dust on it. Suddenly, the word transformed into 'читаешь', 'читает', and 'читаем'. He was the master of the First Conjugation.

Word Web

читатьзнатьигратьработатьпониматьгулять

챌린지

Write down 5 verbs ending in -ать and conjugate them for all 6 persons in 5 minutes.

문화 노트

Using the correct conjugation is a sign of respect and education.

Derived from Proto-Slavic thematic verb classes.

Conversation Starters

Что ты читаешь?

Где ты работаешь?

Вы понимаете этот вопрос?

Они знают, где мы?

Journal Prompts

Write about what you read today.
Describe your friends' hobbies.
What do you know about Russian culture?
Discuss the importance of reading.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'читать' (to read).

Я ___ интересную книгу.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: читаю
For the subject 'Я' (I), we use the ending '-ю'.
Find and fix the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Они работает в банке.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Они работают в банке.
The subject 'Они' (They) requires the plural ending '-ют'.
Translate this sentence into Russian. 번역

You (informal) know.

Answer starts with: Ты ...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ты знаешь
The informal 'you' is 'ты', and the verb 'знать' takes the '-ешь' ending.

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Я ___ (читать).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: читаю
1st person singular.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Ты ___ (понимать).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: понимаешь
2nd person singular.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Они читаешь.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Они читают
3rd person plural.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

читаю / я / книгу

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: я читаю книгу
Standard SVO.
Translate to Russian. 번역

We read.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Мы читаем
1st person plural.
Match the pronoun to the ending. Match Pairs

Я -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
1st person singular.
Fill in the blank.

Вы ___ (работать).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: работаете
2nd person plural.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Он ___ (знать).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: знает
3rd person singular.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence with 'понимать' (to understand). 빈칸 채우기

Мы всё ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: понимаем
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Reorder

радио / слушаешь / ты / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ты слушаешь радио?
Which form is correct for 'Вы'? 객관식

Вы ___ по-русски?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: понимаете
Translate: They are playing. 번역

They are playing (играть).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Они играют
Correct the verb: Он слушаю музыку. Error Correction

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Он слушает музыку.
Match the pronoun to the verb form. Match Pairs

Match them up:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Fill in the correct ending for 'работать'. 빈칸 채우기

Где вы работа___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ете
Translate: We are resting. 번역

We are resting (отдыхать).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Мы отдыхаем
Select the correct present tense form. 객관식

Она ___ в Москве.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: живёт
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

пост / она / читает / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Она читает пост.

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

Almost all, but there are a few exceptions.

To show who is doing the action.

Yes, just use the correct pronoun.

Try to remember the 'e' rule.

Yes, English doesn't conjugate like this.

Add 'не' before the verb.

Yes, but they are rare.

With practice, a few hours.

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

-ar verbs

Russian uses more distinct endings for each person.

French moderate

-er verbs

French has many silent endings, unlike Russian.

German moderate

Weak verbs

German uses -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en.

Japanese low

Godan verbs

Russian conjugates for person, Japanese does not.

Arabic low

Form I verbs

Arabic conjugation is highly complex.

Chinese none

None

Chinese uses particles for tense.

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