Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The Statal Passive describes the result of an action rather than the action itself.
- Use 'sein' + past participle: 'Die Tür ist geschlossen' (The door is closed).
- It focuses on the state, not the person performing the action.
- It is the opposite of the 'Vorgangspassiv' (Action Passive) which uses 'werden'.
Overview
Zustandspassiv, describes the *result* or *state* of an action. Unlike the Process Passive (Vorgangspassiv), which focuses on an action as it unfolds, the Zustandspassiv presents a snapshot of a completed action's outcome. It answers the question What is the state now?rather than
What is happening? or What was done?.The door is closedcan ambiguously refer to an ongoing action or a static condition in English, German clarifies this with
Die Tür wird geschlossen (the action of closing) versus Die Tür ist geschlossen (the state of being closed). This grammatical structure is indispensable for conveying current conditions and completed tasks.Conjugation Table
| Person/Number | Präsens (Present) | Präteritum (Simple Past) | Perfekt (Present Perfect) | Plusquamperfekt (Past Perfect) | Futur I (Future) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| :-------------- | :--------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------ | :------------------------------- | :------------------------------- | ||
| ich | bin gemacht | war gemacht | bin gemacht gewesen | war gemacht gewesen | werde gemacht sein | ||
| du | bist gemacht | warst gemacht | bist gemacht gewesen | warst gemacht gewesen | wirst gemacht sein | ||
| er/sie/es | ist gemacht | war gemacht | ist gemacht gewesen | war gemacht gewesen | wird gemacht sein | ||
| wir | sind gemacht | waren gemacht | sind gemacht gewesen | waren gemacht gewesen | werden gemacht sein | ||
| ihr | seid gemacht | wart gemacht | seid gemacht gewesen | wart gemacht gewesen | werdet gemacht sein | ||
| sie/Sie | sind gemacht | waren gemacht | sind gemacht gewesen | waren gemacht gewesen | werden gemacht sein |
How This Grammar Works
Zustandspassiv functions by transforming the result of a transitive verb's action into an adjectival description of the subject's current state. The key lies in the auxiliary verb sein, which denotes *being* or *existence*, contrasted with werden (to become), which signifies a *process* or *change*. When you use sein with a Partizip II, you are essentially stating that the subject is in a certain condition, a condition brought about by a previous action.Das Fenster ist geöffnet means The window is in an opened state,not that someone is in the process of opening it. The
Partizip II here behaves much like an adjective. Consider Das Haus ist alt (The house is old), where alt is an adjective.Das Haus ist gebaut (The house is built), gebaut (built) also describes a quality of the house, a quality resulting from the action of bauen (to build). This adjectival quality is why the Partizip II does not decline or agree with the subject in gender or number, unlike true adjectives that would precede the noun. Its fixed form streamlines sentence construction.sein as the static anchor and the Partizip II as the descriptor of the achieved state. This grammatical mechanism allows for concise communication of completed actions and their lasting effects.Zustandspassiv in various contexts.
Formation Pattern
Zustandspassiv is straightforward and follows a consistent pattern. You combine the appropriate conjugated form of sein with the Partizip II of a transitive verb. Remember, only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) can form a passive voice, as the direct object becomes the subject of the passive sentence. The Partizip II is typically formed with ge- prefix and a -(e)t or -en ending for regular verbs, and various irregular forms that you must learn. The main components are the subject, the conjugated form of sein, and the Partizip II positioned at the end of the clause (in main clauses). In subordinate clauses, the Partizip II would precede the conjugated sein verb, which moves to the very end.
Subject + conjugated form of sein + ... + Partizip II
..., dass Subject + ... + Partizip II + conjugated form of sein
Der Brief ist geschrieben. (The letter is written.)
Die Fenster waren geputzt. (The windows were cleaned.)
..., weil die Aufgabe erledigt ist. (..., because the task is finished.)
sein's tense determines the temporal reference of the state. If you want to express a current state, use sein in the present tense. For a past state, use sein in the Präteritum or Perfekt. The simplicity of this pattern makes it highly efficient for communicating completed actions and their lasting impact. You must correctly form the Partizip II of the verb in question. Irregular verbs will require memorization of their Partizip II forms. For instance, schreiben becomes geschrieben, sehen becomes gesehen, and öffnen becomes geöffnet. The unchanging nature of the Partizip II is a key feature, making it easier to construct these sentences once sein is mastered. You should practice identifying transitive verbs and their Partizip II forms to confidently apply this pattern. The Zustandspassiv provides a grammatical shortcut to describe consequences.
When To Use It
Zustandspassiv whenever you wish to emphasize the finished state or result of an action, rather than the action itself or the agent performing it. This form is particularly useful for conveying current conditions, outcomes, and statuses. It implies that an action has been completed, and its effects are presently observable.- Reporting on Completed Tasks/Status Updates: When an item on a to-do list is done, or a project milestone is reached, the
Zustandspassivis ideal. It states the completion clearly. Die Präsentation ist vorbereitet.(The presentation is prepared.)Der Fehler ist behoben.(The bug is fixed.)- Describing a Permanent or Semi-Permanent Condition: If the action has led to a lasting state, this form is appropriate.
Der Laden ist geschlossen.(The shop is closed – meaning it's not open now, the act of closing is over.)Die Tür ist aufgeschlossen.(The door is unlocked.)- Discussing Availability or Non-Availability: When something is used up, sold out, or otherwise not present.
Die Plätze sind reserviert.(The seats are reserved.)Alle Exemplare sind verkauft.(All copies are sold.)- Indicating Results of Processes (especially in technical/administrative contexts): For processes that have a definitive endpoint, the
Zustandspassivdescribes that endpoint. Die Lieferung ist angekommen.(The delivery has arrived / is here.)Das System ist installiert.(The system is installed.)
already (schon) into the English equivalent and it makes sense, you're likely dealing with a Zustandspassiv situation in German. For example, Das Essen ist gekocht implies the cooking process is *already* complete. This usage is about objective reporting.Zustandspassiv is your most precise grammatical tool. This grammatical form reflects a cultural emphasis on clarity and definitive statements regarding outcomes, especially in professional communication.
When Not To Use It
Zustandspassiv is inappropriate, as its misuse can lead to grammatical errors or convey unintended meanings. The fundamental principle is to avoid the Zustandspassiv when you want to describe an ongoing action or process, or when the focus is explicitly on the action being performed rather than its completed state. This is where the Vorgangspassiv (process passive) or even the active voice is required.Zustandspassiv:- For Ongoing Actions/Processes: If something is actively being done, or
in progress, you must use theVorgangspassiv(werden+Partizip II). Usingseinhere would imply the action is already finished, which would be contradictory. - Incorrect:
Die Tür ist geschlossen von der Putzfrau.(Implies the door is *already* closed by the cleaning lady, not that she is closing it right now.) - Correct (
Vorgangspassiv):Die Tür wird von der Putzfrau geschlossen.(The door is being closed by the cleaning lady.) - When the Agent of the Action is Important and Performing the Action Now: While
Zustandspassivusually omits the agent, if the agent is actively engaged in the process, it's the wrong choice. - Incorrect:
Der Brief ist geschrieben von mir.(Sounds awkward, implying the letter is *currently* in the state of being written *by* me, which makes little sense.) - Correct (Active):
Ich schreibe den Brief.(I am writing the letter.) - Correct (
Vorgangspassiv):Der Brief wird von mir geschrieben.(The letter is being written by me.) - With Intransitive Verbs: Only transitive verbs (those that take a direct object) can form a passive voice. Intransitive verbs (like
schlafen– to sleep,gehen– to go,laufen– to run) do not have a passive form, thus they cannot form aZustandspassiv. - Incorrect:
Er ist gegangen.(This isPerfektactive for movement verbs, not passive.) - Correct:
Er ist gegangen.(He has gone.) - This is activePerfekt, not passive. - When the
Partizip IIis functioning as a pure adjective without a preceding action: SometimesPartizip IIforms can become pure adjectives. If there's no implied prior action, it's notZustandspassiv. - Consider:
Er ist verliebt.(He is in love.) Here,verliebtfunctions as a pure adjective describing a state, not necessarily the result of a specific, recent 'falling in love' action. While derived fromsich verlieben, its usage here is more adjectival. Distinguishing this can be subtle but usually clear from context. If there's no clear 'done' action, it's likely just an adjective.
sein indicates a state, werden indicates a process. You should constantly ask yourself: Am I describing an ongoing activity or a completed result?Zustandspassiv can lead to confusing or ungrammatical sentences, diminishing the clarity of your communication. Therefore, careful consideration of context is paramount.
Common Mistakes
Zustandspassiv. These often stem from interference from their native language (especially English, which lacks a direct structural equivalent for the process/state passive distinction) and an incomplete understanding of the German system. You will benefit from proactively addressing these common pitfalls.- Confusing
seinandwerden: This is the most prevalent error. Usingseinwhenwerdenis required for an ongoing action, or vice versa. Many learners default towerdenfor any passive construction. - Error:
Die Straße wird seit zwei Stunden gesperrt.(Intending to say: The street *has been* closed for two hours, indicating a state.) - Correction:
Die Straße ist seit zwei Stunden gesperrt.(The street *is* closed for two hours – a state.) - Error:
Das Fenster ist gerade geöffnet.(Intending to say: The window *is being opened* right now.) - Correction:
Das Fenster wird gerade geöffnet.(The window *is being opened* right now – an ongoing process.) - Overuse of
von(by) ordurch(through) for agents: While technically possible in rare, specific contexts (likeDas Bild ist von Picasso gemalt), mentioning the agent (vonordurch) is almost always avoided inZustandspassiv. Its purpose is to focus on the state, not the doer. - Error:
Die Aufgabe ist von Peter erledigt.(While understandable, it's unnatural.) - Correction:
Die Aufgabe ist erledigt.(The task is finished.) If Peter's involvement is crucial, an active sentence is preferred:Peter hat die Aufgabe erledigt. - Incorrect Partizip II formation: Using an infinitive or incorrectly formed
Partizip IIinstead of the correct past participle. This is often due to insufficient practice with irregular verb forms. - Error:
Der Kaffee ist trinken.(Incorrect Partizip II fortrinken.) - Correction:
Der Kaffee ist getrunken.(The coffee is drunk.) - Applying
Zustandspassivto verbs that cannot form a passive: As previously noted, only transitive verbs can form a passive voice. Intransitive verbs, verbs of state, and reflexive verbs generally cannot. - Error:
Er ist geschlafen.(Intransitive verbschlafenhas no passive.) - Correction:
Er hat geschlafen.(He has slept – activePerfekt.) - Confusing
ZustandspassivwithPerfektActive: For movement verbs (gehen,kommen,fahren), thePerfektactive also usesseinas an auxiliary verb (Ich bin gegangen). Learners sometimes misinterpret this asZustandspassiv. PerfektActive:Ich bin nach Hause gegangen.(I have gone home.) – Focus on the completed action of *going*.Zustandspassiv(example with a transitive verb):Der Brief ist geschrieben.(The letter is written.) – Focus on the *state* of the letter.
werden) or a completed state (use sein)? Is the verb transitive? Have I formed the Partizip II correctly? Regular self-correction and attentive listening to native speakers will refine your usage. You should also pay close attention to the context, as it often provides critical clues to the intended meaning.
Memory Trick
To reliably distinguish between Vorgangspassiv (process) and Zustandspassiv (state), you can employ a simple mental check: werden is for Werden (Becoming), sein is for Sein (Being).
- Werden = Vorgangspassiv: Think of werden as the verb of *becoming* or *changing*. If something is *becoming* done, or *in the process of* being done, use werden.
- *Analogy:* Werden is like a video of the action unfolding.
- *Example:* Die Tür wird geöffnet. (The door is *becoming* opened / is *being opened*.)
- Sein = Zustandspassiv: Think of sein as the verb of *being* or *existence*. If something *is* in a certain finished state, use sein.
- *Analogy:* Sein is like a photo of the finished result.
- *Example:* Die Tür ist geöffnet. (The door *is* open / *is in an opened state*.)
Another trick: If you can substitute the Partizip II with an actual adjective and the meaning largely holds (e.g., Die Tür ist geöffnet can be conceptually linked to Die Tür ist offen), you're probably in Zustandspassiv territory. This mental substitution helps reinforce the adjectival nature of the Partizip II in this construction. You should associate werden with dynamic change and sein with static reality. This simple differentiation will guide your choice every time. You will find that this mnemonic significantly reduces confusion once internalized. It provides an immediate and intuitive way to select the correct auxiliary verb.
Real Conversations
Understanding the Zustandspassiv is crucial for natural communication in German, as it frequently appears in everyday dialogue, formal notices, and various digital interactions. You'll encounter it when native speakers efficiently convey information about finished tasks or current conditions without dwelling on the action's execution. This section illustrates authentic usage in modern contexts, demonstrating how German speakers apply this grammar rule naturally.
- In the Office / Project Updates:
- Colleague A: Ist der Bericht schon fertig? (Is the report ready yet?)
- Colleague B: Ja, der Bericht ist geschrieben und ist bereits verschickt. (Yes, the report is written and is already sent.)
- *Observation:* Colleague B quickly conveys the completed state of two tasks, focusing on the result, not the act of writing or sending.
- Daily Life / Household:
- Roommate 1: Sind die Einkäufe schon reingetragen? (Are the groceries brought in yet?)
- Roommate 2: Ja, alles ist schon verstaut. (Yes, everything is already put away.)
- *Observation:* This interaction uses Zustandspassiv to confirm the completion of a chore, indicating the current orderly state of the groceries.
- Customer Service / Online Status:
- Website Message: Ihre Bestellung ist bearbeitet und ist versandfertig. (Your order is processed and is ready for shipment.)
- *Observation:* Online systems frequently use Zustandspassiv to give concise status updates, assuring you of the completed steps in a process. This mirrors common e-commerce notifications.
- Social Media / Casual Updates:
- Friend A: Wie war das Konzert? (How was the concert?)
- Friend B: Super! Wir sind total begeistert! (Great! We are totally thrilled!)
- *Observation:* While begeistert here acts as an adjective, it stems from a Partizip II and describes a resulting state. This illustrates the fluid boundary between the Zustandspassiv and adjectival usage in expressing emotional states as outcomes. This casual communication demonstrates that the structure is not limited to formal settings but integrated into various communicative registers. You will notice that native speakers effortlessly switch between active, Vorgangspassiv, and Zustandspassiv depending on what they wish to emphasize, making the result-oriented Zustandspassiv a frequent choice for conveying current realities.
Contrast With Similar Patterns
Zustandspassiv from related grammatical patterns is crucial for precise communication. You will often encounter scenarios where the choice between active voice, Vorgangspassiv, and a simple adjective can be subtle yet significantly alter the meaning. This section provides a detailed comparison to clarify these distinctions.Zustandspassiv vs. Vorgangspassiv (Process Passive)Vorgangspassiv focuses on the action or process itself, using werden + Partizip II. Zustandspassiv focuses on the resulting state, using sein + Partizip II.Vorgangspassiv (Process) | Zustandspassiv (State) |werden | sein |Die Tür wird geschlossen. | Die Tür ist geschlossen. |- Illustration: Imagine a video camera (Vorgangspassiv) recording someone closing a door, versus a still photograph (Zustandspassiv) of the door already shut. The former captures motion; the latter captures the static outcome. You must analyze whether the sentence describes an unfolding event or a static consequence.
Zustandspassiv vs. Active VoiceZustandspassiv and Vorgangspassiv shift the focus away from the agent, but they do so for different reasons.Zustandspassiv |Ich schließe die Tür. | Die Tür ist geschlossen. |- Illustration: If you want to say *who* did something, use active. If you just care about the
thingand its condition,Zustandspassivis better. You will often choose the active voice if thedoeris relevant to your communication.
Zustandspassiv vs. Pure AdjectivesPartizip II forms can evolve into conventional adjectives (e.g., geschlossen can mean both 'closed' as a state from schließen and 'closed' as a fixed descriptive adjective). The distinction often lies in whether a preceding action is clearly implied.Zustandspassiv (Partizip II) | Pure Adjective |Das Buch ist gelesen. | Das Buch ist spannend. |- Illustration:
Das Auto ist kaputt(The car is broken) useskaputtas an adjective.Das Auto ist repariert(The car is repaired) usesrepariertas aPartizip IIfromreparieren, indicating a state resulting from an action. The key is to ask if the descriptive word is derived from a verb whose action has recently or relevantly occurred. You will find that manyPartizip IIforms can function adjectivally without implying the passive state, which can be tricky. Context and implied action are your best guides here. If you can substitute thePartizip IIwithfertig(finished) orerledigt(done), you are likely dealing withZustandspassiv. Your understanding of this distinction will deepen with exposure to varied contexts.
Progressive Practice
Integrating the Zustandspassiv into your active German usage requires a structured approach and consistent practice. You need to move beyond mere recognition to spontaneous application in both speaking and writing. This section outlines strategies to progressively build your mastery of this grammar point, ensuring you can use it confidently and accurately in diverse situations. The goal is to make the distinction between Vorgangspassiv and Zustandspassiv intuitive.
- Observe and Deconstruct: Actively listen and read for examples of Zustandspassiv in authentic German materials (news articles, podcasts, TV shows, social media posts). When you encounter one, pause and ask yourself: Why is sein used here instead of werden? What state is being described? This analytical approach trains your ear and eye to the subtle cues.
- *Example Observation:* In a news report: Die Autobahn ist gesperrt. (The highway is closed.) – You identify that the state of being closed is the focus, not the action of closing. This helps reinforce the sein + Partizip II pattern for states.
- Transform Sentences: Take simple active sentences and practice converting them into both Vorgangspassiv and Zustandspassiv, paying close attention to the shift in meaning and auxiliary verb.
- *Active:* Der Kellner deckt den Tisch. (The waiter sets the table.)
- *Vorgangspassiv:* Der Tisch wird gedeckt (von dem Kellner). (The table is being set.)
- *Zustandspassiv:* Der Tisch ist gedeckt. (The table is set.)
- Daily Status Reporting: Make it a habit to describe the status of items around you or tasks you've completed using the Zustandspassiv. Look at your surroundings and articulate the current state of objects.
- Die Tür ist geschlossen. (The door is closed.)
- Mein Handy ist aufgeladen. (My phone is charged.)
- Die Wäsche ist gewaschen. (The laundry is washed.)
- Picture Description: Find images depicting completed actions and describe the resulting states using Zustandspassiv sentences. This visual aid reinforces the concept of a
Statal Passive Formation
| Subject | Auxiliary (sein) | Partizip II |
|---|---|---|
|
Ich
|
bin
|
geöffnet
|
|
Du
|
bist
|
geöffnet
|
|
Er/Sie/Es
|
ist
|
geöffnet
|
|
Wir
|
sind
|
geöffnet
|
|
Ihr
|
seid
|
geöffnet
|
|
Sie/sie
|
sind
|
geöffnet
|
Meanings
The Statal Passive describes the state or condition of a subject resulting from a completed action.
Resultative State
Focuses on the current condition of an object.
“{Das|n} {Licht|n} ist ausgeschaltet.”
“{Der|m} {Tisch|m} ist gedeckt.”
Reference Table
| 主语 | Sein (变位) | 补充细节 | Partizip II (结果) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Der Drucker
|
ist
|
seit gestern
|
repariert
|
|
Die Aufgaben
|
sind
|
bereits
|
erledigt
|
|
Das Fenster
|
ist
|
weit
|
geöffnet
|
|
Ich
|
bin
|
daran
|
interessiert
|
|
Wir
|
sind
|
neu
|
verliebt
|
|
Die Datei
|
war
|
leider
|
gelöscht
|
正式程度
{Die|f} {Tür|f} ist abgeschlossen. (Security)
{Die|f} {Tür|f} ist zu. (Security)
{Die|f} {Tür|f} ist dicht. (Security)
Tür ist zu. (Security)
动作 vs 结果 (披萨比喻)
我该用哪种被动语态？
动作现在正在发生吗？
动作已经结束了吗？
状态被动语态的组成部分
助动词
- sein 是
主要动词
- Partizip II ge-形式 (已做，已完)
状态被动语态的常见场景
IT / 科技
- • installiert (已安装)
- • gespeichert (已保存)
- • gelöscht (已删除)
日常生活
- • geschlossen (已关闭)
- • repariert (已修理)
- • verliebt (恋爱中)
按水平分级的例句
{Die|f} {Tür|f} ist zu.
The door is closed.
{Das|n} {Fenster|n} ist offen.
The window is open.
{Das|n} {Licht|n} ist an.
The light is on.
{Der|m} {Kuchen|m} ist fertig.
The cake is ready.
{Die|f} {Aufgabe|f} ist erledigt.
The task is done.
{Der|m} {Brief|m} ist geschrieben.
The letter is written.
{Die|f} {Rechnung|f} ist bezahlt.
The bill is paid.
{Das|n} {Auto|n} ist gewaschen.
The car is washed.
{Der|m} {Termin|m} ist vereinbart.
The appointment is scheduled.
{Die|f} {Tür|f} ist abgeschlossen.
The door is locked.
{Das|n} {Essen|n} ist vorbereitet.
The food is prepared.
{Der|m} {Computer|m} ist ausgeschaltet.
The computer is turned off.
{Die|f} {Entscheidung|f} ist getroffen.
The decision is made.
{Der|m} {Vertrag|m} ist unterschrieben.
The contract is signed.
{Die|f} {Ware|f} ist verpackt.
The goods are packed.
{Das|n} {Problem|n} ist gelöst.
The problem is solved.
{Die|f} {Anlage|f} ist installiert.
The system is installed.
{Der|m} {Plan|m} ist genehmigt.
The plan is approved.
{Die|f} {Regel|f} ist festgelegt.
The rule is established.
{Das|n} {Projekt|n} ist abgeschlossen.
The project is completed.
{Die|f} {Maßnahme|f} ist ergriffen.
The measure is taken.
{Der|m} {Zustand|m} ist stabilisiert.
The condition is stabilized.
{Die|f} {Forderung|f} ist erfüllt.
The demand is met.
{Das|n} {Verfahren|n} ist eingestellt.
The procedure is discontinued.
容易混淆
Both use participles.
常见错误
Das Fenster wird offen.
Das Fenster ist offen.
Das Buch ist geschrieben worden.
Das Buch ist geschrieben.
Die Tür ist schließen.
Die Tür ist geschlossen.
Das Projekt ist am Laufen.
Das Projekt ist abgeschlossen.
句型
___ ist ___.
Real World Usage
Der Bericht ist fertig.
“已经”测试法
schon (已经) 且意思通顺，那通常就要用 sein。例如：Die Tür ist schon abgeschlossen.
别提是谁干的
Es ist getan.官方告示体
Hier ist das Rauchen untersagt.
Smart Tips
Use sein + participle.
发音
Stress
Stress the participle, not the auxiliary.
Declarative
Die Tür ist geschlossen ↘
Statement of fact.
记住它
记忆技巧
Sein is the state, Werden is the change. If it's done, use 'sein' to explain the range.
视觉联想
Imagine a light switch. When you flip it, it's 'werden'. When it's already on, it's 'sein'.
Rhyme
Werden for the action, Sein for the state, use this rule to keep your grammar straight.
Story
I walked into the office. The door was locked (Statal). I realized the meeting was finished (Statal). I checked my email; it was sent (Statal).
Word Web
挑战
Look around your room and write 5 sentences using 'ist' + participle for things that are done.
文化笔记
Germans value precision. Using the Statal Passive shows you know the status of a project.
Derived from the Germanic 'sein' + past participle construction.
对话开场白
Ist dein Zimmer aufgeräumt?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
选择表示“窗户是开着的”的句子。
Ist geöffnet 描述状态。Wird geöffnet 描述有人正在开窗。{Die|f} Hausaufgaben ___ schon gemacht. (作业已经做好了。)
sein (复数用 sind) 来表示工作已经完成。Find and fix the mistake:
{Der|m} Laden wird geschlossen am Sonntag. (意思是：周日全天关门。)
ist 而不是 wird。Score: /3
练习题
1 exercisesDas Fenster ___ geöffnet.
Score: /1
Practice Bank
10 exercises{Der|m} Computer ___ repariert. (电脑修好了。)
怎么说“账单已付”？
{Das|n} Buch ist geschrieben von mir.
verliebt / Er / ist / total
将德语与中文意思匹配。
{Die|f} Tür ist ___ (schließen - 关闭)。
{Das|n} Fenster war geöffnet.
{Der|m} Brief wird schon geschrieben. (意思是：已经写好了。)
vorbereitet / alles / Ist / ?
Wir ___ gut vorbereitet. (我们准备得很充分。)
Score: /10
常见问题 (1)
No, only transitive verbs.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Estar + participio
German uses it more broadly for passive states.
Être + participe passé
French often uses reflexive verbs instead.
Te-iru form
Japanese is agglutinative.
Ism al-maf'ul
Arabic grammar is root-based.
Verb + le/zhe
Chinese has no conjugation.
To be + past participle
English often uses adjectives instead of participles.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
相关视频
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Reflexive Verbs: sich waschen, sich freuen (Reflexive Verben)
Reflexive verbs are verbs where the subject and the object are the same person — you do something to yourself. In German...
德语情态动词的过去时 (Präteritum)
Overview In German grammar, modal verbs represent a significant exception to the standard rules of past tense usage in...
