Zählen auf Chinesisch: Die Magie der Zähleinheitswörter (`个`, `本`, `张`)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In Chinese, you cannot count nouns directly; you must use a 'measure word' as a bridge between numbers and objects.
- Use 'Number + Measure Word + Noun' for counting: {三|sān} {个|gè} {人|rén} (three people).
- The word {个|gè} is the 'universal' measure word if you forget the specific one.
- Measure words are required even for singular items: {一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū} (one book).
Overview
ein Hund sagen kann?eine Tasse Kaffee oder ein Stück Brot.
个 zu benutzen, ist die faule Schüler-Variante.How This Grammar Works
ein [flaches-Ding] Tisch oder zwei [gebundene-Dinge] Bücher.
这 (dies) oder 那 (das).这 + Zähleinheitswort + Substantiv.Formation Pattern
一, 二, etc.).
个, 本, 张).
两 anstelle von 二, wenn du zwei Dinge zählst.
Dies/Das: 这/那 + Zähleinheitswort + Substantiv.
When To Use It
两杯.一件.jener Typ im Fitnessstudio sagst, brauchst du 那个人.Common Mistakes
Universal-个-Falle ist der größte Fehler.二 statt 两 beim Zählen zu verwenden.二个; sage immer 两个.这 (dies) oder 那 (das).Contrast With Similar Patterns
张, lange Dinge 条 und kleine Tiere 只.Quick FAQ
F: Kann ich einfach 个 für alles benutzen?
Du *kannst*, aber du wirst wie ein Kleinkind klingen.
F: Warum 两 und nicht 二?
二 ist für Mathe. 两 ist zum Zählen von Dingen.
F: Gibt es Zähleinheitswörter für Abstrakte Dinge?
Ja! Wie 一个主意 (eine Idee).
Basic Counting Structure
| Number | Measure Word | Noun | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
{一|yī}
|
{个|gè}
|
{人|rén}
|
{一|yī} {个|gè} {人|rén}
|
|
{两|liǎng}
|
{本|běn}
|
{书|shū}
|
{两|liǎng} {本|běn} {书|shū}
|
|
{三|sān}
|
{张|zhāng}
|
{纸|zhǐ}
|
{三|sān} {张|zhāng} {纸|zhǐ}
|
|
{四|sì}
|
{个|gè}
|
{苹|píng} {果|guǒ}
|
{四|sì} {个|gè} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ}
|
|
{五|wǔ}
|
{本|běn}
|
{杂|zá} {志|zhì}
|
{五|wǔ} {本|běn} {杂|zá} {志|zhì}
|
|
{六|liù}
|
{张|zhāng}
|
{桌|zhuō} {子|zi}
|
{六|liù} {张|zhāng} {桌|zhuō} {子|zi}
|
Meanings
Measure words (classifiers) are required grammatical particles used to quantify nouns, acting as a bridge between a number and the object being counted.
General Counting
Used for most people and general objects.
“{一|yī} {个|gè} {学|xué} {生|shēng}”
“{三|sān} {个|gè} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ}”
Flat Objects
Used for paper, tables, beds, or photos.
“{一|yī} {张|zhāng} {纸|zhǐ}”
“{两|liǎng} {张|zhāng} {照|zhào} {片|piàn}”
Bound Volumes
Used for books, magazines, or dictionaries.
“{一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū}”
“{两|liǎng} {本|běn} {杂|zá} {志|zhì}”
Reference Table
| Zählwort | Benutzung | Beispiel |
|---|---|---|
|
{个|gè}
|
Menschen, allgemeine Objekte, Abstraktes
|
{一个人|yī gè rén} (Eine Person)
|
|
{本|běn}
|
Bücher, Magazine, Gebundenes
|
{两本书|liǎng běn shū} (Zwei Bücher)
|
|
{张|zhāng}
|
Flache Dinge (Papier, Tische, Tickets)
|
{三张纸|sān zhāng zhǐ} (Drei Blatt Papier)
|
|
{只|zhī}
|
Kleine Tiere, eines von einem Paar (Augen, Schuhe)
|
{一只猫|yī zhī māo} (Eine Katze)
|
|
{条|tiáo}
|
Lange, flexible Dinge (Fische, Hosen, Straßen)
|
{一条鱼|yī tiáo yú} (Ein Fisch)
|
|
{件|jiàn}
|
Kleidung, Angelegenheiten, Geschenke
|
{一件衣服|yī jiàn yīfu} (Ein Kleidungsstück)
|
|
{杯|bēi}
|
Tassen oder Gläser mit Flüssigkeit
|
{一杯茶|yī bēi chá} (Eine Tasse Tee)
|
|
{块|kuài}
|
Stücke, Brocken, Geld (umgangssprachlich)
|
{五块钱|wǔ kuài qián} (Fünf Dollar/Yuan)
|
Formalitätsspektrum
{我|wǒ} {拥|yōng} {有|yǒu} {三|sān} {本|běn} {著|zhù} {作|zuò}。 (General)
{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} {三|sān} {本|běn} {书|shū}。 (General)
{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} {三|sān} {本|běn} {书|shū}。 (General)
{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} {三|sān} {本|běn} {书|shū}。 (General)
Der Zählwort-Kern
Einfaches Zählen
- {个|gè} Allgemein
Nach Form
- {张|zhāng} Flach
- {条|tiáo} Lang
Zahlen vs. Mengen
Ein Zählwort wählen
Ist es ein Buch?
Ist es flach?
Wichtige A1 Klassifikatoren
Tiere
- • {只|zhī}
- • {条|tiáo}
Alltag
- • {杯|bēi}
- • {件|jiàn}
- • {块|kuài}
Beispiele nach Niveau
{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} {一|yī} {个|gè} {朋|péng} {友|yǒu}。
I have one friend.
{这|zhè} {是|shì} {一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū}。
This is a book.
{我|wǒ} {要|yào} {两|liǎng} {个|gè} {汉|hàn} {堡|bǎo}。
I want two burgers.
{那|nà} {是|shì} {一|yī} {张|zhāng} {照|zhào} {片|piàn}。
That is a photo.
{你|nǐ} {有|yǒu} {几|jǐ} {本|běn} {中|zhōng} {文|wén} {书|shū}?
How many Chinese books do you have?
{我|wǒ} {买|mǎi} {了|le} {三|sān} {张|zhāng} {电|diàn} {影|yǐng} {票|piào}。
I bought three movie tickets.
{他|tā} {有|yǒu} {两|liǎng} {个|gè} {弟|dì} {弟|di}。
He has two younger brothers.
{这|zhè} {个|gè} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ} {很|hěn} {甜|tián}。
This apple is very sweet.
{这|zhè} {本|běn} {小|xiǎo} {说|shuō} {我|wǒ} {看|kàn} {过|guò} {两|liǎng} {遍|biàn}。
I have read this novel twice.
{请|qǐng} {给|gěi} {我|wǒ} {一|yī} {张|zhāng} {空|kōng} {白|bái} {的|de} {纸|zhǐ}。
Please give me a blank sheet of paper.
{他|tā} {是|shì} {一|yī} {个|gè} {很|hěn} {有|yǒu} {才|cái} {华|huá} {的|de} {人|rén}。
He is a very talented person.
{这|zhè} {几|jǐ} {本|běn} {杂|zá} {志|zhì} {都|dōu} {是|shì} {新|xīn} {的|de}。
These few magazines are all new.
{那|nà} {一|yī} {张|zhāng} {桌|zhuō} {子|zi} {上|shàng} {放|fàng} {着|zhe} {一|yī} {本|běn} {词|cí} {典|diǎn}。
There is a dictionary on that table.
{每|měi} {一|yī} {个|gè} {人|rén} {都|dōu} {应|yīng} {该|gāi} {有|yǒu} {一|yī} {个|gè} {梦|mèng} {想|xiǎng}。
Everyone should have a dream.
{我|wǒ} {需|xū} {要|yào} {两|liǎng} {张|zhāng} {飞|fēi} {机|jī} {票|piào} {去|qù} {北|běi} {京|jīng}。
I need two plane tickets to Beijing.
{这|zhè} {个|gè} {方|fāng} {案|àn} {有|yǒu} {三|sān} {个|gè} {优|yōu} {点|diǎn}。
This proposal has three advantages.
{这|zhè} {一|yī} {本|běn} {厚|hòu} {重|zhòng} {的|de} {历|lì} {史|shǐ} {书|shū} {记|jì} {载|zǎi} {了|le} {那|nà} {段|duàn} {岁|suì} {月|yuè}。
This thick history book records that era.
{他|tā} {拿|ná} {出|chū} {一|yī} {张|zhāng} {泛|fàn} {黄|huáng} {的|de} {地|dì} {图|tú}。
He took out a yellowed map.
{这|zhè} {个|gè} {问|wèn} {题|tí} {的|de} {本|běn} {质|zhì} {在|zài} {于|yú} {沟|gōu} {通|tōng} {不|bù} {足|zú}。
The essence of this problem lies in poor communication.
{我|wǒ} {珍|zhēn} {藏|cáng} {了|le} {一|yī} {张|zhāng} {他|tā} {亲|qīn} {笔|bǐ} {签|qiān} {名|míng} {的|de} {照|zhào} {片|piàn}。
I treasure a photo signed by him.
{这|zhè} {一|yī} {个|gè} {细|xì} {微|wēi} {的|de} {差|chā} {别|bié} {往|wǎng} {往|wǎng} {被|bèi} {人|rén} {忽|hū} {略|lüè} {了|le}。
This subtle difference is often overlooked.
{那|nà} {一|yī} {本|běn} {古|gǔ} {籍|jí} {是|shì} {无|wú} {价|jià} {之|zhī} {宝|bǎo}。
That ancient book is a priceless treasure.
{他|tā} {在|zài} {纸|zhǐ} {上|shàng} {画|huà} {了|le} {一|yī} {张|zhāng} {草|cǎo} {图|tú}。
He drew a sketch on the paper.
{这|zhè} {个|gè} {概|gài} {念|niàn} {在|zài} {当|dāng} {代|dài} {语|yǔ} {境|jìng} {下|xià} {有|yǒu} {新|xīn} {的|de} {含|hán} {义|yì}。
This concept has new meaning in the contemporary context.
Leicht verwechselbar
Both are used for people.
Both mean two.
Both relate to flat things.
Häufige Fehler
{三|sān} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ}
{三|sān} {个|gè} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ}
{二|èr} {个|gè} {人|rén}
{两|liǎng} {个|gè} {人|rén}
{一|yī} {书|shū}
{一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū}
{个|gè} {人|rén}
{一|yī} {个|gè} {人|rén}
{一|yī} {张|zhāng} {书|shū}
{一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū}
{两|liǎng} {张|zhāng} {人|rén}
{两|liǎng} {个|gè} {人|rén}
{几|jǐ} {书|shū}
{几|jǐ} {本|běn} {书|shū}
{这|zhè} {书|shū}
{这|zhè} {本|běn} {书|shū}
{那|nà} {人|rén}
{那|nà} {个|gè} {人|rén}
{每|měi} {书|shū}
{每|měi} {一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū}
{一|yī} {个|gè} {书|shū}
{一|yī} {本|běn} {书|shū}
{三|sān} {本|běn} {桌|zhuō} {子|zi}
{三|sān} {张|zhāng} {桌|zhuō} {子|zi}
{一|yī} {张|zhāng} {词|cí} {典|diǎn}
{一|yī} {本|běn} {词|cí} {典|diǎn}
Satzmuster
{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} ___ {个|gè} {朋|péng} {友|yǒu}。
{这|zhè} {里|lǐ} {有|yǒu} ___ {本|běn} {书|shū}。
{我|wǒ} {买|mǎi} {了|le} ___ {张|zhāng} {票|piào}。
{他|tā} {有|yǒu} ___ {个|gè} {优|yōu} {点|diǎn}。
Real World Usage
{两|liǎng} {个|gè} {汉|hàn} {堡|bǎo}
{一|yī} {个|gè} {人|rén} {去|qù}
{三|sān} {个|gè} {优|yōu} {点|diǎn}
{两|liǎng} {张|zhāng} {票|piào}
{一|yī} {本|běn} {好|hǎo} {书|shū}
{三|sān} {个|gè} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ}
Der Notfallplan
{个|gè}. Das ist besser als gar nichts: «我买一个苹果。»Die 'Zwei'-Regel
{二个|èr gè}. Wenn du eine Menge von zwei Dingen meinst, ist {两个|liǎng gè} Pflicht: «我有两个猫。»Sei höflich
{位|wèi} statt {个|gè}. Das zeigt Respekt: «那是一位老师。»Smart Tips
Always use {两|liǎng} instead of {二|èr}.
Default to {个|gè}.
Use {位|wèi} for people.
Use {张|zhāng}.
Aussprache
Tone of {一|yī}
The number {一|yī} changes tone depending on the following word.
Tone of {两|liǎng}
Always 3rd tone.
Statement
Number + MW + Noun ↘
Neutral declarative
Question
Number + MW + Noun + {吗|ma} ↗
Yes/No question
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Think of the measure word as a 'container' or 'shape' for the noun. {个|gè} is a generic box, {本|běn} is a book-shaped box, and {张|zhāng} is a flat-sheet box.
Visuelle Assoziation
Imagine you are at a post office. You have a box ({个|gè}) for people, a bookshelf ({本|běn}) for books, and a flat envelope ({张|zhāng}) for paper.
Rhyme
Number, measure, then the noun, never let the measure down.
Story
I went to the store to buy one book. I said, 'I need one {本|běn} book.' Then I bought a table. I said, 'I need one {张|zhāng} table.' Finally, I bought a friend. I said, 'I need one {个|gè} friend.'
Word Web
Herausforderung
Look around your room and label 5 objects using the 'Number + Measure Word + Noun' pattern.
Kulturelle Hinweise
Standard Mandarin uses {个|gè} as the default. Using specific measure words is seen as educated.
Similar to Mandarin, but sometimes uses {位|wèi} more frequently for people to show respect.
Cantonese has its own set of classifiers, and they are used even more strictly than in Mandarin.
Measure words evolved from nouns that described the shape or container of the object being counted.
Gesprächseinstiege
{你|nǐ} {有|yǒu} {几|jǐ} {个|gè} {朋|péng} {友|yǒu}?
{你|nǐ} {桌|zhuō} {子|zi} {上|shàng} {有|yǒu} {几|jǐ} {本|běn} {书|shū}?
{你|nǐ} {今|jīn} {天|tiān} {买|mǎi} {了|le} {几|jǐ} {张|zhāng} {票|piào}?
{你|nǐ} {觉|jué} {得|de} {这|zhè} {个|gè} {方|fāng} {案|àn} {有|yǒu} {几|jǐ} {个|gè} {优|yōu} {点|diǎn}?
Tagebuch-Impulse
Häufige Fehler
Test Yourself
Score: /3
Ubungsaufgaben
8 exercises{我|wǒ} {有|yǒu} {三|sān} ___ {书|shū}。
___ {个|gè} {人|rén}
Find and fix the mistake:
{三|sān} {苹|píng} {果|guǒ}
{个|gè} / {人|rén} / {三|sān}
Book, Person, Paper
{这|zhè} ___ {人|rén}
{我|wǒ} {要|yào} {两|liǎng} ___ {照|zhào} {片|piàn}。
Find and fix the mistake:
{二|èr} {本|běn} {书|shū}
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercises{两___鱼|liǎng ___ yú} (Zwei Fische)
Wie sagst du 'diese Tasse Tee'?
drei / Personen / {个|gè} / {三个|sān gè} / {人|rén}
ein Kleidungsstück
{五个纸|wǔ gè zhǐ} (Fünf Blatt Papier)
Buch / Katze / Kaffee / Hemd
Wenn du über drei Lehrer sprichst:
{那___猫很可爱。|Nà ___ māo hěn kě'ài.} (Jene Katze ist süß.)
zwei Bücher
Welches dieser Dinge nutzt {张|zhāng}?
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
They act as bridges between numbers and nouns, helping categorize objects.
No, it will sound unnatural and incorrect.
Use {个|gè}. It's the universal classifier.
Yes, when counting objects. {二|èr} is for numbers.
Almost, yes. Even abstract concepts can have them.
Chinese doesn't have plural noun forms; the number + measure word handles it.
No, classifiers can vary significantly by dialect.
Yes, 'this person' is {这|zhè} {个|gè} {人|rén}.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Articles/Quantifiers
Chinese classifiers are mandatory for all counts.
Partitive articles
Chinese classifiers are much more specific to object shape.
None
Chinese requires a classifier for every noun.
Counters (josuushi)
Japanese counters are often suffixes; Chinese classifiers are prefixes.
None
Chinese nouns don't change for plural.
Mandarin
None.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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