Every, Each (마다)
마다 to any noun to express a regular, repeating pattern or a universal truth without exceptions.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use '마다' after a noun to mean 'every' or 'each' for time, space, or items.
- Attach directly to nouns: '날' (day) + '마다' = '날마다' (every day).
- Works with time intervals: '일주일' (one week) + '마다' = '일주일마다' (every week).
- Use for repetition: '사람' (person) + '마다' = '사람마다' (each person/everyone).
Overview
마다 is an indispensable Korean particle that signifies “every” or “each.” It attaches directly to nouns to express that an action, state, or characteristic applies to each and every instance of that noun, without exception. This particle is fundamental for describing habits, recurring events, universal truths, or distributive relationships across a group or category. Unlike many Korean grammatical elements, 마다 maintains a consistent, invariant form, making its application straightforward for learners.
Its core function is to establish a pattern of regularity or comprehensive distribution.
마다 is highly versatile, applicable to various contexts such as time, people, places, and specific situations. For example, 주말마다 (every weekend) describes a recurring event, while 나라마다 (every country) indicates a universal trait across nations. Understanding 마다 is crucial for moving beyond simple sentence structures and accurately conveying nuanced concepts of frequency and distribution in Korean.
It allows you to specify that something is true for all members of a set, emphasizing a thorough and complete application.
How This Grammar Works
마다 functions as a distributive particle. When appended to a noun, it transforms that noun into an expression meaning "every [noun]" or "each [noun]." This particle effectively conveys a sense of thoroughness, implying that no single instance within the specified category is omitted. The action or state described by the verb applies uniformly to all members of the set defined by the noun plus 마다.사람마다 생각이 달라요 (Every person’s thought is different). Here, 마다 attached to 사람 (person) clearly communicates that the diversity in thoughts applies individually to each person, rather than to people collectively. This distinct function separates 마다 from simple plural markers or general quantifiers.아침마다 운동해요 (I exercise every morning) specifies a daily routine, indicating that the exercise occurs on each morning.마다 is its invariance. It does not undergo any changes based on whether the preceding noun ends in a consonant or a vowel. This consistency simplifies its usage significantly compared to many other Korean particles or verb conjugations.마다 a highly reliable tool for expressing repetitive or comprehensive concepts. Its neutral tone means it can be used across various politeness levels, with the formality of the sentence determined solely by the verb ending.Formation Pattern
마다 is exceptionally simple due to its invariant nature. You directly attach 마다 to the end of a noun. There are no phonological changes to the noun, and no spaces should be inserted between the noun and 마다.
Noun + 마다
집 (jip) | house | 집마다 (jim-ma-da) | every house |
버스 (beo-seu) | bus | 버스마다 (beo-seu-ma-da) | every bus |
학생 (hak-saeng) | student | 학생마다 (hak-saeng-ma-da) | every student |
요리 (yo-ri) | dish | 요리마다 (yo-ri-ma-da) | every dish |
마다 can also be used effectively with numbers and time units to express specific frequencies. In such cases, the structure is typically:
Number + Counter (or Time Unit) + 마다
마다:
이틀 (i-teul | two days) + 마다 = 이틀마다 (i-teul-ma-da | every two days)
한 시간 (han si-gan | one hour) + 마다 = 한 시간마다 (han si-gan-ma-da | every hour)
삼 년 (sam nyeon | three years) + 마다 = 삼 년마다 (sam nyeon-ma-da | every three years)
마다 ensures that once you understand its function, you can confidently apply it across a wide range of nouns and numeric expressions.
When To Use It
마다 is primarily used to express frequency, regularity, and distribution without exception. Its utility spans various communicative contexts, from describing personal habits to making general observations about categories of things. You should employ 마다 when you intend to convey that something happens, or a characteristic applies, to all instances of a particular noun.마다. When you want to talk about actions that occur at fixed intervals or as part of a routine, 마다 is the ideal particle. It attaches to nouns representing time units.저는 주말마다 친구를 만나요.(Jeo-neun ju-mal-ma-da chin-gu-reul man-na-yo.)저는 주말마다 친구를 만납니다.(Jeo-neun ju-mal-ma-da chin-gu-reul man-nam-ni-da.)- "I meet my friends every weekend."
우리 강아지는 아침마다 산책해요.(U-ri gang-a-ji-neun a-chim-ma-da san-chaek-hae-yo.)우리 강아지는 아침마다 산책합니다.(U-ri gang-a-ji-neun a-chim-ma-da san-chaek-ham-ni-da.)- "Our puppy takes a walk every morning."
마다 is used to state that a certain quality, condition, or event applies to every single entity within a given category. This highlights the comprehensive nature of the statement, leaving no room for exceptions within the defined set.나라마다 문화가 달라요.(Na-ra-ma-da mun-hwa-ga dal-la-yo.)나라마다 문화가 다릅니다.(Na-ra-ma-da mun-hwa-ga da-reum-ni-da.)- "Every country has a different culture."
이 상점은 품목마다 가격표가 붙어 있어요.(I sang-jeom-eun pum-mok-ma-da ga-gyeok-pyo-ga bu-teo i-sseo-yo.)이 상점은 품목마다 가격표가 붙어 있습니다.(I sang-jeom-eun pum-mok-ma-da ga-gyeok-pyo-ga bu-teo i-sseum-ni-da.)- "This store has price tags on every item."
마다 also emphasizes the individual distinctiveness within that universal application. It can highlight that each member of a group is unique in some way.사람마다 생각하는 방식이 다를 수 있어요.(Sa-ram-ma-da saeng-ga-ka-neun bang-si-gi da-reul su i-sseo-yo.)사람마다 생각하는 방식이 다를 수 있습니다.(Sa-ram-ma-da saeng-ga-ka-neun bang-si-gi da-reul su i-sseum-ni-da.)- "Every person can have a different way of thinking."
시험 문제마다 난이도가 달랐어요.(Si-heom mun-je-ma-da na-ni-do-ga dal-la-sseo-yo.)시험 문제마다 난이도가 달랐습니다.(Si-heom mun-je-ma-da na-ni-do-ga dal-la-sseum-ni-da.)- "The difficulty level was different for every exam question."
마다 is frequently used for its conciseness and clarity in expressing these concepts. It allows speakers to quickly and effectively convey that a pattern or characteristic applies without exception, making it a very natural and efficient choice.When Not To Use It
마다 is a versatile particle, there are specific contexts where its usage is grammatically incorrect or semantically awkward. Understanding these limitations is crucial for accurate and natural Korean expression.마다 directly to verbs or adjectives:마다 is exclusively a noun particle. It cannot directly attach to verb stems or adjective stems. If you wish to express "every time [an action occurs]," you must first nominalize the verb using the -(으)ㄹ 때 (when/at the time of) construction, and then attach 마다.- Incorrect:
먹다마다(meok-da-ma-da) ~ "every time eating" - Correct:
먹을 때마다(meo-geul ttae-ma-da) - "Every time I eat, I get sleepy."
밥을 먹을 때마다 졸려요.(Bap-eul meo-geul ttae-ma-da jol-lyeo-yo.)밥을 먹을 때마다 졸립니다.(Bap-eul meo-geul ttae-ma-da jol-lim-ni-da.)
마다 is used with a negative verb, the negation applies to the action performed by every instance of the noun, not to the universality of the noun itself. That is, Noun마다 + Negative Verb means "Every Noun does not Verb," which is different from "Not every Noun Verbs."- Consider
학생마다 공부하지 않아요.(Hak-saeng-ma-da gong-bu-ha-ji a-na-yo.) - This literally translates to "Every student does not study," implying that all students individually refrain from studying. This is likely not the intended meaning if you want to say "Not all students study."
- To express "Not every student studies" (meaning some study, some don't), you need alternative structures, such as using
모든with negation, or a more complex sentence like모든 학생이 공부하는 것은 아니에요(It's not the case that all students study).
매-:마다 with the prefix 매- (every). While both convey similar meanings, using them together creates redundancy and is grammatically unnatural. For example, 매일마다 is incorrect because 매일 already means "every day."- Incorrect:
매일마다 운동해요.(Mae-il-ma-da un-dong-hae-yo.) - Correct:
매일 운동해요.(Mae-il un-dong-hae-yo.) OR날마다 운동해요.(Nal-ma-da un-dong-hae-yo.) - "I exercise every day."
씩 is more appropriate:마다 focuses on the action or state applying to each individual instance. If the emphasis is on the distribution of a quantity to each, 씩 is generally more fitting. (This contrast will be explored in detail in "Contrast With Similar Patterns.")마다 more precisely in your Korean communication.Common Mistakes
마다. Addressing these common pitfalls directly will help you achieve greater accuracy and fluency.마다. Korean particles are enclitics, meaning they attach directly to the preceding word without any intervening space.- Incorrect:
주말 마다(ju-mal ma-da) - Correct:
주말마다(ju-mal-ma-da) - "I watch movies every weekend."
주말마다 영화를 봐요.(Ju-mal-ma-da yeong-hwa-reul bwa-yo.)주말마다 영화를 봅니다.(Ju-mal-ma-da yeong-hwa-reul bom-ni-da.)
Noun마다 + Negative Verb conveys "Every Noun does not Verb," not "Not every Noun Verbs." This semantic difference is crucial.- If you say
사람마다 그 소식을 몰라요(Sa-ram-ma-da geu so-si-geul mol-la-yo.), it means "Every person doesn't know that news," implying nobody knows it. This is highly unlikely to be the intended meaning. - To express "Not every person knows that news," you would use a structure like
모든 사람이 그 소식을 아는 것은 아니에요.(Mo-deun sa-ram-i geu so-si-geul a-neun geo-seun a-ni-e-yo.) or어떤 사람은 그 소식을 알지만, 어떤 사람은 몰라요.(Eo-tteon sa-ram-eun geu so-si-geul al-ji-man, eo-tteon sa-ram-eun mol-la-yo. | Some people know that news, but some people don't.)
시간마다 directly for "every hour" without 한:분마다 (every minute) or 초마다 (every second) are natural, simply saying 시간마다 can sometimes sound slightly less specific than intended, especially if you mean "every single hour." Native speakers often prefer 한 시간마다 (literally, "every one hour") to unequivocally mean "every hour on the hour" or "every interval of one hour."- While
시간마다 버스가 와요(Si-gan-ma-da beo-seu-ga wa-yo.) is understandable,한 시간마다 버스가 와요.(Han si-gan-ma-da beo-seu-ga wa-yo.) is often preferred for clarity, meaning a bus arrives every 60 minutes.
매-:매- and 마다 (e.g., 매달마다) is redundant. Choose one or the other based on context and desired nuance (formality vs. colloquialism).- Incorrect:
매년마다 여행 가요.(Mae-nyeon-ma-da yeo-haeng ga-yo.) - Correct:
매년 여행 가요.(Mae-nyeon yeo-haeng ga-yo.) OR해마다 여행 가요.(Hae-ma-da yeo-haeng ga-yo.) - "I travel every year."
마다.Common Collocations
마다 to form highly natural and common expressions. Learning these collocations will significantly enrich your vocabulary and make your Korean sound more idiomatic. These phrases are not just grammatically correct but are often the most natural way native speakers express these ideas.사람마다(sa-ram-ma-da | every person / each person):
사람마다 취향이 달라요.(Sa-ram-ma-da chwi-hyang-i dal-la-yo.)- "Every person's taste is different."
나라마다(na-ra-ma-da | every country):
나라마다 법이 달라요.(Na-ra-ma-da beob-i dal-la-yo.)- "Every country has different laws."
주말마다(ju-mal-ma-da | every weekend):
저는 주말마다 등산해요.(Jeo-neun ju-mal-ma-da deung-san-hae-yo.)- "I go hiking every weekend."
날마다(nal-ma-da | every day):
매일 in casual conversation. 날 means day.할머니는 날마다 일기를 쓰세요.(Hal-meo-ni-neun nal-ma-da il-gi-reul sseu-se-yo.)- "Grandma writes a diary every day."
해마다(hae-ma-da | every year):
날마다, this is a more colloquial alternative to 매년 (mae-nyeon) for "every year." 해 means year.이 축제는 해마다 열려요.(I chuk-je-neun hae-ma-da yeol-lyeo-yo.)- "This festival is held every year."
시간마다(si-gan-ma-da | every hour):
한 시간마다 is often clearer, but 시간마다 is also used.약은 시간마다 복용해야 해요.(Yak-eun si-gan-ma-da bo-gyong-hae-ya hae-yo.)- "You have to take the medicine every hour."
때마다(ttae-ma-da | every time / whenever):
-(으)ㄹ 때 (when/at the time of) form, effectively creating a clause that 마다 then modifies. It allows you to express "every time [an action happens]."시험을 볼 때마다 긴장해요.(Si-heom-eul bol ttae-ma-da gin-jang-hae-yo.)- "Every time I take an exam, I get nervous."
Contrast With Similar Patterns
마다 and these related patterns is crucial for precise communication.매- (每-) vs. 마다:매- is a Sino-Korean prefix meaning "every" or "each" (derived from Chinese 毎). It always attaches to nouns, particularly time nouns, to form compound words. While 매- and 마다 can often be used interchangeably for time expressions, there are key distinctions.매- (e.g., 매일, 매주) | 마다 (e.g., 날마다, 주말마다) |Formation Table
| Noun | Particle | Result | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
|
날
|
마다
|
날마다
|
Every day
|
|
시간
|
마다
|
시간마다
|
Every hour
|
|
사람
|
마다
|
사람마다
|
Every person
|
|
나라
|
마다
|
나라마다
|
Every country
|
|
달
|
마다
|
달마다
|
Every month
|
|
집
|
마다
|
집마다
|
Every house
|
Meanings
The particle '마다' is used to indicate that something happens repeatedly for every instance of the preceding noun, or that a quality applies to each individual member of a group.
Time Frequency
Indicates an action occurring at regular time intervals.
“시간마다 약을 드세요.”
“일요일마다 교회에 가요.”
Individual Distribution
Indicates that a trait or action applies to every single individual in a group.
“사람마다 생각이 달라요.”
“나라마다 문화가 달라요.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + 마다
|
날마다 운동해요.
|
|
Negative
|
Noun + 마다 + 안/못
|
사람마다 다 좋아하지는 않아요.
|
|
Question
|
Noun + 마다 + Verb?
|
시간마다 버스가 와요?
|
|
Comparison
|
Noun + 마다 + 다르다
|
나라마다 문화가 달라요.
|
|
Frequency
|
Time + 마다
|
일주일마다 만나요.
|
|
Distribution
|
Noun + 마다
|
꽃마다 향기가 있어요.
|
Formality Spectrum
사람마다 생각이 다릅니다. (General discussion)
사람마다 생각이 달라요. (General discussion)
사람마다 생각이 달라. (General discussion)
사람마다 다 다르지. (General discussion)
Usage of 마다
Time
- 날마다 every day
- 시간마다 every hour
People
- 사람마다 every person
Places
- 나라마다 every country
Examples by Level
날마다 공부해요.
I study every day.
시간마다 버스가 와요.
The bus comes every hour.
사람마다 달라요.
It is different for each person.
꽃마다 예뻐요.
Every flower is pretty.
일요일마다 운동하러 가요.
I go to exercise every Sunday.
나라마다 문화가 달라요.
Every country has a different culture.
이 약을 아침마다 드세요.
Take this medicine every morning.
학생마다 숙제가 있어요.
Each student has homework.
식당마다 사람이 많네요.
There are many people in every restaurant.
질문마다 대답하기 어려워요.
It is difficult to answer every question.
매년 여름마다 제주도에 가요.
I go to Jeju Island every summer.
상점마다 세일을 해요.
Every store is having a sale.
사람마다 가치관이 다르다는 것을 인정해야 해요.
We must acknowledge that everyone has different values.
이 지역은 마을마다 축제가 열립니다.
In this region, festivals are held in every village.
그는 만나는 사람마다 친절하게 대합니다.
He treats everyone he meets with kindness.
계절마다 피는 꽃이 다릅니다.
The flowers that bloom are different for every season.
그는 매번 회의마다 새로운 아이디어를 제안합니다.
He proposes new ideas at every single meeting.
도시마다 고유한 매력이 존재합니다.
Every city possesses its own unique charm.
작품마다 작가의 철학이 담겨 있습니다.
The author's philosophy is embedded in every work.
상황마다 대처하는 방식이 달라야 합니다.
The way of coping must be different for every situation.
언어마다 고유의 문법 체계와 사고방식이 반영되어 있습니다.
Every language reflects its own unique grammatical system and way of thinking.
시대마다 요구되는 인재상이 변화하기 마련입니다.
The ideal type of talent required changes with every era.
그는 매 순간마다 최선을 다해 살아가고 있습니다.
He is living his life by doing his best at every single moment.
사건마다 그 이면에 숨겨진 진실이 있기 마련입니다.
There is bound to be a hidden truth behind every incident.
Easily Confused
Both mean 'every', but '모든' is a determiner (before noun) and '마다' is a particle (after noun).
Prefixes like '매일' (every day) already contain the meaning of 'every'.
'-씩' means 'each' in terms of quantity (e.g., one each), while '마다' means 'every' in terms of frequency or distribution.
Common Mistakes
날 마다
날마다
마다 날
날마다
먹다마다
매일 먹어요
사람들마다
사람마다
모든 사람마다
모든 사람 / 사람마다
일주일 마다
일주일마다
매일마다
매일
매주마다
매주
매달마다
매달
매년마다
매년
모든 날마다
날마다
각각의 사람마다
사람마다
모든 시간마다
시간마다
매 순간마다
매 순간
Sentence Patterns
저는 ___마다 운동해요.
___마다 생각이 달라요.
이 버스는 ___마다 와요.
___마다 고유한 매력이 있어요.
Real World Usage
매일마다 연락해!
사진마다 다 예쁘다.
상황마다 대처하는 능력이 있습니다.
기차가 30분마다 있어요.
메뉴마다 설명이 있어요.
연구마다 결과가 다릅니다.
No Space!
Redundancy
Individual Focus
Politeness
Smart Tips
Use '마다' for intervals, but use '매-' for fixed time units.
Use '마다' to emphasize individual differences.
Always check for spaces before particles.
Use '마다' to ask about frequency.
Pronunciation
Linking
The 'd' sound in '마다' is pronounced clearly. Ensure no pause between the noun and the particle.
Statement
날마다 운동해요 ↘
Neutral declarative tone.
Question
날마다 운동해요 ↗
Rising intonation for questions.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Ma-da' as 'My-da' (my day). Every day is 'My day'!
Visual Association
Imagine a clock ticking every hour, and at each tick, a little '마다' sticker pops onto the clock face.
Rhyme
Every day is 날마다, every hour is 시간마다.
Story
Min-su wakes up. He checks his phone every minute (분마다). He greets every person (사람마다) he sees. He visits every shop (가게마다) on his way to work.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 5 sentences about your daily routine using '마다' for each activity.
Cultural Notes
Koreans value punctuality, so '시간마다' (every hour) is a common phrase in professional settings.
In schools, '학생마다' (each student) is used to emphasize individual potential.
In marketing, '제품마다' (every product) is used to highlight quality control.
The particle '마다' is a native Korean distributive marker that has been in use since Middle Korean.
Conversation Starters
운동을 얼마나 자주 하세요?
사람마다 성격이 다를까요?
이 버스는 얼마나 자주 와요?
나라마다 문화가 정말 다른 것 같아요.
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
날___ 공부해요.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
매일마다 운동해요.
다 / 사람마다 / 달라요 / 생각이
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Choose the correct one.
이 버스는 10분___ 와요.
모든 학생이 숙제가 있어요.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercises날___ 공부해요.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
매일마다 운동해요.
다 / 사람마다 / 달라요 / 생각이
Match: 시간마다
Choose the correct one.
이 버스는 10분___ 와요.
모든 학생이 숙제가 있어요.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises여름 (____) 제주도에 가요.
오분 / 버스가 / 마다 / 와요
Every country
Pick the correct phrase:
매일마다 운동해요.
Match intervals:
사람 (____) 달라요.
Choose the best option:
물을 / 아침마다 / 마셔요
Every post (social media)
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
Usually, plural markers like '들' are omitted when using '마다'. '사람들마다' is less common than '사람마다'.
It is neutral and can be used in any register depending on the verb ending.
Because '매일' already contains the meaning of 'every'. Adding '마다' is redundant.
No, it is invariant and attaches to all nouns equally.
No, it is strictly for nouns.
'모든' is a determiner (all/every) and '마다' is a particle (each).
Yes, it works perfectly in questions.
No, it must be attached directly to the noun.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
cada
Word order: 'cada' precedes, '마다' follows.
chaque
Word order: 'chaque' precedes, '마다' follows.
jeder
German has inflection; Korean '마다' does not.
goto
Japanese 'goto' is often written in kanji (毎) and can be used as a prefix or suffix.
mei
Chinese 'mei' is a prefix; Korean '마다' is a suffix.
kull
Arabic 'kull' is a prefix; Korean '마다' is a suffix.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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