B2 Nouns & Pronouns 15 min read Fácil

Formando Substantivos: Sufixos -i, -esh, -egi

Use «-i» e -egi para qualidades abstratas e -esh com raízes do presente para substantivos de ação.
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Pratique

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Turn adjectives and verbs into nouns by adding -i, -esh, or -egi to the root.

  • -i turns adjectives into abstract nouns: خوب (good) → خوبی (goodness).
  • -esh turns verb stems into action nouns: نوشتن (to write) → نوشته (writing/text).
  • -egi turns adjectives into state nouns: آزاد (free) → آزادگی (freedom/liberty).
Root + Suffix (-i/-esh/-egi) = Noun

Overview

Já notou que zende significa vivo, mas zendegi significa vida? Estes são os transformadores do persa. Com os sufixos -i, -esh e -egi, você pode construir substantivos.

How This Grammar Works

  • -i (ی): Transforma adjetivos em substantivos (Bom -> Bondade).
  • -egi (گی): Igual ao -i, mas para palavras terminadas em h mudo.
  • -esh (ش): Liga-se à raiz do *presente* para transformar verbos em substantivos.

Formation Pattern

1
The Classic -i (ی)
2
Fórmula: Adjetivo + i
3
The Smooth -egi (گی)
4
Fórmula: Palavra terminada em 'eh/ah' + gi
5
The Active -esh (ش)
6
Fórmula: Raiz Presente + esh

When To Use It

Use para conceitos abstratos (zibayi - beleza) ou escrita formal.

Common Mistakes

  • Confundir o -i nominalizador com o artigo indefinido.
  • Usar a raiz passada para -esh (Use sempre a presente!).

Contrast With Similar Patterns

  • Infinitivo (-an) vs. Substantivo (-esh): khandan é o ato de ler; khanesh é a leitura/interpretação.

Quick FAQ

P: Posso adicionar -esh a qualquer verbo?

R: Não, é usado apenas com certos verbos estabelecidos.

Noun Formation Suffixes

Root Type Suffix Example Root Resulting Noun
Adjective
-i
خوب (good)
خوبی (goodness)
Adjective
-i
شاد (happy)
شادی (happiness)
Verb Stem
-esh
پژوه (research)
پژوهش (research)
Verb Stem
-esh
گرد (turn/walk)
گردش (tour/walk)
Adjective
-egi
آزاد (free)
آزادگی (freedom)
Adjective
-egi
بنده (servant)
بندگی (servitude)

Meanings

These suffixes are used to derive abstract nouns from adjectives or verb roots, allowing you to express concepts rather than just qualities.

1

Abstract Quality

Turning an adjective into the state of being that adjective.

“سختی (hardness/difficulty)”

“خوبی (goodness)”

2

Action/Result

Turning a verb stem into the act or result of the action.

“نوشته (writing/text)”

“پژوهش (research)”

3

State of Being

Describing a complex state or condition.

“آزادگی (liberty/freedom)”

“بندگی (servitude)”

Reference Table

Reference table for Formando Substantivos: Sufixos -i, -esh, -egi
Sufixo Tipo de Base Exemplo (Persa) Significado
-i (ی)
Adjetivo
خوب (Khub) → خوبی (Khubi)
Bondade
-i (ی)
Substantivo
دوست (Doost) → دوستی (Doosti)
Amizade
-egi (گی)
Termina em 'h'
زنده (Zende) → زندگی (Zendegi)
Vida
-egi (گی)
Termina em 'h'
راننده (Ranande) → رانندگی (Ranandegi)
Direção (ato de dirigir)
-esh (ش)
Raiz do Presente
کوش (Koosh) → کوشش (Kooshesh)
Esforço
-esh (ش)
Raiz do Presente
دان (Dan) → دانش (Danesh)
Conhecimento

Espectro de formalidade

Formal
حال شما چطور است؟

حال شما چطور است؟ (Greeting)

Neutro
خوبی؟

خوبی؟ (Greeting)

Informal
خوبی؟

خوبی؟ (Greeting)

Gíria
چطوری؟

چطوری؟ (Greeting)

Cadastre-se grátis para ler a explicação completa

Exemplos por nível

1

خوبی؟

Are you good?

2

شادی خوب است.

Happiness is good.

3

سختی زیاد است.

The difficulty is high.

4

بزرگیِ خانه.

The size of the house.

1

او به پژوهش علاقه دارد.

He is interested in research.

2

آزادگی حق ماست.

Freedom is our right.

3

این نوشته زیباست.

This writing is beautiful.

4

گردش در پارک.

A walk in the park.

1

زیباییِ طبیعت مرا جذب کرد.

The beauty of nature attracted me.

2

آموزش در ایران مهم است.

Education in Iran is important.

3

او با آزادگی زندگی کرد.

He lived with freedom/dignity.

4

سختیِ کار زیاد بود.

The difficulty of the work was high.

1

پژوهش‌های اخیر نشان می‌دهند...

Recent research shows...

2

بندگی در برابر حقیقت.

Servitude before the truth.

3

او به بزرگیِ روح معروف است.

He is known for the greatness of his soul.

4

این نوشته حاوی نکات مهمی است.

This text contains important points.

1

آزادگیِ اندیشه لازمه‌ی پیشرفت است.

Freedom of thought is necessary for progress.

2

پژوهشِ میدانیِ گسترده‌ای انجام شد.

An extensive field research was conducted.

3

شادیِ درونی، هدف نهایی است.

Inner happiness is the ultimate goal.

4

او با بزرگی از این بحران گذشت.

He passed through this crisis with greatness/dignity.

1

بندگیِ مدرن در عصر تکنولوژی.

Modern servitude in the age of technology.

2

پژوهشگری که مرزها را جابجا کرد.

A researcher who pushed the boundaries.

3

آزادگیِ مطلق، یک آرمان است.

Absolute freedom is an ideal.

4

نوشته‌های او سرشار از استعاره است.

His writings are full of metaphors.

Fácil de confundir

Making Nouns: Suffixes -i, -esh, -egi vs Infinitive vs. Noun

Learners confuse -an (infinitive) with -esh (noun).

Making Nouns: Suffixes -i, -esh, -egi vs -i vs. -egi

Both can form nouns from adjectives.

Making Nouns: Suffixes -i, -esh, -egi vs Adjective vs. Noun

Learners use the noun form where an adjective is needed.

Erros comuns

✗

خوبگی

✓

خوبی

Wrong suffix for this adjective.
✗

شادش

✓

شادی

Incorrect suffix.
✗

سختش

✓

سختی

Verb suffix used on adjective.
✗

آزادی

✓

آزادگی

While 'Azadi' exists, 'Azadegi' is more specific for state.
✗

پژوهی

✓

پژوهش

Wrong suffix for verb stem.
✗

گردی

✓

گردش

Wrong suffix for verb stem.
✗

بندش

✓

بندگی

Wrong suffix for state.
✗

آموزی

✓

آموزش

Incorrect suffix for process.
✗

بزرگش

✓

بزرگی

Incorrect suffix for quality.
✗

سختگی

✓

سختی

Incorrect suffix for adjective.
✗

آزادش

✓

آزادگی

Incorrect suffix for philosophical state.
✗

پژوهگی

✓

پژوهش

Incorrect suffix for process.
✗

شادی‌گی

✓

شادی

Redundant suffix.

Padrões de frases

___ِ این کار زیاد است.

من به ___ علاقه دارم.

___ حق هر انسانی است.

این ___ بسیار جالب است.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

خوبی؟

Academic Paper common

پژوهش حاضر...

Job Interview common

سختی‌های کار...

Travel Blog occasional

گردش در شهر...

Food Delivery App rare

خوبیِ این غذا...

Texting constant

شادی‌بخش بود!

Cadastre-se grátis para ver todos os exemplos
💡

O Teste do 'H' Mudo

Sempre verifique o final da palavra. Se você ouvir um som de 'e' no final (como em 'Bache'), você quase certamente precisará de -egi: «بچگی دوران خیلی خوبی است.»
⚠️

Nem todos os verbos aceitam

Você não pode adicionar -esh a qualquer verbo; é um grupo seleto. Se não tiver certeza, use o infinitivo: «رفتن به خانه را دوست دارم.»
🎯

Formal vs. Casual

Usar palavras com -esh como 'Porsesh' ou 'Kushesh' instantaneamente faz você parecer mais acadêmico: «پرسش شما کاملاً منطقی است.»

Smart Tips

Think of the adjective or verb first, then add the suffix.

The quality of being good is... → Khubi...

Use -esh for processes.

We are researching... → Pazhuhesh-e ma...

Use -egi for deep states.

He is free. → Azadegi-ye oo...

Use -i.

How are you? → Khubi?

Pronúncia

khu-BI

Suffix stress

The stress usually falls on the syllable before the suffix or the suffix itself.

Question

خوبی؟ ↑

Rising intonation for questions.

Memorize

Mnemônico

Remember: 'I' for Internal qualities, 'Esh' for External actions, 'Egi' for Existential states.

Associação visual

Imagine a 'Good' (Khub) person holding an 'I' (i) sign, a 'Researcher' (Pazhuhesh) holding an 'Esh' (esh) sign, and a 'Free' (Azad) person holding an 'Egi' (egi) sign.

Rhyme

Add an 'i' to make it a trait, 'esh' for the action, 'egi' for the state.

Story

Ali was a researcher (Pazhuhesh). He valued his freedom (Azadegi). He always asked his friends, 'Are you good (Khubi)?'

Word Web

خوبیشادیپژوهشگردشآزادگیبندگیسختی

Desafio

Write three sentences using one noun from each suffix category in 5 minutes.

Notas culturais

The word 'Azadegi' is deeply tied to Iranian concepts of dignity and honor.

These suffixes have evolved from Middle Persian nominalization patterns.

Iniciadores de conversa

“

خوبی؟

“

به نظر شما پژوهش در ایران چطور است؟

“

آزادگی برای شما چه معنایی دارد؟

“

تفاوت بین شادی و خوشحالی چیست؟

Temas para diário

Describe your day using at least three nouns ending in -i.
Write a short paragraph about a research topic you like.
Reflect on the meaning of freedom (Azadegi) in your life.
Discuss the importance of education (Amoozesh) in modern society.

Erros comuns

Incorrect

Correto

Incorrect

Correto

Incorrect

Correto

Incorrect

Correto

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Converta o adjetivo 'Gorosne' (Faminto) em um substantivo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Como 'Gorosne' termina em 'h' mudo, usamos o sufixo -gi.
Qual palavra significa 'Pergunta'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Pegamos a raiz do presente 'Pors' e adicionamos -esh.
Corrija o erro na formação do substantivo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
'Khaste' termina em 'h', por isso deve levar -gi, não apenas «-i».

Score: /3

Exercicios praticos

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct noun.

او به ___ علاقه دارد. (research)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: پژوهش
Pazhuhesh is the noun for research.
Choose the correct noun form. Múltipla escolha

کدام کلمه درست است؟

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خوبی
Khubi is the correct noun for goodness.
Correct the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

سختگی کار زیاد است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سختی
Sakti is the correct noun for difficulty.
Change the adjective to a noun. Sentence Transformation

او آزاد است. (Freedom)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: آزادگی
Azadegi is the state of freedom.
Match the root to the noun. Match Pairs

خوب - پژوه - آزاد

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خوبی، پژوهش، آزادگی
Correct suffix matching.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: چطوری؟ B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خوبم
Khubam means I am good.
Build a sentence with 'شادی'. Sentence Building

شادی / است / خوب

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شادی خوب است.
Standard subject-predicate order.
Sort by suffix. Grammar Sorting

خوبی، پژوهش، آزادگی

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: -i, -esh, -egi
Correct suffix identification.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Complete com o substantivo para 'Bom'. Preencher as lacunas

Obrigado pela sua ___ (Khub).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Khubi
Selecione a palavra correta para 'Habilidade/Capacidade'. Preencher as lacunas

Ela tem uma grande ___ (Tavan - raiz).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Tavanayi
Organize para dizer: 'Amizade é importante.' Preencher as lacunas

ast / mohem / Doosti

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Doosti mohem ast
Corrija o sufixo. Preencher as lacunas

A zibai do parque.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The zibayi of the park
Combine o adjetivo com sua forma substantiva. Preencher as lacunas

Combine corretamente.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Zende (Vivo) - Zendegi (Vida)","Shad (Feliz) - Shadi (Felicidade)"]
Substantivo para 'Macio/Suave'. Preencher as lacunas

A ___ (Narm) do travesseiro.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Narmi
Qual palavra significa 'Paz'? Preencher as lacunas

Eu preciso de um pouco de ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Aramesh
Corrija o uso da raiz verbal. Preencher as lacunas

O danestan (conhecimento) dele é vasto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: His danesh is vast.
Traduza 'Garm' (Quente) -> 'Calor/Quentura'. Preencher as lacunas

Como se diz 'Calor'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Garmi
Crie o substantivo para 'Motorista' (Ranande). Preencher as lacunas

Ela está aprendendo ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ranandegi
Qual implica um processo ou ação? Preencher as lacunas

Selecione a palavra para o contexto de 'Teste/Experimento'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Azmayesh (Testing/Experiment)
Corrija a forma. Preencher as lacunas

A mardegi (masculinidade) do herói.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The mardi of the hero.

Score: /12

Perguntas frequentes (8)

No, they only work with specific roots like adjectives and verb stems.

Azadi is general freedom; Azadegi implies a state of dignity or nobility.

Because it comes from a verb stem.

Yes, they are very common in academic and formal prose.

Native speakers will understand, but it might sound slightly off.

Yes, you can add -ha to these nouns.

Persian has no grammatical gender.

Try writing short sentences using these suffixes daily.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

Cadastre-se grátis para praticar

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

-dad

Persian suffixes are more productive.

French moderate

-age

Persian -esh is strictly for verb stems.

German moderate

-heit/-keit

German is gendered; Persian is not.

Japanese high

-sa

Japanese -sa is only for adjectives.

Arabic partial

-iyya

Arabic is root-based; Persian is suffix-based.

Chinese low

化 (hua)

Persian is agglutinative; Chinese is isolating.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Cadeias de Ezafe Persas: Conectando Múltiplas Palavras (درِ خانه‌یِ...)
Next
Advérbios de modo em persa: Como as coisas acontecem (ba / be tohre)

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