B1 · 中級 チャプター 27

More Essential Phrasal Verbs

11 トータルルール
127 例文
5

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the most common phrasal verbs to sound like a natural English speaker in any situation.

  • Categorize essential phrasal verbs by their functional use in conversation.
  • Apply correct grammar structures to separable and inseparable verb phrases.
  • Recognize the nuance between literal and idiomatic meanings of common verbs.
Speak fluently by mastering everyday phrasal verbs.

学べること

Ready to sound more natural? This chapter will equip you to confidently express yourself, whether you need to 'cut down on' something or understand what someone really 'means'. Soon, you'll navigate everyday conversations with ease!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use phrasal verbs correctly to describe habits, social plans, and interpersonal relationships.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Getting comfortable with phrasal verbs is a game-changer for B1 English learners aiming to sound more natural and fluent. This chapter on English more essential phrasal verbs will unlock everyday conversations for you, moving beyond basic vocabulary to expressions that native speakers use all the time. You'll learn to confidently describe reducing habits with cut down on, understand intentions with mean, and manage tasks by knowing when to put off something.
Mastering these specific phrasal verbs is a crucial step in your B1 English grammar journey. We'll explore verbs like throw away for discarding items, make up for inventing or reconciling, and rely on for dependability. You'll discover how to talk about quitting habits with give up, finding things by chance using come across, and even cancelling plans politely with call off.
By the end of this guide, you’ll not only recognize these phrases but integrate them smoothly into your own speech and writing, making your English sound authentic and dynamic.

How This Grammar Works

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (sometimes both), and their meaning is often different from the individual words. This makes them tricky but also incredibly rich for expression. For instance, throw away isn't just about throwing; it specifically means to discard.
When using separable phrasal verbs like throw away or put off, remember that pronouns *must* go in the middle: we throw it away, not *throw away it*. Similarly, you put them off, not *put off them*. This separability is key to sounding natural.
We also have versatile verbs like make up, which can mean inventing a story (
He had to make up an excuse
), reconciling after an argument (
They finally made up after their fight
), or forming a whole (
Women make up 60% of the staff
). Understanding these different contexts is vital. For habits, you'll learn to distinguish between cut down on (reduce an amount, like
I need to cut down on coffee
) and give up (stop completely, as in
She gave up smoking
).
Remember that give up is typically followed by the gerund (-ing) form of a verb:
I should give up eating so much sugar.
Whether you rely on a friend for support, come across an old photo, or call off a meeting, these phrasal verbs add precision and naturalness to your communication, helping you bridge the gap between literal translations and idiomatic English.

Common Mistakes

Here are some common pitfalls B1 learners encounter with these phrasal verbs:
  1. 1✗ Don't throw away it.
✓ Don't throw it away.
Explanation: For separable phrasal verbs like throw away or put off, if you use a pronoun (it, them, us, etc.), it *must* go between the verb and the particle.
  1. 1✗ I need to give up to smoke.
✓ I need to give up smoking.
Explanation: When give up is followed by another verb, that verb almost always takes the -ing (gerund) form.
  1. 1✗ He just meant to say hello. (When the intention was different)
✓ What do you mean by that?
Explanation: The verb mean is often used to clarify intent or definition. Incorrectly using it can lead to miscommunication. Asking
What do you mean?
is how you clarify.

Real Conversations

A

A

I'm so tired. I feel like I'm always putting off my important tasks.
B

B

Maybe you should try to rely on a planner more. That helps me stay organized.
A

A

Did you hear about Tom? He decided to give up watching TV entirely!
B

B

Wow, really? I'm just trying to cut down on my screen time. I can't imagine quitting completely.
A

A

I came across this old photo of us from high school yesterday. We looked so different!
B

B

Oh, no way! I remember that day. We had to make up a crazy story about why we were late for class.

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between cut down on and give up?

Cut down on means to reduce the amount or frequency of something, but not stop entirely (e.g., "I'm cutting down on sugar

). Give up means to stop doing something completely (e.g.,
I gave up smoking last year").

Q

Can make up only mean to invent a story?

No, make up is very versatile! It can mean to invent something (

make up an excuse
), to reconcile after an argument (
They made up after their fight
), or to form a whole (
Women make up the majority of the team
).

Q

How do I know when a phrasal verb needs a pronoun in the middle, like throw it away?

Many phrasal verbs are *separable*, especially when they have an object. A good rule of thumb for B1 is that if the object is a pronoun (it, them, him, her, us, you), it usually goes between the verb and the particle. If the object is a noun, it can often go in either position (e.g.,

throw away the rubbish
or
throw the rubbish away
).

Q

In what situations would I typically use rely on?

You use rely on when you need someone or something for support, help, or to function properly. For example,

I rely on my car for work,
You can always rely on Sarah,
or
Many people rely on their phones for news.

Cultural Context

Phrasal verbs are a cornerstone of natural, everyday English. Native speakers use them constantly, often without even realizing it. While some might be considered more informal, many are standard in both casual and professional settings, making your speech sound much more fluent and less textbook-like.
Mastering these phrases, rather than always using single-word synonyms, is a key step towards truly connecting with native English communication.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Can you please `throw away that empty coffee cup`?

その空のコーヒーカップを捨ててもらえますか?

句動詞: Throw away
2

Don't `throw away your shot` at getting into that university!

その大学に入るチャンスを無駄にしないで!

句動詞: Throw away
3

The children love to `make up` elaborate games in the backyard.

子どもたちは裏庭で凝ったゲームを考え出すのが大好きです。

句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)
4

After their big argument, Maya and Ben `made up with` each other.

激しい口論の後、マヤとベンは仲直りしました。

句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)
5

We need to `dress up` for Sarah's graduation party.

サラの卒業パーティーには、正装していく必要があります。

着飾る:フォーマルウェアとコスチューム (Dress up)
6

My little brother wants to `dress up as` a dinosaur for Halloween.

弟はハロウィンに恐竜の仮装をしたがっています。

着飾る:フォーマルウェアとコスチューム (Dress up)
7

What does 'rizz' `mean` on TikTok?

TikTokで「rizz」ってどういう意味?

「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?
8

I `mean to say` sorry for being late to the group call.

グループ通話に遅れてごめんなさい、と言いたかったです。

「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

代名詞は真ん中に!

「it」や「them」のような代名詞を「throw away」と一緒に使うときは、必ず「throw」と「away」の間に入れましょう。これが英語での自然な言い方です。例えば、「throw it away」と言って、「throw away it」とは言いません。"Always remember: if you're throwing away a pronoun (like it, them), it *must* go between throw and away. Think of it as a fixed rule for clearer communication. Say throw it away, not throw away it."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Throw away
💡

代名詞の置き場所のルール

「invent(何かをでっち上げる)」という意味で「make up」を使うとき、目的語が「it」や「them」のような代名詞だったら、必ず「make」と「up」の間に置きます。「make up it」ではなく、「make it up」と常に言います。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)
💡

シチュエーションが重要!

いつ使うか、シチュエーションを考えてみましょう。「Dress up」は、普段着ではなく、何か特別な目的のために意識的に服装を変えるニュアンスがあります。
Always consider the situation.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 着飾る:フォーマルウェアとコスチューム (Dress up)
💡

文脈がカギ!

「mean」の周りの言葉によく注意しましょう。「to + 動詞」が後に続いているなら、意図を表すことが多いです。単語の意味について質問しているなら、定義ですね!周りの文があなたの親友です。
I meant to call you.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?

重要な語彙 (5)

Discard to throw something away Reconcile to make up after a fight Procrastinate to put off a task Support to back someone up Chance an unplanned event

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Busy Office

Review Summary

  • Verb + Particle + Object
  • Verb + Particle
  • Verb + Particle + Object

よくある間違い

When using a pronoun object, it must go between the verb and the particle.

Wrong: I throw away it.
正解: I throw it away.

Many phrasal verbs require a preposition to connect to the object.

Wrong: I rely my friend.
正解: I rely on my friend.

After 'give up', always use the gerund (-ing form).

Wrong: I gave up to smoke.
正解: I gave up smoking.

このチャプターのルール (11)

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job! Phrasal verbs are tricky, but you are now equipped to navigate English conversations with much more confidence.

Listen to a podcast and note every phrasal verb you hear.

クイック練習 (10)

正しい文を選びましょう

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My sister and I finally made up.
文脈で2人以上の間の和解が明確な場合、「made up」だけで仲直りを意味することができます。「made up with」も正しいですが、ここでは「made up」だけでも問題ありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)

文中の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

He threw away them after the party.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He threw them away after the party.
目的語が代名詞('them')の場合、「threw」と「away」の間に入れなければなりません。「throwed」は間違いで、「throw」の過去形は「threw」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Throw away

文を完成させる正しい形を選びましょう。

The concert was ___ due to the heavy rain.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: called off
「Called off」は「中止された」という意味です。大雨がコンサート中止の原因となりました。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Call Off' の使い方 (イベントの中止)

文を完成させるのに正しい形を選んでください。

I always ___ my chores until the last minute.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: put off
目的語「my chores」が直後に続く場合、「put off」が正しいです。「Put it off」は代名詞の場合、「put off them」は間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: タスクを延期する: 'Put off' の使い方

「give up」を正しく使っている文はどれですか?

正しい文を選びましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I will give up my old clothes to charity.
何かを寄付する、または譲り渡す場合、「give up」(または「give away」)が使われます。「give up on」は、誰かや何かへの希望や信念を捨てることを意味します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やめることと諦めること (諦める)

文中の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Can we put off it until tomorrow?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Can we put it off until tomorrow?
「it」のような代名詞を使う場合は、必ず「put」と「off」の間に入れる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: タスクを延期する: 'Put off' の使い方

文を完成させる正しい形を選びましょう。

Please don't ___ that old newspaper; I haven't read it yet.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: throw it away
目的語が「it」のような代名詞の場合、「throw」と「away」の間に置かなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Throw away

文中の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

She needs to cut down to smoke.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She needs to cut down on smoking.
句動詞『cut down on』の後には、不定詞('to smoke')ではなく動名詞(verb-ing)を使います。また、前置詞の「on」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Cut Down On' の使い方(習慣を減らす)

正しい「mean」の形を選んで文を完成させましょう。

I didn't ___ to hurt your feelings.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mean
助動詞の「didn't」の後には、動詞の原型「mean」が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?

文を完成させるために正しい形を選んでください。

My New Year's resolution is to `cut down ___ buying` unnecessary clothes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: on
『Cut down on』は「減らす」という意味の正しい句動詞です。前置詞の「on」は不可欠です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Cut Down On' の使い方(習慣を減らす)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

「throw away」の主な意味は、何かを不要になったり、欲しくなくなったりしたために捨てることです。「throw away the trash」(ゴミを捨てる)のように使います。"The primary meaning of throw away is to discard something, to get rid of it because it's no longer needed or wanted, like throw away the trash."
はい、もちろん使えますよ!「throw away an opportunity」(機会を無駄にする)とか、「throw away money」(お金を無駄にする)のように、とても幅広く使えます。
Yes, absolutely! You can throw away an opportunity (meaning to waste it) or throw away money (meaning to spend it unwisely). It’s very versatile.
「make up」の主な意味は2つあります。一つは「物語や言い訳などをでっち上げたり、作り出したりすること」で、もう一つは「意見の相違の後で仲直りすること」です。例えば、「I made up an excuse」(言い訳をでっち上げた)や「They made up with each other」(彼らは仲直りした)のように使います。
「make up」が「でっち上げる」という意味の場合、名詞目的語とは分離可能です(例: 「make up a story」または「make a story up」)。しかし、目的語が代名詞の場合は、必ず分離します(例: 「make it up」)。仲直りの意味では、通常は分離せず、「with」と一緒に使われます(例: 「make up with someone」)。
「Dress up」は主に、特別な行事のためにフォーマルな服を着ることや、仮装をすることを意味します。例えば、ガラパーティーのために「dressing up」したり、スーパーヒーローに「dressing up as」したりと、見た目に特別な努力をすることを想像してください。
Dressing up for a gala or dressing up as a superhero.
いつもではありません!主な使い方は服装についてですが、「dress up」は比喩的に、何かをより魅力的または印象的にするという意味でも使われます。例えば、シンプルな料理を飾り付けで「dress up」したり、退屈なプレゼンテーションを鮮やかなグラフィックで「dress up」したりできます。
You can dress up a plain meal with a garnish.