Spanish Time Expressions: When & How Long (hace, desde hace, ya)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Master the art of time by using 'hace' for past events and 'desde hace' for ongoing actions.
- Use 'hace + time' for events that finished in the past: 'Hace dos años' (Two years ago).
- Use 'desde hace + time' for actions still happening: 'Vivo aquí desde hace un año' (I've lived here for a year).
- Use 'ya' to indicate that something has already occurred: 'Ya he comido' (I have already eaten).
Overview
Mastering Spanish temporal expressions is fundamental for constructing nuanced and accurate communication. At the A2 level, you evolve beyond simple declarative statements to precisely convey when actions occur, their duration, frequency, and completion. This involves understanding how Spanish articulates concepts such as "ago," "for/since," "already," and "still"—often through structures distinct from English.
Unlike English, which frequently employs perfect tenses (e.g., "I have been living") to denote actions beginning in the past and continuing into the present, Spanish often uses the present tense coupled with specific time markers like desde hace. This construction emphasizes the action's current state or ongoing nature, regardless of its initiation point. The precise differentiation between hace (for completed past actions) and desde hace (for actions ongoing up to the present) is critical.
These are not merely lexical items; they are structural elements dictating temporal relationships, enabling coherent narrative and precise routine descriptions.
Accurate application of these expressions eliminates ambiguity and enhances comprehension. For instance, distinguishing between ya and todavía alters whether you convey completion or ongoing anticipation. These temporal markers provide the grammatical framework for clear, idiomatic, and native-like Spanish communication.
How This Grammar Works
Yo siempre bebo café (I always drink coffee) places siempre before bebo.Voy al gimnasio una vez a la semana (I go to the gym once a week). Placing una vez a la semana at the end sounds natural and provides clear temporal context.desde hace. The construction Estudio español desde hace un año literally translates to "I study Spanish since a year ago," but conveys the English meaning of continuous study.el for singular, los for plural) directly preceding the day, obviating a preposition like "on." Thus, you say el lunes (on Monday) and los martes (on Tuesdays); the article itself carries the temporal meaning. For general periods of the day, such as por la mañana (in the morning) or por la tarde (in the afternoon), the preposition por is standard, signifying "during" or "throughout" that part of the day. This is a common and idiomatic usage across most Spanish-speaking regions, including both Spain and Latin America.Formation Pattern
hace + Time Period
hace always precedes the specified time period.
hace + [time period] | Salí hace tres horas. | I left three hours ago. |
Ella comió hace veinte minutos. | She ate twenty minutes ago. |
Compramos este coche hace un año. | We bought this car a year ago. |
desde hace + Time Period
desde hace to indicate an action or state that began in the past and is still ongoing in the present. Crucially, the verb linked with desde hace is always in the present tense, mirroring English's "have been -ing" or "have been + state."
desde hace + [time] | Estudio español desde hace un año. | I have been studying Spanish for a year. |
Trabajan aquí desde hace diez meses. | They have been working here for ten months. |
Él vive en Madrid desde hace mucho tiempo. | He has been living in Madrid for a long time. |
desde + Specific Time/Event
desde (without hace) when you want to specify a concrete starting point in the past from which an action has been ongoing. This could be a specific date, month, year, or another past event. The verb remains in the present tense.
desde + [point] | Corro todas las mañanas desde enero. | I have been running every morning since January. |
No lo veo desde la fiesta. | I haven't seen him since the party. |
Ella trabaja aquí desde 2020. | She has been working here since 2020. |
ya (Already, Now, By now, No longer)
ya is a highly versatile adverb, with its meaning determined by context. It primarily indicates completion, immediacy, or a change of state. When combined with no (ya no), it expresses cessation.
Ya comí. (I already ate.)
¡Ya voy! (I'm coming right now! / I'll be there now!)
Ya no fumo. (I no longer smoke.)
¿Ya estás listo? (Are you ready by now?)
todavía (Still, Yet)
todavía indicates continuity or that something has not yet occurred. It implies an action is pending or a state is ongoing.
Todavía está lloviendo. (It's still raining.)
No ha llegado todavía. (He hasn't arrived yet.) (Often used with no before the verb, e.g., Todavía no ha llegado.)
no if they are negative adverbs.
no) |
siempre | always | Ella siempre lee. | Ella lee siempre. |
a menudo | often | Él a menudo visita. | Él visita a menudo. |
a veces | sometimes | A veces salimos. | Salimos a veces. |
casi nunca | almost never | Yo casi nunca miento. | Yo miento casi nunca. |
nunca | never | Nunca lo hago. | No lo hago nunca. |
jamás | never (stronger) | Jamás diría eso. | No diría eso jamás. |
nunca or jamás appear after the verb, you must place no before the verb to maintain the negative meaning. If they precede the verb, no is unnecessary. Nunca estudio and No estudio nunca both translate to "I never study."
el for a single occurrence and los for habitual actions on that day.
El lunes tengo una reunión. (On Monday I have a meeting.)
Los sábados vamos al parque. (On Saturdays we go to the park.)
Ayer fue un día difícil. (Yesterday was a difficult day.)
Hoy hace mucho sol. (Today it's very sunny.)
Mañana iré al médico. (Tomorrow I will go to the doctor.)
por for general periods, indicating "during" or "in" that part of the day.
Por la mañana estudio. (In the morning I study.)
Trabajo por la tarde. (I work in the afternoon.)
Leo un libro por la noche. (I read a book at night.)
primero, luego, después, finalmente
Primero despierto, luego desayuno y finalmente salgo. (First I wake up, then I eat breakfast, and finally I leave.)
Después de comer, vemos una película. (After eating, we watch a movie.)
durante + Time Period
durante translates to "during" or "for (a specific period)" and refers to a defined span of time over which an action occurs. Crucially, it does not carry the implication of continuing up to the present moment, unlike desde hace.
Dormí durante ocho horas. (I slept for eight hours.)
Vamos a viajar durante las vacaciones. (We are going to travel during the holidays.)
When To Use It
hace + Time Period when:Terminé mis estudios hace dos años.(I finished my studies two years ago.)Vi esa película hace mucho tiempo.(I saw that movie a long time ago.)
desde hace + Time Period when:Conozco a María desde hace cinco años.(I have known María for five years.)Estamos en casa desde hace una hora.(We have been home for an hour.)
desde + Specific Time/Event when:No ha llovido desde la semana pasada.(It hasn't rained since last week.)Trabajo en esta oficina desde el 1 de enero.(I have worked in this office since January 1st.)
ya when:- Confirming something has already happened or is complete:
¡Ya llegué!(I already arrived! / I'm here now!) - Indicating something is happening now or immediately:
Ya es hora de irse.(It's time to leave now.) - Expressing a change of state, often in negative constructions (
ya no):Ya no tengo coche.(I no longer have a car.)
todavía when:- Emphasizing that an action or state is still continuing:
Todavía te espero.(I'm still waiting for you.) - Stating that something has not yet happened (typically with
no):Todavía no he terminado.(I haven't finished yet.)
siempre, nunca, a veces) when:Ella siempre llega tarde.(She always arrives late.)Nunca bebo alcohol.(I never drink alcohol.)
ayer, hoy, mañana, el miércoles) when:Ayer fui al cine.(Yesterday I went to the cinema.)Tenemos un examen el miércoles.(We have an exam on Wednesday.)
por la mañana/tarde/noche when:Me gusta correr por las mañanas.(I like to run in the mornings.)¿Qué haces por la noche?(What do you do at night?)
durante + Time Period when:Estudiamos durante dos horas.(We studied for two hours [and then stopped].)Estaré de vacaciones durante todo el mes.(I will be on vacation for the entire month.)
Common Mistakes
hace and desde hace:hace (ago) indicates a completed action in the past, whereas desde hace (for/since with present tense) signifies an action that began in the past and is still actively continuing in the present.- Incorrect:
Vivo aquí hace cinco años. - Why it's wrong: This structure implies you lived here five years ago, but no longer do.
haceisolates the action entirely in the past. If you are still residing there, the action is ongoing, demandingdesde haceand the present tense verb. - Correct:
Vivo aquí desde hace cinco años.(I have been living here for five years.)
en for Days of the Week:en lunes, which is ungrammatical in Spanish. The definite article is sufficient.- Incorrect:
Tengo clase en martes. - Correct:
Tengo clase el martes.(I have class on Tuesday.) - Why it's wrong: The definite article (
elorlos) inherently conveys the meaning of "on" when referring to specific days of the week in Spanish. No additional preposition is required.
por for Duration:por has numerous meanings, it is generally not used to express the duration of an ongoing action. Many learners attempt to say He vivido aquí por tres años.- Incorrect:
Estudié por dos horas.(Though occasionally understood,duranteis more precise for specific periods, anddesde haceis for ongoing actions). - Correct (for specific, completed duration):
Estudié durante dos horas.(I studied for two hours.) - Correct (for ongoing action):
Estudio desde hace dos horas.(I have been studying for two hours [and am still studying]). - Why it's wrong:
porserves many functions (e.g., "by," "through," "for the sake of"), butduranteis the clearer and more common choice for a simple duration of an activity. For actions ongoing up to the present,desde haceis the idiomatic and grammatically correct option.
ya vs. todavía vs. todavía no vs. ya no:Ya comí.(I already ate.) – Indicates completion.Todavía tengo hambre.(I am still hungry.) – Indicates continuity or persistence.Todavía no he comido.(I haven't eaten yet.) – Indicates a pending action or something that has not occurred as expected.Ya no tengo hambre.(I am no longer hungry.) – Indicates cessation or a change of state, the previous state is finished.- Why it's wrong: Confusing these terms leads to significant semantic errors. Saying
Todavía comífundamentally misrepresents the intended message, implying you still ate despite an obstacle, not that the action is complete.
nunca or jamás appear after the verb, a no is mandatory before the verb to maintain the negative sense. This is a common aspect of Spanish double negation.- Incorrect:
Hago nunca eso. - Correct:
Nunca hago eso.ORNo hago eso nunca.(I never do that.) - Why it's wrong: Spanish grammar requires the
nobefore the verb unless a negative adverb (likenunca) already precedes the verb, satisfying the negative force for the clause.
Real Conversations
Observing how native speakers integrate Spanish time expressions into everyday dialogue is crucial for practical application. These examples illustrate their natural usage across various modern communicative contexts, reflecting actual speech patterns rather than merely textbook constructions.
1. Casual Text Exchange (Spain):
- Lucas: ¿Ya llegaste a casa? Llevo aquí desde hace diez minutos con la pizza. (Did you already get home? I've been here for ten minutes with the pizza.)
- Sara: Casi, todavía estoy en el metro. Llego dentro de cinco minutos. ¡No comas ya sin mí! (Almost, I'm still on the metro. I'll be there in five minutes. Don't eat without me right away!)
- Lucas: Jajaja, vale. Nunca te dejaría sin pizza. Te espero. (Hahaha, okay. I would never leave you without pizza. I'll wait for you.)
Observation
Llevo aquí desde hace diez minutos, an alternative, very common construction using the verb llevar (to carry/take) in a temporal sense, followed by desde hace, meaning "I've been here for X time." This highlights the dynamic nature of Spanish.2. Planning a Meet-up (Latin America - informal):
- Andrés: ¿Qué haces por la noche? ¿Quieres ir al cine? (What are you doing tonight? Do you want to go to the cinema?)
- Camila: Uhm, no puedo. Mañana tengo un examen importante y necesito estudiar durante varias horas. Siempre lo dejo para el último momento. (Uhm, I can't. Tomorrow I have an important exam and I need to study for several hours. I always leave it for the last minute.)
- Andrés: ¡Qué lástima! Bueno, ¿qué tal el sábado? ¿Estás libre el sábado? (What a shame! Well, how about Saturday? Are you free on Saturday?)
3. Work Email (Formal):
- Subject: Actualización: Informe de Mercado
- Estimada Sra. Ramos:
Espero que este correo la encuentre bien. Le escribo para informarle que el borrador del Informe de Mercado se completó. Lo enviamos hace una hora para su revisión. Todavía estamos esperando los comentarios del departamento de finanzas. Le avisaremos ya mismo si hay alguna novedad.
(Dear Ms. Ramos,
I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to inform you that the draft Market Report has been completed. We sent it an hour ago for your review. We are still awaiting comments from the finance department. We will let you know right away if there is any news.)
Observation
Le avisaremos ya mismo employs ya to convey immediacy, signifying "right away" or "very soon." This use of ya with mismo strengthens the sense of urgency.4. Describing a Routine (Social Media Post):
- Siempre me levanto temprano. Primero, desayuno y después me ducho. Nunca olvido mi café por la mañana. Por las tardes, hago ejercicio durante una hora. Y finalmente, antes de dormir, leo un libro desde hace un año. (I always wake up early. First, I have breakfast and then I shower. I never forget my coffee in the morning. In the afternoons, I exercise for an hour. And finally, before sleeping, I have been reading a book for a year.)
These dialogues underscore the fluid and integrated use of hace for past events, desde hace for ongoing actions, ya for completion or immediacy, todavía for continuity, and specific temporal adverbs (mañana, el sábado, por la noche) to precisely anchor events in time. This natural integration forms the basis of coherent Spanish.
Quick FAQ
- Q: Can I use
hacewith a future tense verb? - A: No.
haceis exclusively used to refer to a point in the past for completed actions. To express something that will happen in a certain amount of time in the future, you should usedentro de+ [time period]. Voy a viajar dentro de dos semanas.(I am going to travel in two weeks.)
- Q: What is the exact difference between
desde hace mucho tiempoandhace mucho tiempo? - A: This distinction is critical:
Desde hace mucho tiempomeans "for a long time," implying that the action or state began a long time ago and is still ongoing up to the present moment.Lo conozco desde hace mucho tiempo.(I have known him for a long time [and still do].)Hace mucho tiempomeans "a long time ago," referring to a completed event that occurred far in the past. The action is finished.Fui a España hace mucho tiempo.(I went to Spain a long time ago [and the trip is over].)
- Q: When should I use
duranteinstead ofdesde hace? - A: Use
durantewhen you are specifying a definite, often bounded, duration of an action, typically in the past or future, without the implication that the action continues up to the present moment. It answers "for how long?" for a closed period. Estudié durante tres horas.(I studied for three hours [and then I stopped].)- Use
desde haceexclusively for actions that began in the past and are still ongoing up to the present. It describes continuity. Estudio español desde hace tres horas.(I have been studying Spanish for three hours [and I am still studying].)
- Q: Does
yaalways mean "already"? - A: Not always. While "already" is a primary meaning,
yais highly contextual and remarkably versatile. It can also mean "now" (¡Ya, vámonos!– Now, let's go!), "right away" (Ya te lo explico– I'll explain it to you right away), "by now" (¿Ya terminaste?– Have you finished by now?), or even imply sufficiency/finality in commands (¡Ya, basta!– That's enough!). In negative constructions,ya nomeans "no longer."
- Q: How do you express "every day" or "every week"?
- A: Use
todos los díasfor "every day" andtodas las semanasfor "every week." The definite article (los/las) agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. The plural form of the article (los/las) is used even if the concept is singular (e.g., "every day" becomestodos los días). Corro todos los días.(I run every day.)Hacemos la compra todas las semanas.(We do the shopping every week.)
- Q: What's the difference between
por la tardeanden la tarde? - A:
Por la tardeis the most common and standard way to say "in the afternoon" in Spain and many parts of Latin America. It indicates a general period of time.En la tardeis also widely understood and commonly heard, particularly in some Latin American regions, carrying essentially the same meaning. While both are acceptable,poris often slightly preferred for general daily periods (por la mañana,por la tarde,por la noche) as it suggests "during" or "throughout" that period more clearly.
Time Expression Structures
| Expression | Meaning | Tense Used | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Hace + time
|
Ago
|
Preterite
|
Hace un mes
|
|
Desde hace + time
|
For (ongoing)
|
Present
|
Desde hace un mes
|
|
Ya + verb
|
Already
|
Any
|
Ya lo hice
|
|
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que...?
|
How long ago...?
|
Preterite
|
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que fuiste?
|
|
¿Desde hace cuánto...?
|
For how long...?
|
Present
|
¿Desde hace cuánto vives aquí?
|
|
Ya no + verb
|
No longer
|
Present
|
Ya no fumo
|
Meanings
These expressions allow you to situate actions in time, either by counting backward from the present or describing the duration of an ongoing state.
Ago (Past)
Indicates how long ago an event happened.
“Hace una semana fui al cine.”
“Hace dos días compré pan.”
For (Ongoing)
Indicates an action that started in the past and continues now.
“Estudio español desde hace tres meses.”
“Trabajo aquí desde hace años.”
Already
Indicates an action completed before the expected time.
“Ya he terminado mi tarea.”
“Ya es tarde.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Past
|
Hace + time
|
Hace dos días
|
|
Ongoing
|
Desde hace + time
|
Desde hace dos días
|
|
Already
|
Ya + verb
|
Ya terminé
|
|
Negative
|
Ya no + verb
|
Ya no vivo allí
|
|
Question
|
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que...?
|
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que llegaste?
|
|
Duration
|
Llevar + time + gerund
|
Llevo dos años viviendo aquí
|
Formality Spectrum
Llevo esperando una hora. (Waiting)
Espero desde hace una hora. (Waiting)
Llevo una hora esperando. (Waiting)
Llevo una hora aquí clavado. (Waiting)
Time Expression Map
Past
- Hace Ago
Ongoing
- Desde hace For/Since
Completion
- Ya Already
Examples by Level
Hace un día.
A day ago.
Hace una hora.
An hour ago.
Ya es tarde.
It is already late.
Hace mucho.
A long time ago.
Vivo aquí desde hace dos años.
I have lived here for two years.
Hace dos años fui a México.
I went to Mexico two years ago.
Ya he comido.
I have already eaten.
¿Hace cuánto tiempo que estudias?
How long have you been studying?
Desde hace tiempo, busco un nuevo trabajo.
For a long time, I have been looking for a new job.
Hace poco que terminamos el proyecto.
We finished the project a short while ago.
Ya no vivo en esa ciudad.
I no longer live in that city.
Hace años que no viajo.
I haven't traveled in years.
Llevo esperando desde hace una hora.
I have been waiting for an hour.
Hace tiempo que debimos hablar.
We should have talked a long time ago.
Ya se había ido cuando llegué.
He had already left when I arrived.
Desde hace meses, la situación ha mejorado.
For months, the situation has improved.
Hace ya mucho tiempo que no se le ve por aquí.
It has been a long time since he was seen around here.
Desde hace décadas, este edificio es un símbolo.
For decades, this building has been a symbol.
Ya era hora de que llegaras.
It was about time you arrived.
Hace poco más de un siglo, todo era distinto.
A little over a century ago, everything was different.
Hace ya siglos que no disfrutaba de tal hospitalidad.
It has been ages since I enjoyed such hospitality.
Desde hace tiempo venía sospechando la verdad.
For some time, I had been suspecting the truth.
Ya se sabe que el tiempo vuela.
It is already known that time flies.
Hace mucho que no se oye hablar de él.
He hasn't been heard of in a long time.
Easily Confused
Learners mix up 'ago' and 'for'.
Both relate to time and completion.
Both translate to 'for'.
Common Mistakes
Vivo aquí hace dos años.
Vivo aquí desde hace dos años.
Hace dos años que vivo aquí.
Vivo aquí desde hace dos años.
Ya no tengo hambre.
Ya no tengo hambre.
Hace mucho tiempo.
Hace mucho tiempo.
Estudié español por dos años.
Estudié español durante dos años.
Hace dos años que fui a España.
Fui a España hace dos años.
Ya he ido ayer.
Fui ayer.
Desde hace mucho que no te veo.
Hace mucho que no te veo.
Ya lo hice hace un año.
Lo hice hace un año.
Llevo viviendo aquí desde hace dos años.
Llevo dos años viviendo aquí.
Ya era tarde cuando llegué.
Ya era tarde cuando llegué.
Desde hace años que no se sabe nada.
Hace años que no se sabe nada.
Ya lo sabía desde hace tiempo.
Ya lo sabía desde hace tiempo.
Sentence Patterns
Vivo en ___ desde hace ___.
Hace ___ que fui a ___.
Ya he ___ mi tarea.
Desde hace ___, la situación ___.
Real World Usage
Ya estoy llegando.
Trabajo aquí desde hace años.
Hace un año de este viaje.
¿Hace cuánto abrió?
Ya está en camino.
Desde hace décadas se estudia esto.
Check the Tense
Avoid 'Por'
The 'Ya' Trick
Regional Nuances
Smart Tips
Use 'desde hace' to show you are still there.
Use 'hace' to anchor the time.
Use 'ya' for a quick, natural response.
Use 'ya no' to show the change.
Pronunciation
Stress
The word 'hace' is stressed on the first syllable.
Question
¿Hace cuánto tiempo que...?
Rising intonation at the end.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
H-A-C-E: History Ago, Continues-E (desde hace).
Visual Association
Imagine a clock. 'Hace' is a hand pointing to the past. 'Desde hace' is a line stretching from the past to the present.
Rhyme
Hace para el pasado, desde hace para lo que no ha terminado.
Story
Juan moved to Spain. 'Hace dos años' he arrived. He has been eating paella 'desde hace dos años'. He 'ya' loves it.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 3 sentences about your life: one with 'hace', one with 'desde hace', and one with 'ya'.
Cultural Notes
Spaniards often use 'hace' with 'ya' for emphasis.
In Mexico, 'desde hace' is sometimes replaced by 'desde hace rato' for 'a while ago'.
Argentinians often use 'hace' in colloquial speech to mean 'it's been'.
These constructions derive from the Latin 'facere' (to make/do).
Conversation Starters
¿Desde hace cuánto tiempo estudias español?
¿Hace cuánto tiempo fuiste a la playa?
¿Ya has viajado a otro país este año?
¿Qué es algo que haces desde hace años?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Vivo en Madrid ___ tres años.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Estudio español por dos años.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
I have already eaten.
Answer starts with: Ya ...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Yo (vivir) aquí desde hace un año.
Vivo aquí desde hace un año. (Change to 'ago')
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesVivo en Madrid ___ tres años.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Estudio español por dos años.
años / hace / vivo / dos / aquí / desde
I have already eaten.
Match: 1. Hace, 2. Desde hace, 3. Ya
Yo (vivir) aquí desde hace un año.
Vivo aquí desde hace un año. (Change to 'ago')
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesEstudio español ___ dos meses.
I ate two hours ago.
Which sentence means 'I still don't have the tickets'?
siempre / café / por / bebo / la / mañana
Tengo una reunión en martes.
Match the following:
First I shower, THEN I get dressed.
___ no quiero más postre, gracias.
Vivo aquí por tres años.
I go to the gym once a week.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
No, 'hace' is for finished past events, so it usually takes the preterite.
Use 'durante'. Example: 'Estudié durante dos horas'.
Mostly, but it can also mean 'now' or 'anymore' (with 'no').
It literally means 'from [the time] it makes'.
Yes, in the imperfect: 'Vivía allí desde hacía dos años'.
It is neutral and used in all registers.
'Ya' is positive (already), 'todavía' is negative/pending (still/yet).
Use '¿Desde hace cuánto tiempo...?'
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
ago / for
Spanish requires tense changes based on the marker.
il y a / depuis
French uses 'depuis' with present tense, similar to Spanish.
vor / seit
German syntax is more rigid with word order.
mae / kara
Verb placement is at the end of the sentence.
mundhu / qabla
Arabic grammar is highly inflectional.
yǐqián / cóng
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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