مُحَابَاة در ۳۰ ثانیه
- A formal term for favoritism and partiality.
- Often used to describe corruption or nepotism.
- Derived from the root meaning 'to give or cover'.
- Implies an unfair breach of meritocracy.
The term مُحَابَاة (muḥābāh) is a sophisticated Arabic noun that translates to favoritism, partiality, or nepotism. At its core, it describes the act of treating someone with special kindness or granting them advantages not because they deserve them through merit, but because of a personal relationship, shared interest, or emotional bias. In the modern Arab world, this word carries significant weight in professional, political, and social discourses, often serving as a critique of systemic unfairness. It is derived from the root 'ح-ب-و' (ḥ-b-w), which historically relates to the act of giving a gift or extending a garment to cover someone, metaphorically suggesting the 'covering' or 'protecting' of a specific individual's interests over others.
- Professional Context
- In a corporate setting, مُحَابَاة refers to a manager promoting a relative or a friend regardless of their performance metrics. It is the antithesis of meritocracy (الجدارة).
تَسْعَى الشَّرِكَةُ إِلَى مَنْعِ أَيِّ مُحَابَاةٍ فِي تَوْظِيفِ الأَقَارِبِ. (The company seeks to prevent any favoritism in the hiring of relatives.)
- Political Context
- Politically, it describes cronyism, where government officials grant contracts or positions to political allies or family members, undermining democratic transparency.
The nuance of مُحَابَاة lies in its intentionality. Unlike an accidental bias, مُحَابَاة implies a conscious effort to tilt the scales of justice or fairness. When you hear this word in a news broadcast, it is almost always framed as a negative social ill that needs to be eradicated to ensure equality (مساواة). It is frequently paired with words like 'فساد' (corruption) and 'ظلم' (injustice). To understand its impact, one must look at the Form III verb 'حابى' (ḥābā), which suggests an ongoing interaction of favoring someone. This interaction creates a cycle where the 'favored' party receives unearned benefits, and the 'favorer' expects loyalty in return, creating a web of dependency that stifles institutional growth.
يَشْعُرُ الموظفون بِالإِحْبَاطِ بِسَبَبِ مُحَابَاةِ المدير لِبَعْضِ زُمَلَائِهِمْ. (Employees feel frustrated because of the manager's favoritism toward some of their colleagues.)
- Social Context
- Even within a family, a parent might be accused of مُحَابَاة if they treat one child with significantly more leniency than others, leading to sibling rivalry.
المُعامَلَةُ العادِلَةُ تَنْفِي كُلَّ شُبْهَةِ مُحَابَاةٍ. (Fair treatment negates any suspicion of favoritism.)
In summary, مُحَابَاة is not just a word for 'liking someone.' It is a structural critique. It encompasses the unfair distribution of resources, the erosion of trust in institutions, and the emotional sting of being overlooked for someone less qualified but better connected. When using it, you are signaling a high level of vocabulary that touches on ethics, law, and social justice.
Using مُحَابَاة correctly requires understanding its role as a verbal noun (Masdar). It often functions as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb like 'رَفَضَ' (rejected) or 'أَنْكَرَ' (denied), or as part of an Idafa (genitive construct) to specify what kind of favoritism is occurring. Because it is a formal word, it is rarely found in casual street slang but is the standard in legal documents, academic essays, and news reports. When you want to describe a situation where fairness is compromised, مُحَابَاة is your primary tool.
- As a Subject (Mubtada)
- When placed at the beginning of a sentence, it defines the theme of the discussion. For example: 'Favoritism is a disease in our society.'
المُحَابَاةُ تُؤَدِّي إِلَى ضَيَاعِ الكَفَاءَاتِ. (Favoritism leads to the loss of competent talents.)
- In an Idafa Construct
- It is frequently followed by a noun that clarifies who is being favored or in what context. 'Muhabat al-aqarib' (Favoritism of relatives/Nepotism) is a very common phrase.
يَجِبُ القَضَاءُ عَلَى مُحَابَاةِ الأَقَارِبِ فِي المَنَاصِبِ العَامَّةِ. (It is necessary to eliminate nepotism in public positions.)
In complex sentences, you might see it used with prepositions. For instance, 'بدون محاباة' (without favoritism) is a common adverbial phrase used to describe how a process was conducted. Similarly, 'بعيداً عن المحاباة' (away from/far from favoritism) is used to emphasize objectivity. These phrases are essential for anyone writing a report or giving a presentation in Arabic about organizational ethics. The word can also be used to describe biased refereeing in sports or biased judging in competitions, showing its versatility across different domains of human activity.
تَمَّ اخْتِيَارُ الفَائِزِينَ بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ. (The winners were chosen without favoritism.)
- Verbal Usage
- While the noun is common, the verb 'حابى' (to favor) is also used. 'لا تُحَابِ أَحَدًا' (Do not favor anyone) is a strong command for a leader.
القَانُونُ لَا يُحَابِي الأَغْنِيَاءَ عَلَى حِسَابِ الفُقَرَاءِ. (The law does not favor the rich at the expense of the poor.)
To master this word, practice using it in the context of 'Merit' (جدارة) and 'Transparency' (شفافية). For example, 'The transparency of the process prevents favoritism.' This conceptual linking will help you remember the word's semantic field and use it more naturally in discussions about governance and ethics.
If you tune into Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya, or read newspapers like Asharq Al-Awsat, you will encounter مُحَابَاة frequently. It is a staple of political commentary. Analysts use it to describe the dynamics of authoritarian regimes or the flaws in democratic transitions. In these contexts, مُحَابَاة is the 'polite' or 'academic' way to talk about corruption. While people in the street might use the word 'Wasta' (connections/nepotism), a news anchor will use مُحَابَاة to maintain a formal and objective tone. It is also common in judicial reporting; for example, a judge might be accused of مُحَابَاة if they show bias toward a certain party in a lawsuit.
- News & Media
- Headlines often read: 'Allegations of Favoritism in the Distribution of Aid' or 'Parliamentary Committee Investigates Favoritism in Government Contracts.'
نَفَتِ الحُكُومَةُ وُجُودَ أَيِّ مُحَابَاةٍ فِي مَنْحِ العُقُودِ. (The government denied the existence of any favoritism in awarding contracts.)
- Academic & Legal Textbooks
- In law schools, students study مُحَابَاة under the umbrella of 'Administrative Corruption' (الفساد الإداري). Textbooks define it as a violation of the principle of equality before the law.
Another place you will hear this word is in educational settings. Teachers and professors often discuss the ethics of grading and the importance of avoiding مُحَابَاة toward certain students. In this context, it is often contrasted with 'الموضوعية' (objectivity). A student might complain to the administration saying, 'The teacher shows favoritism to students from his own city.' This highlights the word's application in everyday institutional life, not just in high-level politics. Furthermore, in the realm of international relations, you might hear about 'مُحَابَاة دولية' (international favoritism), where a superpower is accused of favoring one nation over another in a conflict based on strategic interests rather than international law.
تُتَّهَمُ بَعْضُ المُنَظَّمَاتِ بِـ مُحَابَاةِ الدُّوَلِ الكُبْرَى. (Some organizations are accused of favoring major powers.)
- Literature & Philosophy
- Modern Arabic novels often use the theme of مُحَابَاة to illustrate the struggle of a talented protagonist against a corrupt system, making the word central to the narrative conflict.
كَانَتِ المُحَابَاةُ هِيَ العَقَبَةَ الوَحِيدَةَ أَمَامَ نَجَاحِهِ. (Favoritism was the only obstacle to his success.)
Ultimately, مُحَابَاة is a word that appears whenever the topic of 'Fairness vs. Relationship' arises. Whether it's a sports commentator talking about a biased referee or a political scientist discussing tribalism, this word provides the necessary vocabulary to describe the act of putting personal ties above objective standards.
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing مُحَابَاة with the simple concept of 'love' (حب) or 'liking' (إعجاب). While they share the same root, مُحَابَاة is specifically about *unfair* preference in a context where impartiality is expected. You wouldn't say you have 'muhabah' for your favorite pizza; that would be 'تفضيل' (preference). مُحَابَاة implies a breach of duty or ethics. Another common error is using 'Wasta' in formal writing. While 'Wasta' is the social mechanism, مُحَابَاة is the formal noun that describes the result or the act itself. Using 'Wasta' in an academic paper on government policy might be seen as too colloquial.
- Confusion with 'Bias' (تحيز)
- 'Tahayyuz' (تحيز) is a broader term for bias or prejudice. 'Muhabah' is a specific *type* of bias where you actively grant favors to someone. All 'Muhabah' is 'Tahayyuz', but not all 'Tahayyuz' is 'Muhabah'. For example, you can have a bias against a certain idea without showing favoritism to a person.
خَطَأ: هُوَ لَدَيْهِ مُحَابَاة ضِدَّ الفِكْرَةِ. (Wrong: He has favoritism against the idea.) صَح: هُوَ لَدَيْهِ تَحَيُّزٌ ضِدَّ الفِكْرَةِ. (Correct: He has a bias against the idea.)
- Pronunciation Errors
- Learners often forget the long 'ā' (alif) after the 'ḥā'. Pronouncing it as 'muḥabah' instead of 'muḥābāh' can change the rhythm and make it harder for native speakers to recognize the word immediately.
Grammatically, learners sometimes treat مُحَابَاة as a masculine noun. Remember that it ends in a 'Ta Marbuta' (ة), which makes it feminine. This affects everything from adjective agreement to verb conjugation if the word is the subject. For example, you must say 'المحابةُ كانتْ' (The favoritism was...) with the feminine 't' suffix on the verb, not 'كان'. Also, be careful with the preposition 'لـ' (for). We say 'مُحَابَاة لِـشخص' (favoritism for someone). Forgetting this preposition can make the sentence structure collapse.
خَطَأ: المُحَابَاةُ مَوْجُودٌ. (Wrong: Favoritism is present [masc].) صَح: المُحَابَاةُ مَوْجُودَةٌ. (Correct: Favoritism is present [fem].)
- Overusing the Word
- While it's a great word, overusing it in every situation where someone is nice to someone else can sound dramatic. If a friend buys another friend lunch, it's 'كَرَم' (generosity), not 'مُحَابَاة'. Only use 'مُحَابَاة' when there is a sense of 'unfairness' or 'breaking the rules' involved.
تَجَنَّبِ المُحَابَاةَ عِنْدَ تَقْيِيمِ المَشَارِيعِ. (Avoid favoritism when evaluating projects.)
Finally, ensure you don't confuse the spelling with similar-looking words like 'مجاباة' (which isn't a common word but looks similar). The 'ḥā' (ح) is crucial. Precision in spelling and pronunciation will ensure your critique of 'favoritism' is taken seriously in any professional Arabic environment.
Arabic is a language of incredible precision, and there are several words that are related to مُحَابَاة but carry slightly different shades of meaning. Understanding these differences will help you choose the exact word for the situation you are describing. Whether you are talking about systemic corruption, personal bias, or social connections, there is a specific term for each.
- مُحَابَاة vs. تَحَيُّز (Bias)
- 'Tahayyuz' is the general term for being biased toward a side, an idea, or a person. 'Muhabah' is more specific—it's the *action* of giving favors. You can have a 'tahayyuz' (bias) in your heart without acting on it, but 'muhabah' is usually seen in the results, like a contract or a grade.
- مُحَابَاة vs. وَاسِطَة (Connections/Nepotism)
- 'Wasta' is the social 'currency' or the 'intermediary' used to get things done. It is a colloquial and widely used term. 'Muhabah' is the formal term used to describe the unfair preference itself. If you use 'wasta' to get a job, the employer is guilty of 'muhabah'.
يُعْتَبَرُ اسْتِخْدَامُ الوَاسِطَةِ نَوْعًا مِنْ أَنْوَاعِ المُحَابَاةِ. (Using 'wasta' is considered a type of favoritism.)
- مُحَابَاة vs. تَمْيِيز (Discrimination)
- 'Tamyeez' usually refers to negative discrimination (treating someone worse because of their race, gender, etc.). 'Muhabah' is positive favoritism (treating someone better). They are two sides of the same coin of unfairness.
Another alternative is 'المَحْسُوبِيَّة' (al-maḥsūbiyyah), which is very close to مُحَابَاة but often specifically refers to 'cronyism' or favoring those who belong to your 'circle' or 'clique' (from the root 'ḥasaba' - to count or account for). While مُحَابَاة can be for just one person, محسوبية often implies a whole network of people being favored. In human rights reports, you will often see both words used together to describe a system that is closed to outsiders. If you are looking for a positive word, you might use 'إنصاف' (insaf - fairness/equity) or 'عدل' (adl - justice) as the opposites.
بَدَلًا مِنَ المُحَابَاةِ، يَجِبُ اعْتِمَادُ مَبْدَأِ الجَدَارَةِ. (Instead of favoritism, the principle of merit must be adopted.)
- مُحَابَاة vs. تَفْضِيل (Preference)
- 'Tafḍīl' is a neutral word. 'I prefer tea over coffee' (أفضل الشاي). It only becomes 'Muhabah' when that preference is applied unfairly in a situation that requires equality.
العَدْلُ يَعْنِي عَدَمَ المُحَابَاةِ فِي القَضَاءِ. (Justice means no favoritism in the judiciary.)
In conclusion, by mastering these synonyms and alternatives, you can navigate complex social and professional discussions in Arabic with the nuance of a native speaker. You will be able to distinguish between a simple personal preference and a serious ethical breach, making your communication much more effective and professional.
چقدر رسمی است؟
"تَرْفُضُ الإِدَارَةُ أَيَّ مَظْهَرٍ مِنْ مَظَاهِرِ المُحَابَاةِ."
"المُحَابَاةُ تُؤَثِّرُ عَلَى نَتَائِجِ الِامْتِحَانِ."
"شُوفْ المُحَابَاة، كُلُّ الصَّفَقَاتِ لِصَحْبُه!"
"لَا يَجِبُ أَنْ نُحَابِيَ صَدِيقًا عَلَى صَدِيقٍ آخَرَ."
"هَذِهِ مُحَابَاةٌ عَيْنِي عَيْنَك!"
نکته جالب
The word is linguistically related to 'love' (حب), but the Form III structure (حابى) implies a social interaction where one person is 'gifted' special treatment over others, evolving into the modern meaning of 'favoritism'.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing 'ḥ' as a simple 'h'.
- Shortening the long 'ā' vowels.
- Confusing the 'b' with a 'p'.
- Omitting the 'mu' prefix.
- Treating it as a masculine noun without the final 'h' sound.
سطح دشواری
Recognizing the word is easy once you know the root, but its usage in complex Idafas can be tricky.
Spelling the 'ḥā' and 'bā' with long vowels requires attention.
The pharyngeal 'ḥ' and the rhythm of the long vowels are challenging for beginners.
Easy to hear in formal news broadcasts where it is articulated clearly.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Form III Masdar Pattern
The pattern for Form III verbs (فاعَلَ - fā'ala) usually results in a Masdar of (مُفَاعَلَة - mufā'alah), like مُحَابَاة (muḥābāh) and مُقَابَلَة (muqābalah).
Feminine Noun Agreement
Since مُحَابَاة ends in ة, adjectives must match: مُحَابَاةٌ ظَاهِرَةٌ (obvious favoritism).
Idafa (Genitive Construct)
مُحَابَاةُ الأَصْدِقَاءِ (Favoritism of friends). The first noun loses its Tanween and the second is in the genitive case.
Prepositional Usage
The verb 'حابى' takes a direct object or can be used with 'لـ' (for): حَابَى لِـمَصْلَحَتِهِ (favored for his interest).
Emphasis with Inna
إِنَّ المُحَابَاةَ مَرْفُوضَةٌ. (Indeed, favoritism is rejected.) The noun after 'Inna' takes a Fatha.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
هَذِهِ مُحَابَاةٌ.
This is favoritism.
Simple demonstrative sentence with a feminine noun.
المُحَابَاةُ لَيْسَتْ جَيِّدَةً.
Favoritism is not good.
Subject-predicate sentence with a negative adjective.
أَنَا لَا أُحِبُّ المُحَابَاةَ.
I do not like favoritism.
Present tense verb with a definite object.
هُوَ يَفْعَلُ المُحَابَاةَ.
He does favoritism.
Subject-verb-object structure.
هَلْ هَذِهِ مُحَابَاةٌ؟
Is this favoritism?
Interrogative sentence.
المُحَابَاةُ ظُلْمٌ.
Favoritism is injustice.
Equational sentence linking two nouns.
لَا لِلْمُحَابَاةِ.
No to favoritism.
The preposition 'li' (to/for) used with 'No'.
المُحَابَاةُ فِي اللَعِبِ.
Favoritism in the game.
Noun phrase with a prepositional phrase.
المُدِيرُ يُحَابِي صَدِيقَهُ.
The manager favors his friend.
Verb Form III (حابى) in the present tense.
نَحْنُ نَكْرَهُ المُحَابَاةَ فِي المَدْرَسَةِ.
We hate favoritism in school.
Plural verb with a definite object.
المُحَابَاةُ تُغْضِبُ النَّاسَ.
Favoritism makes people angry.
Feminine singular verb (تُغْضِبُ) matching the feminine noun.
قَرَأْتُ عَنِ المُحَابَاةِ فِي الكِتَابِ.
I read about favoritism in the book.
Prepositional phrase with the definite article.
أُرِيدُ عَمَلًا بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ.
I want a job without favoritism.
Adverbial phrase 'without' (بدون) followed by an indefinite noun.
المُحَابَاةُ مَوْجُودَةٌ هُنَا.
Favoritism is present here.
Feminine adjective (موجودة) matching the noun.
لَا تُحَابِ أَحَدًا فِي العَمَلِ.
Do not favor anyone at work.
Jussive mood (Prohibition) with the verb 'حابى'.
المُحَابَاةُ تَمْنَعُ العَدْلَ.
Favoritism prevents justice.
Feminine verb (تَمْنَعُ) with a direct object.
تُؤَدِّي المُحَابَاةُ إِلَى ضَعْفِ الشَّرِكَةِ.
Favoritism leads to the weakness of the company.
Verb-subject-prepositional phrase structure.
يَجِبُ أَنْ نُحَارِبَ مُحَابَاةَ الأَقَارِبِ.
We must fight nepotism (favoritism of relatives).
Idafa construction (مُحَابَاةَ الأَقَارِبِ).
يَشْعُرُ الموظفون بِالإِحْبَاطِ بِسَبَبِ المُحَابَاةِ.
Employees feel frustrated because of favoritism.
Preposition 'bi-sabab' (because of) followed by the noun.
الاخْتِيَارُ تَمَّ بِعِيدًا عَنِ المُحَابَاةِ.
The selection was made far from favoritism.
Idiomatic phrase 'ba'idan 'an' (far from).
المُحَابَاةُ تُدَمِّرُ الثِّقَةَ بَيْنَ الزُّمَلَاءِ.
Favoritism destroys trust between colleagues.
Feminine verb with a complex object phrase.
هَلْ تَعْتَقِدُ أَنَّ هُنَاكَ مُحَابَاةً فِي هَذَا القَرَارِ؟
Do you think there is favoritism in this decision?
Use of 'hunaka' (there is) with the accusative noun after 'anna'.
رَفَضَ المَسْؤُولُ أَيَّ نَوْعٍ مِنَ المُحَابَاةِ.
The official rejected any kind of favoritism.
Verb-subject-object with a partitive phrase.
المُحَابَاةُ خَطَرٌ عَلَى المُجْتَمَعِ.
Favoritism is a danger to society.
Simple nominal sentence with a prepositional complement.
تَتَحَدَّثُ الصُّحُفُ عَنْ مُحَابَاةٍ فِي تَوْزِيعِ المَنَاصِبِ.
Newspapers are talking about favoritism in the distribution of positions.
Indefinite noun after the preposition 'an'.
المُحَابَاةُ تَتَعَارَضُ مَعَ مَبْدَأِ تَكَافُؤِ الفُرَصِ.
Favoritism contradicts the principle of equal opportunity.
Verb 'tata'arad' (contradicts) with the preposition 'ma'a'.
لَا يُمْكِنُ بِنَاءُ مُؤَسَّسَةٍ قَوِيَّةٍ عَلَى المُحَابَاةِ.
A strong institution cannot be built on favoritism.
Passive-like structure with 'la yumkin' and a verbal noun.
تُهْمَةُ المُحَابَاةِ قَدْ تَقْضِي عَلَى مَسِيرَتِهِ المِهْنِيَّةِ.
The accusation of favoritism might end his professional career.
Idafa construction as the subject of the sentence.
يَسْعَى القَانُونُ إِلَى مَنْعِ المُحَابَاةِ فِي العُقُودِ الحُكُومِيَّةِ.
The law seeks to prevent favoritism in government contracts.
Verbal noun 'man'' (prevention) followed by 'al-muhabah'.
المُحَابَاةُ هِيَ العَدُوُّ الأَوَّلُ لِلنَّزَاهَةِ.
Favoritism is the first enemy of integrity.
Pronoun of separation 'hiya' for emphasis.
تَمَّ اسْتِبْعَادُهُ بِسَبَبِ شُبْهَةِ مُحَابَاةٍ.
He was excluded because of a suspicion of favoritism.
Passive construction 'tamma istib'aduhu' with a complex reason phrase.
يَجِبُ تَوْثِيقُ الإِجْرَاءَاتِ لِتَجَنُّبِ المُحَابَاةِ.
Procedures must be documented to avoid favoritism.
Purpose clause 'li-tajannub' (to avoid) followed by the noun.
تُعَدُّ المُحَابَاةُ شَكْلًا مِنْ أَشْكَالِ الفَسَادِ الإِدَارِيِّ.
Favoritism is considered a form of administrative corruption.
Passive verb 'tu'ad' (is considered) with a double object structure.
تَسْتَفْحِلُ المُحَابَاةُ فِي الأَنْظِمَةِ الَّتِي تَفْتَقِرُ إِلَى الشَّفَافِيَّةِ.
Favoritism worsens in systems that lack transparency.
Verb 'tastafhil' (to worsen/exacerbate) with a relative clause.
إِنَّ المُحَابَاةَ تُقَوِّضُ دَعَائِمَ الدَّوْلَةِ المَدَنِيَّةِ.
Indeed, favoritism undermines the pillars of the civil state.
Emphasis with 'Inna' and a metaphoric verb 'tuqawwid'.
غالِبًا مَا تَكُونُ المُحَابَاةُ نَتِيجَةً لِلرَّوَابِطِ القَبَلِيَّةِ أَوِ الأُسَرِيَّةِ.
Favoritism is often a result of tribal or family ties.
Adverbial phrase 'ghaliban ma' and a complex predicate.
يَنْتَقِدُ المُرَاقِبُونَ الدُّوَلِيُّونَ وُجُودَ مُحَابَاةٍ فِي الانْتِخَابَاتِ.
International observers criticize the presence of favoritism in the elections.
Subject-verb-object with an adjective-noun phrase.
تُؤَدِّي المُحَابَاةُ إِلَى هِجْرَةِ العُقُولِ بَحْثًا عَنِ العَدَالَةِ.
Favoritism leads to brain drain in search of justice.
Metaphorical phrase 'hijrat al-uqul' (brain drain).
لَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ تَطْغَى المُحَابَاةُ عَلَى المَصْلَحَةِ العَامَّةِ.
Favoritism should not override the public interest.
Negative modal 'la yanbaghi' with the verb 'tatgha' (to override/transgress).
تَظْهَرُ المُحَابَاةُ جَلِيَّةً فِي مَنْحِ الِامْتِيَازَاتِ الحَصْرِيَّةِ.
Favoritism appears clearly in the granting of exclusive privileges.
Adverbial accusative 'jaliyatan' (clearly).
تُمَثِّلُ المُحَابَاةُ خَرْقًا سَافِرًا لِمِيثَاقِ الشَّرَفِ المِهْنِيِّ.
Favoritism represents a flagrant violation of the professional code of honor.
Strong adjective 'safiran' (flagrant) with a complex Idafa.
تَتَغَلْغَلُ المُحَابَاةُ فِي مَفَاصِلِ الدَّوْلَةِ لِتُعِيقَ التَّنْمِيَةَ.
Favoritism permeates the joints of the state to hinder development.
Metaphorical verb 'tataghalghal' (to permeate/penetrate).
إِنَّ اسْتِمْرَارَ المُحَابَاةِ يُؤْذِنُ بِانْهِيَارِ المَنْظُومَةِ القِيَمِيَّةِ.
The continuation of favoritism signals the collapse of the value system.
Verb 'yu'dhin' (to signal/herald) with a prepositional phrase.
تُعْتَبَرُ المُحَابَاةُ عَقَبَةً كَأْدَاءَ فِي سَبِيلِ التَّحَوُّلِ الدِّيمُقْرَاطِيِّ.
Favoritism is considered a formidable obstacle on the path to democratic transition.
Idiomatic adjective 'kada'a' (formidable/difficult).
يَجِبُ تَفْكِيكُ شَبَكَاتِ المُحَابَاةِ الَّتِي تَرْهَنُ القَرَارَ الوَطَنِيَّ.
The networks of favoritism that hold the national decision hostage must be dismantled.
Passive verbal noun 'tafkik' and a relative clause with 'tarhan' (to hostage/mortgage).
تَتَخَفَّى المُحَابَاةُ أَحْيَانًا تَحْتَ سِتَارِ التَّقْدِيرِ الشَّخْصِيِّ.
Favoritism sometimes hides under the veil of personal appreciation.
Metaphorical phrase 'tahta sitar' (under the veil/curtain).
المُحَابَاةُ تَنْفِي صِفَةَ المَوْضُوعِيَّةِ عَنِ النَّقْدِ الأَدَبِيِّ.
Favoritism negates the quality of objectivity in literary criticism.
Verb 'tanfi' (to negate/deny) with a complex object.
تُشَكِّلُ المُحَابَاةُ تَهْدِيدًا وُجُودِيًّا لِمَبْدَأِ المُواطَنَةِ.
Favoritism constitutes an existential threat to the principle of citizenship.
Philosophical term 'tahdid wujudiy' (existential threat).
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— There is no favoritism when it comes to the truth.
القَاضِي يَقُولُ: لَا مُحَابَاةَ فِي الحَقِّ.
— Favoritism at the expense of others.
هَذِهِ مُحَابَاةٌ عَلَى حِسَابِ الكَفَاءَاتِ.
— In the context of showing favoritism.
تَصَرَّفَ فِي مَعْرِضِ المُحَابَاةِ لِابْنِهِ.
— Obvious or blatant favoritism.
كَانَتِ المُحَابَاةُ مَكْشُوفَةً لِلْجَمِيعِ.
— Unjustified favoritism.
هَذِهِ مُمَايَزَاتٌ وَمُحَابَاةٌ غَيْرُ مُبَرَّرَةٍ.
— Favoring the wealthy class.
يُنْتَقَدُ النِّظَامُ لِمُحَابَاةِ الطَّبَقَةِ الغَنِيَّةِ.
— Political favoritism or cronyism.
المُحَابَاةُ السِّيَاسِيَّةُ تَعْنِي فَسَادَ الدَّوْلَةِ.
— In the spirit of favoritism.
تَمَّ التَّعْيِينُ بِرُوحِ المُحَابَاةِ لَا الجَدَارَةِ.
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
'Hubb' is a positive emotion; 'Muhabah' is an unfair action in a professional context.
'Tahayyuz' is general preference; 'Muhabah' is active favoritism toward a person.
One is an ethical breach, the other is a natural feeling.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To show favoritism at the expense of one's conscience.
لَا تُحَابِ أَحَدًا عَلَى حِسَابِ ضَمِيرِكَ.
Formal/Ethical— Favoritism is the very essence of injustice.
تَذَكَّرْ أَنَّ المُحَابَاةَ عَيْنُ الظُّلْمِ.
Literary— There is no favoritism in the law.
أَمَامَ المَحْكَمَةِ، لَا مُحَابَاةَ فِي القَانُونِ.
Legal— To turn a blind eye out of favoritism.
غَضَّ المُدِيرُ الطَّرْفَ عَنْ خَطَئِهِ مُحَابَاةً لَهُ.
Formal— Favoritism cuts off people's livelihoods.
احْذَرِ المُحَابَاةَ فَهِيَ تَقْطَعُ أَرْزَاقَ النَّاسِ.
Social— Favoritism under the table (secretly).
هُنَاكَ مُحَابَاةٌ تَحْتَ الطَّاوِلَةِ فِي هَذِهِ الصَّفْقَةِ.
Informal/Business— To wear the cloak of favoritism (to act biasedly).
لَا تَلْبَسْ ثَوْبَ المُحَابَاةِ عِنْدَ الحُكْمِ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ.
Literary— Favoritism is the guillotine of creativity.
فِي بِيئَةِ المُحَابَاةِ، تَمُوتُ المَوَاهِبُ.
Intellectual— To offer the sacrifice of favoritism (to gain favor).
قَدَّمَ قُرْبَانَ المُحَابَاةِ لِيَحْصُلَ عَلَى التَّرْقِيَةِ.
Literary— Favoritism is the termite/woodworm of institutions.
المُحَابَاةُ هِيَ سُوسُ المُؤَسَّسَاتِ الَّتِي تَنْخَرُ فِيهَا.
Metaphoricalبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Sounds like 'Mubarah' (Match).
'Mubarah' (مباراة) is a sports game; 'Muhabah' (محاباة) is favoritism. One has an 'r', the other has an 'h'.
شَاهَدْتُ المُبَارَاةَ (I watched the match) vs. رَفَضْتُ المُحَابَاةَ (I rejected the favoritism).
Both mean bias.
Tahayyuz is leaning toward an idea; Muhabah is giving a job/gift to a person.
تَحَيُّزٌ فِكْرِيٌّ (Intellectual bias) vs. مُحَابَاةٌ لِلأَقَارِبِ (Nepotism).
Similar prefix and length.
'Muhasabah' (محاسبة) means accounting or accountability; 'Muhabah' means favoritism.
نُرِيدُ المُحَاسَبَةَ لِمَنْعِ المُحَابَاةِ (We want accountability to prevent favoritism).
Both relate to unfair distribution.
'Muhasasa' (محاصصة) is sharing positions by quota/sect; 'Muhabah' is based on personal ties.
نِظَامُ المُحَاصَصَةِ الطَّائِفِيَّةِ (The system of sectarian quotas).
Same result.
'Wasta' is the social tool; 'Muhabah' is the formal/abstract noun for the act.
اسْتَخْدَمَ الوَاسِطَةَ (He used connections) vs. اتُّهِمَ بِالمُحَابَاةِ (He was accused of favoritism).
الگوهای جملهسازی
[Subject] + يُحَابِي + [Object]
المُدِيرُ يُحَابِي ابْنَهُ. (The manager favors his son.)
يَجِبُ مَنْعُ + [Noun]
يَجِبُ مَنْعُ المُحَابَاةِ. (Favoritism must be prevented.)
تَمَّ اخْتِيَارُهُ + بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ
تَمَّ اخْتِيَارُهُ بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ. (He was chosen without favoritism.)
تُؤَدِّي المُحَابَاةُ إِلَى + [Problem]
تُؤَدِّي المُحَابَاةُ إِلَى الفَسَادِ. (Favoritism leads to corruption.)
بَعِيدًا عَنْ + المُحَابَاةِ
بَعِيدًا عَنِ المُحَابَاةِ، هُوَ الأَفْضَلُ. (Far from favoritism, he is the best.)
المُحَابَاةُ هِيَ + [Metaphor]
المُحَابَاةُ هِيَ سُوسُ الإِدَارَةِ. (Favoritism is the termite of administration.)
تَحْتَ سِتَارِ + [Noun]
تَحْتَ سِتَارِ التَّقْدِيرِ، تَمَّتِ المُحَابَاةُ. (Under the veil of appreciation, favoritism occurred.)
لَا مُحَابَاةَ فِي + [Domain]
لَا مُحَابَاةَ فِي العَدْلِ. (No favoritism in justice.)
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
Common in media and professional discourse.
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Using 'Muhabah' for personal preferences like colors.
→
Use 'Tafdil' (تفضيل).
'Muhabah' implies an ethical or professional breach of fairness, not just liking something.
-
Pronouncing it as 'Mubarah'.
→
Pronounce it 'Muhabah'.
'Mubarah' means a match or game. Confusing the 'h' and 'r' changes the meaning entirely.
-
Treating it as a masculine noun.
→
Treat it as feminine.
It ends in Ta Marbuta (ة), so it requires feminine adjectives and verbs.
-
Using 'Muhabah' in very casual slang.
→
Use 'Wasta' (واسطة).
'Muhabah' is quite formal. In the street, people will use 'Wasta' more naturally.
-
Forgetting the long vowels (Alifs).
→
Pronounce it 'mu-HAA-BAA-h'.
Shortening the vowels makes the word unrecognizable to native speakers.
نکات
Feminine Agreement
Always remember 'Muhabah' is feminine. Use 'hadihi' (this) and 'kabira' (big) with it, not 'hada' or 'kabir'.
The 'Wasta' Connection
Think of 'Wasta' as the action and 'Muhabah' as the formal name of the crime. Using 'Muhabah' makes you sound more educated.
The Pharyngeal 'H'
Practice the 'ḥ' (ح) sound from the deep throat. If you say it with a normal 'h', it might sound like a different word.
Idafa Usage
Use 'Muhabat al-...' to specify who is being favored (friends, family, political allies).
Root Logic
Remember the root 'h-b-w' relates to giving. 'Muhabah' is like giving a gift to someone who doesn't deserve it.
Justice Context
Always use this word when discussing 'Adl' (Justice) and 'Musawah' (Equality).
News Keywords
When you hear 'Fasad' (Corruption) on the news, listen for 'Muhabah' right after it.
Formal Debates
Use this word in debates about government or company policies to sound professional.
Mnemonic
Mu-Haba-h: Mu (Noun) + Haba (Hubb/Love) + h (Feminine). The act of unfair love.
Social Reform
In the Arab world, fighting 'Muhabah' is a key part of social reform discussions.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Think of 'Mu-Haba-h'. 'Mu-' is a prefix for a noun of action. 'Haba' sounds like 'Hubb' (Love). So, it's the 'Action of Loving' someone too much in the wrong place (like an office).
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a boss handing a gold trophy to his son while a line of much better workers stands empty-handed. That 'handing over' is the Muhabah.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Try to use 'Muhabah' in a sentence about your favorite sports team's referee today. Did he show مُحَابَاة?
ریشه کلمه
From the Arabic root 'ح ب و' (ḥ-b-w). In classical Arabic, 'ḥabā' meant to give a gift or to extend something to someone.
معنای اصلی: The original sense was 'to bestow a gift' or 'to grant a favor.' It also related to the posture of sitting with one's legs drawn up and wrapped in a garment (iḥtibā'), suggesting a close, protective circle.
Semitic (Arabic).بافت فرهنگی
Be careful when accusing someone of 'Muhabah' in person; it is a serious charge of professional misconduct and can be taken as a personal insult to their integrity.
In English, we distinguish between 'nepotism' (family) and 'cronyism' (friends). Arabic 'Muhabah' covers both, though 'Muhabat al-aqarib' specifically targets nepotism.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Job Interviews/HR
- مَعَايِيرُ التَّوْظِيفِ (Hiring standards)
- بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ (Without favoritism)
- تَكافُؤُ الفُرَصِ (Equal opportunities)
- تَقْيِيمُ الأَدَاءِ (Performance evaluation)
Politics/News
- تُهْمَةُ الفَسَادِ (Accusation of corruption)
- مُحَابَاةُ الحُلَفَاءِ (Favoring allies)
- الإِصْلَاحُ الإِدَارِيُّ (Administrative reform)
- الرَّأْيُ العَامُّ (Public opinion)
Education/Grading
- تَصْحِيحُ الأَوْرَاقِ (Grading papers)
- مَوْضُوعِيَّةُ المُعَلِّمِ (Teacher's objectivity)
- تَفْضِيلُ الطُّلَّابِ (Favoring students)
- المُعَامَلَةُ العَادِلَةُ (Fair treatment)
Legal/Judiciary
- نَزَاهَةُ القَاضِي (Judge's integrity)
- تَنَحِّي القَاضِي (Judge's recusal)
- اسْتِقْلَالُ القَضَاءِ (Judicial independence)
- مُحَابَاةُ الخُصُومِ (Favoring litigants)
Sports/Refeering
- أَخْطَاءُ التَّحْكِيمِ (Refereeing errors)
- مُحَابَاةُ الفَرِيقِ المُضِيفِ (Favoring the host team)
- الرُّوحُ الرِّيَاضِيَّةُ (Sportsmanship)
- اللَعِبُ النَّظِيفُ (Fair play)
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"هَلْ تَعْتَقِدُ أَنَّ المُحَابَاةَ مُنْتَشِرَةٌ فِي هَذِهِ الشَّرِكَةِ؟ (Do you think favoritism is widespread in this company?)"
"كَيْفَ يُمْكِنُنَا القَضَاءُ عَلَى مُحَابَاةِ الأَقَارِبِ؟ (How can we eliminate nepotism?)"
"مَا هُوَ الفَرْقُ بَيْنَ العَلَاقَاتِ المِهْنِيَّةِ وَالمُحَابَاةِ؟ (What is the difference between professional networking and favoritism?)"
"هَلْ سَبَقَ وَأَنْ شَعَرْتَ بِالظُّلْمِ بِسَبَبِ مُحَابَاةِ شَخْصٍ آخَرَ؟ (Have you ever felt wronged because of someone else being favored?)"
"كَيْفَ نَضْمَنُ عَدَمَ المُحَابَاةِ فِي اخْتِيَارِ المُرَشَّحِينَ؟ (How do we ensure no favoritism in selecting candidates?)"
موضوعات نگارش
اكْتُبْ عَنْ مَوْقِفٍ رَأَيْتَ فِيهِ مُحَابَاةً وَكَيْفَ كَانَ شُعُورُكَ. (Write about a situation where you saw favoritism and how you felt.)
هَلْ تَعْتَقِدُ أَنَّ المُحَابَاةَ يُمْكِنُ أَنْ تَكُونَ إِيجَابِيَّةً أَحْيَانًا؟ لِمَاذَا؟ (Do you think favoritism can sometimes be positive? Why?)
نَاقِشْ أَثَرَ المُحَابَاةِ عَلَى تَطَوُّرِ المُجْتَمَعِ. (Discuss the impact of favoritism on the development of society.)
كَيْفَ يُمْكِنُ لِلتِّكْنُولُوجْيَا أَنْ تُسَاعِدَ فِي تَقْلِيلِ المُحَابَاةِ؟ (How can technology help in reducing favoritism?)
تَخَيَّلْ عَالَمًا بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ، كَيْفَ سَيَكُونُ؟ (Imagine a world without favoritism; what would it be like?)
سوالات متداول
10 سوالYes, in a professional or legal context, 'Muhabah' implies an unfair preference that violates the rules of equality and merit. It is almost always used with a negative connotation.
'Muhabah' is a general term for favoritism. To say 'nepotism' specifically, you say 'Muhabat al-aqarib' (favoritism of relatives).
No, that would be 'Tafdil' (preference). 'Muhabah' is for situations involving ethics, justice, and people.
You can say 'manti' al-muhabah' (preventing favoritism) or 'didd al-muhabah' (against favoritism).
The root 'h-b-w' appears in related senses, but the specific word 'Muhabah' as favoritism is more common in later legal and modern Arabic.
In formal Arabic (Fusha), it is pronounced as a soft breath. In many dialects, it becomes a silent 'a' sound.
The verb is 'حابى' (haba) in the past and 'يُحَابِي' (yuhabi) in the present.
Yes, to describe a referee who favors one team over another unfairly.
It is very common in news, law, and formal writing, but less common in daily street conversation where 'Wasta' is used.
The plural is 'Muḥābayāt' (مُحَابَيَات), but it is rarely used as the singular noun covers the general concept.
خودت رو بسنج 166 سوال
Write a simple sentence in Arabic saying 'I hate favoritism'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a sentence using 'without favoritism'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Translate: 'Favoritism destroys the company.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a short paragraph about the dangers of nepotism (30 words).
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Pronounce the word 'Muhabah' and record it.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen to the sentence: 'لا مُحَابَاةَ فِي تَطْبِيقِ القَانُونِ.' What was said?
Write: 'Is there favoritism here?' in Arabic.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write: 'Favoritism is bad for work.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a sentence using 'because of favoritism'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Summarize the effect of favoritism on trust (15 words).
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'No to favoritism' in Arabic.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'يَجِبُ أَنْ نَكُونَ عَادِلِينَ بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ.' What is the speaker's main point?
Write 'No' in Arabic.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write 'He favors' in Arabic.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write 'Favoritism of friends'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Translate: 'The suspicion of favoritism is dangerous.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Explain in Arabic why 'Muhabah' is bad (simple sentence).
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'تُعْتَبَرُ المُحَابَاةُ خَرْقًا لِلنَّزَاهَةِ.' What is favoritism a violation of?
Translate: 'The judge was accused of favoritism.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'Favoritism is not fair' in Arabic.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'أَنَا أَكْرَهُ المُحَابَاةَ.' What does the speaker hate?
Translate: 'Administrative reform requires the elimination of favoritism.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Discuss briefly (in Arabic) the impact of 'Muhabah' on young people.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'شُبْهَةُ المُحَابَاةِ تُدَمِّرُ السُّمْعَةَ.' What does the suspicion of favoritism destroy?
Write 'Fairness' in Arabic.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Use 'Muhabat al-aqarib' in a sentence.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'بِدُونِ مُحَابَاةٍ، الجَمِيعُ سُوَاسِيَةٌ.' What happens without favoritism?
Translate: 'No to favoritism in our school.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'Muhabah' 3 times.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'المُحَابَاةُ تُضْعِفُ المُواطَنَةَ.' What does favoritism weaken?
Write a sentence using 'flagrant violation' and 'favoritism'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Translate and say: 'Favoritism destroys trust.'
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'لَا لِلْمُحَابَاةِ.' What is the message?
Write: 'He was chosen because of favoritism.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'Nepotism' in Arabic.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'نَرْفُضُ أَيَّ نَوْعٍ مِنَ المُحَابَاةِ.' What do we reject?
Translate: 'I don't like favoritism in sports.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'Is this favoritism?' in Arabic.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'يَجِبُ أَنْ نُحَارِبَ المُحَابَاةَ.' What must we fight?
Write: 'Favoritism of friends is rejected.'
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'Without favoritism' in Arabic.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Listen: 'المُحَابَاةُ لَيْسَتْ حَلًّا.' What is favoritism not?
/ 166 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
Muhabah (مُحَابَاة) is the formal Arabic word for 'favoritism.' It is used to describe situations where personal ties lead to unfair advantages, especially in jobs or politics. Example: 'The manager was accused of favoritism toward his relatives' (اتُّهِمَ المدير بِمُحَابَاةِ أقاربه).
- A formal term for favoritism and partiality.
- Often used to describe corruption or nepotism.
- Derived from the root meaning 'to give or cover'.
- Implies an unfair breach of meritocracy.
Feminine Agreement
Always remember 'Muhabah' is feminine. Use 'hadihi' (this) and 'kabira' (big) with it, not 'hada' or 'kabir'.
The 'Wasta' Connection
Think of 'Wasta' as the action and 'Muhabah' as the formal name of the crime. Using 'Muhabah' makes you sound more educated.
The Pharyngeal 'H'
Practice the 'ḥ' (ح) sound from the deep throat. If you say it with a normal 'h', it might sound like a different word.
Idafa Usage
Use 'Muhabat al-...' to specify who is being favored (friends, family, political allies).
مثال
يجب أن تكون الترقيات بناءً على الجدارة وليس على المحاباة.
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر sociology
اغتراب
B1حالت انزوا یا زندگی دور از وطن؛ بیگانگی. 'احساس بیگانگی در دنیای مدرن.'
اِنْدِمَاج
B2فرایند یکپارچه سازی یا ترکیب در یک کل.
انفتاح
B2تمایل به در نظر گرفتن ایدهها یا نظرات جدید، یا وضعیت باز بودن به تجارت و فرهنگ بینالمللی. مرتبط با متون TOEFL در مورد جهانی شدن.
اِنْحِرَاف
B2عمل دور شدن از یک مسیر تعیین شده یا استاندارد پذیرفته شده.
اِنْحِطَاط
B2یعنی کیفیت، استانداردها یا ارزشهای اخلاقی به تدریج پایین بیاد.
اِنْسِجَام
B2هماهنگی، انسجام؛ حالتی از همزیستی مسالمتآمیز و توافق.
اِنْتِمَاء
B2حس تعلق به یک گروه، کشور یا نظام اعتقادی.
تطلعات
B1امیدها، جاه طلبی ها یا انتظارات برای آینده. جوانان برای شغل خود آرزوهای بزرگی دارند. دولت برای توسعه کشور آرزوهایی دارد.
اِسْتِقْطاب
B2قطبی شدن سیاسی جامعه را به دو جناح مخالف تقسیم می کند. در فیزیک، قطبی شدن نور جهت امواج آن را توصیف می کند.
ازدراء
B2کلمه عربی «ازدراء» (izdiraa') به معنای فقدان عمیق احترام یا ملاحظه است؛ عمل رفتار با کسی یا چیزی به عنوان پست، بیارزش، یا پایینتر از هرگونه ملاحظه؛ تحقیر یا استهزاء.
