以及 در ۳۰ ثانیه
- A formal conjunction meaning 'as well as' or 'and,' primarily used in written Chinese and professional speeches to connect noun phrases.
- Typically used to introduce the final item in a list (A, B, 以及 C), providing structural clarity and a rhythmic conclusion.
- Higher in register than '和' (hé), it is ideal for business reports, academic papers, and official government or legal documents.
- Cannot be used to connect simple verbs as main predicates; it is best suited for complex nouns or supplementary information.
The Chinese conjunction 以及 (yǐjí) is a sophisticated and formal way to say 'and,' 'as well as,' or 'along with.' While beginners in Chinese often rely heavily on '和' (hé) for all their connecting needs, '以及' serves a specific stylistic and structural purpose in the language. It is primarily used to connect nouns, noun phrases, or even entire clauses, typically functioning as a connector for the final item in a list or to introduce supplementary information that is slightly distinct from the preceding items. In the hierarchy of Chinese connectives, '以及' sits comfortably in the formal and written registers, making it indispensable for business reports, academic essays, news broadcasts, and official speeches. Understanding '以及' is a hallmark of the B1 level because it demonstrates a transition from basic conversational Chinese to a more professional and nuanced command of the language. When you use '以及,' you aren't just listing things; you are organizing them with a sense of completeness and formality.
- Formal Listing
- Used to join multiple items in a series, often appearing before the last item to signify the end of the list.
- Supplementary Addition
- Introduces an additional point or category that, while related, might be secondary or broader than the previous specific items.
- Professional Tone
- Elevates the register of a sentence, making it suitable for documents, presentations, and formal correspondence.
我们需要讨论预算、时间表以及人员安排。(Wǒmen xūyào tǎolùn yùsuàn, shíjiānbiǎo yǐjí rényuán ānpái.)
One of the key nuances of '以及' is its ability to group things. In a long list, you might use commas (or the Chinese enumeration comma '、') to separate the first few items and then use '以及' to introduce the final item. This creates a rhythmic pause and signals to the listener or reader that the list is concluding. Furthermore, '以及' can sometimes imply a slight hierarchy. While '和' suggests all items are of equal weight, '以及' can sometimes feel like '...and also this other category.' For example, if a company lists its products and then says '以及售后服务' (as well as after-sales service), it separates the physical goods from the service aspect. This distinction is subtle but vital for clear, professional communication.
这本书介绍了中国的历史、文化以及现代社会。(Zhè běn shū jièshàole Zhōngguó de lìshǐ, wénhuà yǐjí xiàndài shèhuì.)
In modern usage, '以及' is frequently paired with '其他' (qítā - other) to form the phrase '以及其他...' (as well as other...). This is a standard way to say 'and so on' or 'and other related items' in a formal context. For instance, '水果、蔬菜以及其他农产品' (fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural products). This usage is extremely common in logistics, law, and technical documentation. By mastering '以及,' you move away from the 'A and B' simplicity of beginner Chinese and start constructing sentences that have the structural integrity required for complex thought and professional interaction. It is not just a word; it is an organizational tool.
请提交您的身份证、申请表以及两张近期照片。(Qǐng tíjiāo nín de shēnfènzhèng, shēnqǐngbiǎo yǐjí liǎng zhāng jìnqī zhàopiàn.)
The grammatical placement of 以及 (yǐjí) is relatively straightforward but requires attention to the items being connected. Its primary role is as a coordinating conjunction. Unlike '和,' which is very flexible, '以及' is most effectively used when the items being joined are noun phrases or complex clauses. Let's look at the basic structural patterns that define its usage in standard Mandarin.
- The Multi-Item List Pattern
- Structure: [Item A] 、 [Item B] 、 [Item C] 以及 [Item D]. This is the most common use. The enumeration comma (、) is used between the first several items, and '以及' replaces the comma before the final item.
- The 'Along With' Pattern
- Structure: [Main Subject/Object] 以及 [Supplementary Information]. Here, '以及' acts more like 'as well as' or 'along with,' adding something that might be slightly secondary to the main focus.
- The Clause Connector Pattern
- Structure: [Clause 1] ， 以及 [Clause 2]. While less common than connecting nouns, '以及' can connect two related actions or descriptive clauses, especially in long, complex sentences.
会议讨论了公司的发展战略、市场竞争以及未来的投资计划。(Huìyì tǎolùnle gōngsī de fāzhǎn zhànlüè, shìchǎng jìngzhēng yǐjí wèilái de tóuzī jìhuà.)
One important grammatical rule is that '以及' cannot be used to connect two simple verbs that are the main predicates of a sentence if they are meant to happen simultaneously or as a direct sequence (for that, you would use '并' or '而且'). For example, you wouldn't say '我吃饭以及喝茶' (I eat and drink tea) in a casual way; you would say '我吃饭和喝茶' or '我边吃饭边喝茶.' However, if the verbs are part of a larger nominalized phrase (acting like a noun), '以及' is perfectly fine. For instance, '学习技巧以及提高效率的方法' (learning techniques as well as methods to improve efficiency).
他精通英语、法语以及多种亚洲语言。(Tā jīngtōng Yīngyǔ, Fǎyǔ yǐjí duō zhǒng Yàzhōu yǔyán.)
Another sophisticated use of '以及' is to connect items that belong to different categories but are being grouped together for the purpose of the sentence. Consider a sentence about a trip: '我们参观了博物馆、公园，以及当地最有名的餐厅' (We visited museums, parks, and the most famous local restaurants). Here, '以及' helps bridge the gap between 'public spaces' and 'dining establishments.' It provides a formal 'wrap-up' to the list. In writing, you will notice that '以及' is rarely the only connector; it is the 'closer.' If you have only two items, '和' or '与' is more common, but '以及' can still be used if you want to emphasize that the second item is an additional, distinct point.
气候变化影响了农业、水资源以及人类的健康。(Qìhòu biànhuà yǐngxiǎngle nóngyè, shuǐzīyuán yǐjí rénlèi de jiànkāng.)
If you spend your day in a casual Chinese setting—chatting with friends at a café or buying groceries—you might not hear 以及 (yǐjí) very often. However, the moment you turn on the news, step into a university lecture, or open a corporate document, '以及' becomes omnipresent. It is a 'high-register' word, meaning it belongs to formal and professional environments. In these contexts, using '和' repeatedly can sound repetitive or overly simplistic, so '以及' is used to provide variety and structural clarity.
- News and Media
- News anchors use '以及' to list attendees of a diplomatic meeting, the topics of a government report, or the affected areas of a natural disaster. It sounds authoritative and organized.
- Academic and Scientific Writing
- Researchers use it to connect variables in a study or to list the various components of a chemical reaction or social phenomenon. It helps in maintaining a neutral, objective tone.
- Corporate and Legal Environments
- Contracts and business agreements rely on '以及' to define the scope of services, the parties involved, and the additional terms of the agreement. It provides legal precision.
本次会议邀请了政府官员、企业家以及专家学者。(Běn cì huìyì yāoqǐngle zhèngfǔ guānyuán, qǐyèjiā yǐjí zhuānjiā xuézhě.)
In a professional presentation, '以及' is the 'verbal comma' that allows the speaker to take a breath before the final point. Imagine a CEO presenting the quarterly results: '我们的收入增长了10%，用户群扩大了，以及我们的品牌影响力也得到了提升' (Our revenue grew by 10%, our user base expanded, and our brand influence has also been enhanced). Here, '以及' signals the culmination of the positive news. It creates a sense of 'and finally, let's not forget...'
该计划旨在改善交通、教育以及医疗卫生条件。(Gāi jìhuà zhǐ zài gǎishàn jiāotōng, jiàoyù yǐjí yīliáo wèishēng tiáojiàn.)
In the digital age, you'll also find '以及' in formal websites' 'Terms of Service' or 'About Us' pages. For instance, '我们收集您的姓名、邮箱以及地理位置信息' (We collect your name, email, and location information). It is the standard connector for lists that have legal or privacy implications. Even in documentaries or educational YouTube channels in Chinese, '以及' is used to transition between different sub-topics within a segment. It helps the audience follow the logic of the narration by clearly demarcating the end of one set of items and the introduction of the last, often most important, item.
我们需要考虑成本、效率以及员工的反馈。(Wǒmen xūyào kǎolǜ chéngběn, xiàolǜ yǐjí yuángōng de fǎnkuì.)
While 以及 (yǐjí) is a powerful tool, it is often misused by learners who treat it as a direct, interchangeable synonym for '和' (hé). Understanding the restrictions on '以及' is just as important as knowing how to use it. The mistakes usually fall into three categories: over-formality, incorrect placement, and mismatched parts of speech.
- Over-Formality in Casual Speech
- Using '以及' when talking to friends about daily life can sound jarring. Saying '我买了苹果以及香蕉' (I bought apples as well as bananas) sounds like you are reading a shipping manifest rather than just coming home from the market. Stick to '和' for casual, everyday lists.
- Incorrect List Placement
- A common mistake is putting '以及' at the beginning of a list or using it multiple times in one series. Correct: 'A, B 以及 C'. Incorrect: '以及 A, B, C' or 'A 以及 B 以及 C'. '以及' should ideally only appear once, before the final item.
- Connecting Main Verbs
- '以及' is primarily for noun phrases. It shouldn't be used to connect two main actions that a person is doing. Instead of '他唱歌以及跳舞' (He sings and dances), you should use '他唱歌，并跳舞' or '他既唱歌又跳舞'.
❌ 我想喝咖啡以及茶。(Wǒ xiǎng hē kāfēi yǐjí chá.)
✅ 我想喝咖啡和茶。(Wǒ xiǎng hē kāfēi hé chá.)
Another subtle mistake is failing to use the correct punctuation. In Chinese, the enumeration comma '、' (dùnhào) is used specifically for listing items. When you use '以及,' you should use '、' for all previous items in the list. Using a standard comma '，' (dòuhào) is sometimes acceptable if the items are long phrases, but '、' is the standard for simple noun lists. Forgetting this can make your writing look unpolished.
❌ 他学习历史、地理，以及，他喜欢运动。(Tā xuéxí lìshǐ, dìlǐ, yǐjí, tā xǐhuān yùndòng.)
✅ 他学习历史、地理，而且他还喜欢运动。(Tā xuéxí lìshǐ, dìlǐ, érqiě tā hái xǐhuān yùndòng.)
Lastly, learners sometimes confuse '以及' with '及其' (jíqí). While they look similar, '及其' means 'and their' or 'and its.' For example, '老师及其学生' (the teacher and his/her students). Using '以及' in this context would change the meaning to 'the teacher as well as the students,' which is similar but lacks the possessive link. Being precise with these connectors is what separates intermediate learners from advanced ones. Pay close attention to whether you are simply adding an item or establishing a relationship between them.
❌ 父母以及孩子们的意见。(Fùmǔ yǐjí háizimen de yìjiàn.)
✅ 父母及其孩子们的意见。(Fùmǔ jíqí háizimen de yìjiàn.)
Chinese has a rich variety of words that mean 'and' or 'as well as.' Choosing the right one depends entirely on the context, the parts of speech you are connecting, and the level of formality you wish to achieve. Let's compare 以及 (yǐjí) with its closest relatives to help you choose the perfect word every time.
- 和 (hé)
- The most common and versatile connector. It is neutral and used for connecting nouns. Unlike '以及,' it is used in both casual and formal speech. However, in a long formal list, '和' can feel too simple.
- 与 (yǔ)
- More formal than '和.' It is often used in titles (e.g., 'Man and Nature' - 人与自然) or to show a relationship between two things. '以及' is better for lists of three or more, while '与' is great for pairs.
- 并 (bìng) / 并且 (bìngqiě)
- Used primarily to connect verbs or clauses. While '以及' connects 'things,' '并' connects 'actions.' For example: 'He stood up and (并) walked out.'
- 还有 (háiyǒu)
- A very common spoken alternative meaning 'also have' or 'and also.' It is informal and used to add items to a list as you think of them. '以及' is planned; '还有' is often spontaneous.
Comparison:
1. 我和你 (Casual)
2. 理论与实践 (Formal Pair)
3. 老师、学生以及家长 (Formal List)
To decide between '以及' and its alternatives, ask yourself: 'Am I writing or speaking?' If you are writing a formal report, lean toward '以及' or '与.' If you are speaking with friends, use '和' or '还有.' Another factor is the 'weight' of the items. If you are connecting two short words like 'apples' and 'oranges,' '以及' is overkill. If you are connecting 'the environmental impact of urban sprawl' and 'the socio-economic consequences of migration,' '以及' provides the necessary structural support for those heavy phrases.
这项政策不仅影响了出口，还影响了进口以及国内消费。(Zhè xiàng zhèngcè bùjǐn yǐngxiǎngle chūkǒu, hái yǐngxiǎngle jìnkǒu yǐjí guónèi xiāofèi.)
In summary, '以及' is your go-to word for formal lists and supplementary noun phrases. It provides a level of polish that '和' cannot, and a level of structural clarity that '还有' lacks. By understanding the specific 'job' of each connector, you can make your Chinese sound more natural, professional, and precise. Practice by looking at news articles and noting how often '以及' appears at the end of a long list of nouns—it's a pattern you'll see everywhere once you start looking.
چقدر رسمی است؟
نکته جالب
In ancient texts, '及' was used alone as a conjunction much more frequently. The addition of '以' became more common as Chinese shifted from monosyllabic to disyllabic words for clarity and rhythm.
راهنمای تلفظ
- Pronouncing 'yǐ' as a flat high tone instead of the dipping 3rd tone.
- Mistaking 'jí' for 'jī' (1st tone), which can change the meaning in some contexts.
- Over-stressing the 'y' sound; it should flow smoothly into the 'i'.
- Failing to rise enough on the 'jí' (2nd tone).
- Merging the two syllables into one sound.
سطح دشواری
Easy to recognize in a list once you know it means 'and'.
Requires knowledge of register and punctuation (enumeration commas).
Difficult for learners to use naturally without sounding overly formal.
Common in news and lectures; important for following long lists.
بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟
پیشنیازها
بعداً یاد بگیرید
پیشرفته
گرامر لازم
Enumeration Comma (顿号 、)
苹果、香蕉以及西瓜。 (Use 、 between items before '以及'.)
Register Consistency
If the sentence is formal, use '以及'; if casual, use '和'.
Noun Phrase Connection
'以及' is best for nouns. For verbs, use '并' or '并且'.
Placement at the End
Always place '以及' before the last item of a specific list.
Supplementary Clauses
Use '以及' to add a clause that provides extra detail about the main subject.
مثالها بر اساس سطح
我喜欢苹果、香蕉以及西瓜。
I like apples, bananas, and watermelons.
Simple list of three nouns.
书包里有书、笔以及本子。
There are books, pens, and notebooks in the bag.
Using '以及' to end a list of objects.
老师、学生以及家长都在学校。
Teachers, students, and parents are all at school.
Connecting three groups of people.
桌子上有杯子、盘子以及筷子。
There are cups, plates, and chopsticks on the table.
Listing dining items.
动物园里有狮子、老虎以及大象。
There are lions, tigers, and elephants in the zoo.
Listing animals.
他会说中文、英文以及法文。
He can speak Chinese, English, and French.
Listing languages.
春天有花、草以及绿树。
Spring has flowers, grass, and green trees.
Listing natural elements.
请给我纸、笔以及地图。
Please give me paper, a pen, and a map.
Making a formal request for items.
这家超市卖蔬菜、水果以及各种零食。
This supermarket sells vegetables, fruits, and various snacks.
Listing categories of goods.
我们要学习数学、科学以及历史。
We need to study math, science, and history.
Listing school subjects.
他的爱好是游泳、跑步以及看电影。
His hobbies are swimming, running, and watching movies.
Listing verbal nouns (hobbies).
这个公园很漂亮，有山、水以及很多花。
This park is beautiful; it has mountains, water, and many flowers.
Describing a place with a list.
请带上你的护照、机票以及行李。
Please bring your passport, plane ticket, and luggage.
Instructions for travel items.
北京、上海以及广州都是大城市。
Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are all big cities.
Listing proper nouns (cities).
我买了衬衫、裤子以及一双鞋。
I bought a shirt, pants, and a pair of shoes.
Listing clothing items.
早餐有面包、牛奶以及鸡蛋。
Breakfast includes bread, milk, and eggs.
Listing food items.
这篇报告分析了市场趋势、竞争对手以及消费者行为。
This report analyzed market trends, competitors, and consumer behavior.
Connecting complex noun phrases in a formal context.
我们需要考虑成本、质量以及交货时间。
We need to consider cost, quality, and delivery time.
Listing professional criteria.
该项目旨在提高员工的技能、效率以及工作满意度。
The project aims to improve employee skills, efficiency, and job satisfaction.
Listing goals of a project.
他介绍了公司的历史、现状以及未来的发展计划。
He introduced the company's history, current situation, and future development plans.
Listing temporal aspects of a company.
我们要保护环境，包括森林、海洋以及野生动物。
We must protect the environment, including forests, oceans, and wildlife.
Using '以及' within an 'including' (包括) structure.
请提供您的姓名、联系方式以及详细地址。
Please provide your name, contact information, and detailed address.
Formal request for information.
气候变化对农业、工业以及旅游业都有影响。
Climate change has an impact on agriculture, industry, and tourism.
Listing economic sectors.
这本书不仅有精彩的故事，还有精美的插图以及深刻的道理。
This book not only has a wonderful story but also beautiful illustrations and profound truths.
Using '以及' to add the final item in an 'not only... but also' structure.
政府正在采取措施解决通货膨胀、失业以及贫富差距问题。
The government is taking measures to solve inflation, unemployment, and the gap between the rich and the poor.
Listing complex socio-economic issues.
该软件支持多种操作系统，包括Windows、macOS以及Linux。
The software supports multiple operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Technical listing in a formal context.
我们需要评估该政策对经济、社会以及环境的长期影响。
We need to evaluate the long-term impact of this policy on the economy, society, and the environment.
Listing domains of impact.
这篇文章探讨了教育改革的背景、过程以及取得的成果。
This article explores the background, process, and results of education reform.
Listing stages of a study or process.
除了专业知识，你还需要具备沟通能力、团队协作精神以及创新意识。
In addition to professional knowledge, you also need communication skills, teamwork spirit, and innovation awareness.
Listing abstract qualities/skills.
该地区的经济增长主要依靠出口、投资以及国内消费的拉动。
The region's economic growth mainly relies on the drive of exports, investment, and domestic consumption.
Listing economic drivers.
请确认您的订单信息，包括商品名称、数量、价格以及收货地址。
Please confirm your order information, including product name, quantity, price, and shipping address.
Formal transaction listing.
我们讨论了项目的技术可行性、经济效益以及潜在风险。
We discussed the project's technical feasibility, economic benefits, and potential risks.
Listing evaluation criteria.
法律规定了公民的权利、义务以及在法律面前一律平等的原则。
The law stipulates the rights and duties of citizens, as well as the principle of equality before the law.
Connecting legal concepts and broad principles.
这部作品深刻地反映了人性的复杂、社会的动荡以及对自由的渴望。
This work deeply reflects the complexity of human nature, social turmoil, and the longing for freedom.
Connecting abstract philosophical and social themes.
该研究综合运用了文献综述、问卷调查以及深度访谈等多种研究方法。
The study comprehensively utilized various research methods such as literature review, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews.
Listing formal research methodologies.
我们要全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设以及生态文明建设。
We must comprehensively promote economic, political, cultural, and ecological civilization construction.
Formal political/administrative listing.
不仅是技术创新，管理模式的变革以及企业文化的重塑也至关重要。
Not only technical innovation, but the transformation of management models and the reshaping of corporate culture are also crucial.
Connecting complex nominalized clauses in a high-level argument.
协议涵盖了知识产权保护、争议解决机制以及合作的期限与终止条件。
The agreement covers intellectual property protection, dispute resolution mechanisms, and the duration and termination conditions of cooperation.
Detailed legal listing.
他详细阐述了量子力学的基本原理、实验验证以及在现代科技中的应用。
He elaborated on the basic principles of quantum mechanics, experimental verification, and its applications in modern technology.
Academic listing of scientific sub-topics.
这种现象的产生有着复杂的历史根源、社会背景以及心理因素。
The emergence of this phenomenon has complex historical roots, social background, and psychological factors.
Analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.
该文集收录了作者早期的诗歌、中期的散文以及晚年的学术论著。
This collection includes the author's early poetry, middle-period essays, and late-life academic works.
Categorizing a lifetime of work chronologically.
在全球化背景下，国家主权的内涵、行使方式以及国际干预的界限正面临重构。
In the context of globalization, the connotation and exercise of national sovereignty, as well as the boundaries of international intervention, are facing reconstruction.
High-level political science analysis.
我们需要从哲学的高度审视技术与人类的关系，以及这种关系对未来伦理的挑战。
We need to examine the relationship between technology and humanity from a philosophical height, as well as the challenges this relationship poses to future ethics.
Connecting a deep inquiry with its subsequent implications.
该法案对金融市场的监管范围、执法力度以及违规处罚标准作出了明确规定。
The bill makes clear provisions for the scope of supervision, the intensity of law enforcement, and the standards for penalties for violations in the financial market.
Precise legal/regulatory listing.
这种艺术风格融合了古典主义的严谨、浪漫主义的激情以及现代主义的简约。
This artistic style blends the rigor of classicism, the passion of romanticism, and the simplicity of modernism.
Connecting contrasting artistic movements.
儒家思想对中国古代的政治体制、社会结构以及伦理道德产生了深远影响。
Confucian thought has had a profound impact on ancient China's political system, social structure, and ethics and morality.
Historical/Sociological analysis.
该研究不仅关注气候变化的物理机制，还涉及其对社会公平、全球治理以及人类文明存续的影响。
The study not only focuses on the physical mechanisms of climate change but also involves its impact on social equity, global governance, and the survival of human civilization.
Extending a list to include existential concerns.
作者通过对日常生活的细致观察，揭示了时代变迁的脉络以及普通人在历史洪流中的命运。
Through meticulous observation of daily life, the author reveals the context of the changing times and the fate of ordinary people in the torrent of history.
Literary analysis of themes.
مترادفها
متضادها
ترکیبهای رایج
عبارات رایج
— And so on and so forth. Used to end a list that is not exhaustive.
他喜欢足球、篮球以及其他等等。
— And from this it can be seen. Used to transition to a conclusion.
数据很清晰，以及由此可见我们的策略是正确的。
— And the supporting/matching... Used in technical or business contexts.
我们提供主机以及与之配套的软件。
— And what it represents. Used when discussing symbols or ideas.
这个标志以及其代表的精神。
— And in the aspect of... Used to add a new category of discussion.
他在学术上很成功，以及在体育方面也很出色。
— And for/towards... Used to link objects of a verb.
对工作的热爱以及对于成功的渴望。
— And the subsequent... Used to show cause and effect.
经济的发展以及随之而来的社会变化。
— And the involved... Used in complex descriptions.
项目的规模以及所涉及的人员。
— And on this basis. Used for building upon previous points.
我们的共识以及在此基础上的合作。
— And all parties concerned. Common in diplomatic or legal news.
政府以及有关各方正在进行谈判。
اغلب اشتباه گرفته میشود با
Learners use '和' everywhere. '以及' is more formal and better for long lists.
'并' connects verbs/actions; '以及' connects nouns/things.
'及其' means 'and its/their' (possessive); '以及' is just 'and'.
اصطلاحات و عبارات
— To take advantage of the opportunity when the blade is sharp. Note: '及' here is a verb, but related to the root meaning.
我们要及锋而试，抓住这次机会。
Literary— Love me, love my dog. Literally: 'Love the house and (及) the crow on it.'
因为喜欢她，他爱屋及乌地也喜欢上了她的宠物。
Common— From the outside to the inside. Proceeding from the surface to the essence.
分析问题要由表及里。
Academic/Analytical— To treat others as one would treat oneself.
我们应该推己及人，多为别人着想。
Moral/Ethical— Act as early as possible. '及' means 'reaching' a time.
面对困难，我们要及早行动。
Formal— To be caught unprepared. Literally: 'No time to move hands to reach (the situation).'
突如其来的大雨让我们措手不及。
Common— From this to that. Connecting one thing to another.
通过由此及彼的联想，他找到了答案。
Philosophical— Too much is as bad as too little. Literally: 'Going beyond is like not reaching.'
运动要适度，过犹不及。
Literary/Common— Too far behind to catch up. Literally: 'To see the dust (of a rider) but not reach it.'
他在数学方面的天赋让人望尘莫及。
Common— Beyond one's reach or influence. Literally: 'Even a long whip cannot reach.'
由于距离太远，总部也鞭长莫及。
Commonبهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Looks like a shorter version.
'及' is even more formal and often used in titles or very short, dense lists. '以及' is more common in general formal writing.
普及法律及相关知识。
Both mean 'and' in formal contexts.
'以及' connects nouns. '并且' connects verbs or clauses. You can't say '苹果并且香蕉.'
他完成了任务，并且写了报告。
Both can end a list.
'甚至' means 'even,' implying an extreme case. '以及' is just a neutral addition.
他会说英语、法语，甚至拉丁语。
Both add items to a list.
'还有' is informal and often used when you forget something and add it later. '以及' is formal and planned.
桌子上有苹果，还有... 喔，还有一把刀。
Both are formal 'ands'.
'与' is often used for pairs or titles. '以及' is better for the end of a list of three or more.
教师与学生的关系。
الگوهای جملهسازی
A、B以及C。
我有书、笔以及纸。
我喜欢A、B以及C。
我喜欢跑步、游泳以及跳舞。
我们需要讨论A、B以及C。
我们需要讨论价格、质量以及服务。
包括A、B以及其他C。
包括英语、日语以及其他亚洲语言。
不仅影响了A，也影响了B以及C。
不仅影响了出口，也影响了进口以及国内消费。
A的B、C以及D。
政策的背景、过程以及结果。
A以及由此产生的B。
技术的变革以及由此产生的社会影响。
A、B以及C对D的影响。
历史、文化以及宗教对社会结构的影响。
خانواده کلمه
اسمها
فعلها
صفتها
مرتبط
نحوه استفاده
High in written media and professional communication; Low in casual street talk.
-
Using '以及' to connect two main verbs.
→
使用 '并' 或 '并且'。
'以及' is for nouns. For 'He stood up and left,' use '他站起来并离开了,' not '以及离开了'。
-
Using standard commas (，) instead of enumeration commas (、) in a list.
→
A、B以及C。
In Chinese, '、' is specifically for listing items. '，' is for separating clauses.
-
Using '以及' in a casual conversation about food.
→
使用 '和' 或 '还有'。
Saying '我想要米饭以及面条' sounds like a legal document. Use '和' instead.
-
Putting '以及' at the very start of a list.
→
A、B以及C。
'以及' must connect something to something else. It cannot start a list from nothing.
-
Confusing '以及' with '及其'.
→
Understand the possessive '其' in '及其'。
'及其' means 'and its/their.' '以及' is just 'and/as well as.' Use '及其' for 'the company and its employees.'
نکات
Use with Enumeration Comma
Always pair '以及' with the enumeration comma (、) when listing three or more simple items. This is the hallmark of correct formal writing.
Save it for the Office
Keep '以及' for your professional life. Using it at a family dinner will make you sound like you are giving a government report.
Variety is Key
If you have a very long paragraph with many 'ands,' mix '和,' '与,' and '以及' to make the text more readable and sophisticated.
The 'Wrap-up' Signal
Use '以及' as a signal to your reader that the list is ending. It helps them prepare for the next sentence.
Connect Noun Phrases
Remember that '以及' is best for connecting 'things' (nouns), not 'actions' (verbs).
Think 'As Well As'
When you want to say 'as well as' in a formal way, '以及' is almost always the correct choice.
No Comma Before
Avoid putting a comma directly before '以及' in a standard list. The word itself provides the necessary pause.
Pair with 'Other'
Master the phrase '以及其他' (and others). It is extremely common in all forms of formal Chinese.
Listen for the Dipping Tone
Practice hearing the 3rd tone of 'yǐ.' If you hear a quick dip followed by a rise, it's likely '以及' or a related word.
Compare with '及其'
Make sure you don't need a possessive (and its/their) before using '以及.' If you do, use '及其'.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Imagine a hand (及) reaching out to grab the last item on a shelf to add it to your basket (以). '以及' is that final reach to complete your set.
تداعی تصویری
Visualize a long train. Each car is a word. The '以及' is the final coupling that attaches the caboose (the last item) to the rest of the train.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write a sentence with five nouns. Use the enumeration comma '、' for the first four and '以及' for the fifth. Try to make it sound like a news headline.
ریشه کلمه
The character '以' (yǐ) originally meant 'to use' or 'by means of.' The character '及' (jí) is a pictograph showing a hand reaching out to catch a person from behind, meaning 'to catch up with' or 'to reach.'
معنای اصلی: The combination '以及' literally means 'to take [something] and reach [the next thing].' It evolved from a verb-like structure into a pure conjunction in Middle Chinese.
Sino-Tibetan -> Sinitic -> Mandarin Chinese.بافت فرهنگی
There are no major sensitivities, but using it in a very low-stakes casual setting might make you sound slightly pretentious or distant.
English speakers often use 'and' for everything. Learning '以及' helps them understand the hierarchy of connectors in Chinese, similar to how we might use 'as well as' to add a distinct final point in English.
تمرین در زندگی واقعی
موقعیتهای واقعی
Academic Writing
- 本文探讨了A、B以及C。
- 实验结果以及相关数据。
- 理论框架以及其实践应用。
- 研究背景以及现状。
Business Meetings
- 我们的目标是增长、盈利以及创新。
- 请确认时间、地点以及参会人员。
- 预算方案以及人员配置。
- 市场分析以及竞争对策。
Government Documents
- 改善教育、医疗以及住房条件。
- 保护生态环境以及生物多样性。
- 法律法规以及相关政策。
- 政府以及所属部门。
News Reporting
- 访问了法国、德国以及英国。
- 包括老人、妇女以及儿童。
- 事故的原因以及调查进展。
- 受灾情况以及救援工作。
Technology/Manuals
- 支持音频、视频以及图片格式。
- 安装步骤以及注意事项。
- 系统要求以及兼容性。
- 产品功能以及使用技巧。
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
"你能列举一下这个项目的主要目标、挑战以及预期的成果吗？"
"这次旅行你最喜欢的景点、食物以及经历是什么？"
"你认为一个成功的领导者需要具备哪些技能、品质以及经验？"
"请介绍一下你们公司的文化、福利以及晋升机制。"
"你对未来的职业规划、生活目标以及个人成长有什么想法？"
موضوعات نگارش
写一写你最近学习中文的进度、遇到的困难以及你解决这些困难的方法。
描述你理想中的生活环境，包括地理位置、气候以及周围的设施。
回顾过去的一年，总结你的成就、教训以及对新一年的期待。
谈谈你对现代科技的看法，包括它带来的便利、潜在的风险以及对未来的影响。
介绍一位你敬佩的人，描述他的性格特征、感人事迹以及对你的启发。
سوالات متداول
10 سوالGenerally, no. It is a conjunction that must connect two things. However, in very formal writing, you might see it at the start of a paragraph to add a major point related to the previous paragraph, like '以及，我们还必须考虑...' but this is rare and usually replaced by '此外' (cǐwài).
Mostly, yes. It connects nouns or noun phrases. While it can connect clauses, they usually function as supplementary points. For simple verbs, always use '并' or '并且'.
'及' is the monosyllabic ancestor. It is extremely formal and mostly found in classical-style modern Chinese, legal titles, or very short phrases. '以及' is the standard disyllabic version for modern formal prose.
In a simple list like 'A、B以及C,' no comma is needed before '以及.' If the phrases are very long and complex, you can use a regular comma (，) instead of a '顿号' (、), but still, no comma is usually placed right before '以及' unless it's for specific rhythmic emphasis.
Yes, but be careful. A common pattern is to use '和' for a small sub-pair and '以及' for the main list. For example: 'A、B和C，以及D.' This shows A, B, and C are a group, and D is another item.
Only in formal speaking, like a speech, a news report, or a business presentation. In a casual chat with a friend, it sounds very unnatural.
Not necessarily. Sometimes it's the opposite—it's used to highlight the last item as a comprehensive 'catch-all' or a significant final point.
It is often used *after* the word '包括' (bāokuò - including) to list the items. It doesn't mean 'including' by itself, but it functions within that structure.
If it's formal, '以及' is the best translation. If it's casual, '还有' or just '和' works better.
It is standard and common in all Mandarin-speaking regions, including Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, particularly in formal contexts.
خودت رو بسنج 200 سوال
Write a sentence listing three fruits using '以及'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a formal sentence about what a company needs to consider (cost, quality, service).
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Use '以及其他' in a sentence about supermarket items.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a sentence listing three cities you want to visit.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Describe your hobbies (at least three) using '以及'.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a formal sentence about environmental protection (forests, oceans, wildlife).
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
List three school subjects you study.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Use '以及' to connect two noun phrases in a business context.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Describe a park using mountains, water, and flowers.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a sentence about what is in your school bag.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
List the documents needed for a visa (passport, photo, form).
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Explain the impacts of climate change on agriculture and health.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
List three languages you can speak or want to learn.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Describe a healthy breakfast spread.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a news-style sentence about a meeting's attendees.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Discuss the components of a scientific study.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
List the parts of a computer system.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Describe the history and future of a company.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
List your daily routine tasks (3 items).
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Write a formal sentence about legal rights and duties.
خوب نوشتید! تلاش خوبی بود! پاسخ نمونه را ببینید.
Say 'I like apples, bananas, and oranges' formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three items in your bag using '以及'.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Explain three goals for your Chinese study using '以及'.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three cities you have visited formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Briefly state three things a business needs (capital, talent, market).
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Introduce yourself with three hobbies.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three requirements for a job application.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say 'We need to discuss the budget and the timeline' formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three environmental issues (pollution, climate change, species loss).
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three breakfast items you like.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say 'The software supports Windows and macOS' formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three social issues formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
State three reasons you like living in your city.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three things you did yesterday formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Explain the components of a healthy life (diet, exercise, sleep).
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three parts of a presentation formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say 'The report covers history and current trends' formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
List three items on your desk.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
State three values you believe in (honesty, hard work, kindness).
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Say 'Please provide your name and phone number' formally.
این را بلند بخوانید:
تو گفتی:
تشخیص گفتار در مرورگر شما پشتیبانی نمیشود. از کروم یا اج استفاده کنید.
Identify the last item in: '我们需要苹果、香蕉、橙子以及西瓜。'
What is the conjunction used in the list of cities: '北京、上海以及广州'?
In a formal speech, you hear '...以及其他相关政策'. What does '其他' mean?
Which word indicates the end of the list: '成本、质量以及交货时间'?
Listen for the tone of 'yǐjí'. Is it dipping then rising?
What categories are mentioned? '农业、工业以及服务业。'
Identify the missing word: '护照、机票_______行李。'
What is the speaker listing? '姓名、年龄以及职业。'
Is the tone formal or informal? '本协议适用于甲方、乙方以及第三方。'
What items are in the bag? '书、笔以及本子。'
Listen for the pause before '以及' in: '发展战略、市场竞争以及未来计划。'
What is being protected? '森林、海洋以及野生动物。'
What software systems are mentioned? 'Windows、macOS以及Linux。'
Identify the three colors: '红、黄以及蓝。'
What is the topic? '历史、文化以及现代社会。'
/ 200 درست
نمره کامل!
Summary
The word '以及' (yǐjí) is the 'professional and' of the Chinese language. It is essential for B1 learners moving into formal communication. Example: '我们需要讨论价格、质量以及服务' (We need to discuss price, quality, and service).
- A formal conjunction meaning 'as well as' or 'and,' primarily used in written Chinese and professional speeches to connect noun phrases.
- Typically used to introduce the final item in a list (A, B, 以及 C), providing structural clarity and a rhythmic conclusion.
- Higher in register than '和' (hé), it is ideal for business reports, academic papers, and official government or legal documents.
- Cannot be used to connect simple verbs as main predicates; it is best suited for complex nouns or supplementary information.
Use with Enumeration Comma
Always pair '以及' with the enumeration comma (、) when listing three or more simple items. This is the hallmark of correct formal writing.
Save it for the Office
Keep '以及' for your professional life. Using it at a family dinner will make you sound like you are giving a government report.
Variety is Key
If you have a very long paragraph with many 'ands,' mix '和,' '与,' and '以及' to make the text more readable and sophisticated.
The 'Wrap-up' Signal
Use '以及' as a signal to your reader that the list is ending. It helps them prepare for the next sentence.
مثال
会议讨论了经济、文化以及教育等问题。
محتوای مرتبط
واژههای بیشتر daily_life
朝九晚五
B2از نه تا پنج؛ ساعات کاری منظم.
未免
B2کمی بیش از حد؛ واقعاً (دلالت بر افراط دارد). 'این قیمت کمی بیش از حد بالا است.'
废弃
B2رها کردن یا متوقف کردن استفاده از چیزی به طور دائمی (مانند کارخانه یا قانون).
恪守
B2To scrupulously observe; to strictly adhere to.
反常
B2هوا امروز بسیار غیرطبیعی است. (توصیف انحراف از حالت عادی.)
充裕
B2فراوان؛ کافی. اغلب برای زمان یا پول استفاده می شود.
充沛
B2فراوان؛ پر از انرژی. به عنوان مثال: 'او پر از انرژی است (精力充沛)'.
门禁卡
B2یک کارت تردد که برای باز کردن درهای الکترونیکی در ساختمانها استفاده میشود.
门禁
B2Access control (system).
配件
B2Fittings; accessories; spare parts.
