Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the most common phrasal verbs to sound like a natural English speaker in any situation.
- Categorize essential phrasal verbs by their functional use in conversation.
- Apply correct grammar structures to separable and inseparable verb phrases.
- Recognize the nuance between literal and idiomatic meanings of common verbs.
学べること
Ready to sound more natural? This chapter will equip you to confidently express yourself, whether you need to 'cut down on' something or understand what someone really 'means'. Soon, you'll navigate everyday conversations with ease!
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句動詞: Throw away「throw away」をマスターすれば、「捨てる」「無駄にする」「機会」を自在に表現できるようになりますよ!
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句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)「make up」をマスターして、物語を「invent」したり、友情を「mend」したりすることで、もっと自然な英語を話せるようになりますよ。
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着飾る:フォーマルウェアとコスチューム (Dress up)「Dress up」は、特別な機会にフォーマルな服装やコスチュームを着ることを意味する «特別な服装» をする «魔法の言葉» です。
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「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?「
mean」を使いこなすと、「«意図»」や何かを「«定義»」したり、「«説明»」したりする時に、自信を持って話せるようになりますよ! -
人や物事に依存する(Rely on)「depend on」と「rely on」を使いこなすには、正しい「on」がポイント。「necessity」や「trust」を表現するのに、B1レベルの英語がぐっと自然になりますよ!
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タスクを延期する: 'Put off' の使い方「put off」をマスターして、タスクを後回しにする時でも自然な英語を話そう。特に代名詞と一緒に使う「separable」な形がポイントだよ!
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「Back Up」の使い方(移動、支持、保存)「back up」をマスターするには、その多様な意味と、どんな状況で使うかを理解することが重要です。キーワードは「多義性」と「文脈」です。
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'Cut Down On' の使い方(習慣を減らす)『cut down on』をマスターすれば、「減らす」や「習慣」について、自然で効果的に話せるようになりますよ!
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やめることと諦めること (諦める)「give up」をマスターして、「習慣をやめる」時、「努力をやめる」時、「降参する」時など、様々な状況で自然に表現できるようになりましょう。
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偶然見つける (Come across)「come across」を使いこなして、英語で偶然の発見や出会いを自然に表現しましょう。「accidental」「discoveries」「encounters」
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'Call Off' の使い方 (イベントの中止)「Call Off」をマスターすれば、イベント中止を自然に表現できて、まるでネイティブスピーカーみたいに聞こえますよ!「cancellations」「fluent speaker」
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Use phrasal verbs correctly to describe habits, social plans, and interpersonal relationships.
チャプターガイド
Overview
How This Grammar Works
He had to make up an excuse), reconciling after an argument (
They finally made up after their fight), or forming a whole (
Women make up 60% of the staff). Understanding these different contexts is vital. For habits, you'll learn to distinguish between cut down on (reduce an amount, like
I need to cut down on coffee) and give up (stop completely, as in
She gave up smoking).
I should give up eating so much sugar.Whether you rely on a friend for support, come across an old photo, or call off a meeting, these phrasal verbs add precision and naturalness to your communication, helping you bridge the gap between literal translations and idiomatic English.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Don't throw away it.
throw away or put off, if you use a pronoun (it, them, us, etc.), it *must* go between the verb and the particle.- 1✗ I need to give up to smoke.
give up is followed by another verb, that verb almost always takes the -ing (gerund) form.- 1✗ He just meant to say hello. (When the intention was different)
mean is often used to clarify intent or definition. Incorrectly using it can lead to miscommunication. Asking What do you mean?is how you clarify.
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
What's the main difference between cut down on and give up?
Cut down on means to reduce the amount or frequency of something, but not stop entirely (e.g., "I'm cutting down on sugar
). Give up means to stop doing something completely (e.g.,I gave up smoking last year").
Can make up only mean to invent a story?
No, make up is very versatile! It can mean to invent something (
make up an excuse), to reconcile after an argument (
They made up after their fight), or to form a whole (
Women make up the majority of the team).
How do I know when a phrasal verb needs a pronoun in the middle, like throw it away?
Many phrasal verbs are *separable*, especially when they have an object. A good rule of thumb for B1 is that if the object is a pronoun (it, them, him, her, us, you), it usually goes between the verb and the particle. If the object is a noun, it can often go in either position (e.g.,
throw away the rubbishor
throw the rubbish away).
In what situations would I typically use rely on?
You use rely on when you need someone or something for support, help, or to function properly. For example,
I rely on my car for work,
You can always rely on Sarah,or
Many people rely on their phones for news.
Cultural Context
重要な例文 (8)
The children love to `make up` elaborate games in the backyard.
子どもたちは裏庭で凝ったゲームを考え出すのが大好きです。
句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)After their big argument, Maya and Ben `made up with` each other.
激しい口論の後、マヤとベンは仲直りしました。
句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)We need to `dress up` for Sarah's graduation party.
サラの卒業パーティーには、正装していく必要があります。
着飾る:フォーマルウェアとコスチューム (Dress up)My little brother wants to `dress up as` a dinosaur for Halloween.
弟はハロウィンに恐竜の仮装をしたがっています。
着飾る:フォーマルウェアとコスチューム (Dress up)I `mean to say` sorry for being late to the group call.
グループ通話に遅れてごめんなさい、と言いたかったです。
「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?ヒントとコツ (4)
代名詞は真ん中に!
throwing away a pronoun (like it, them), it *must* go between throw and away. Think of it as a fixed rule for clearer communication. Say throw it away, not throw away it."代名詞の置き場所のルール
シチュエーションが重要!
Always consider the situation.
文脈がカギ!
I meant to call you.
重要な語彙 (5)
Real-World Preview
The Busy Office
Review Summary
- Verb + Particle + Object
- Verb + Particle
- Verb + Particle + Object
よくある間違い
When using a pronoun object, it must go between the verb and the particle.
Many phrasal verbs require a preposition to connect to the object.
After 'give up', always use the gerund (-ing form).
このチャプターのルール (11)
Next Steps
You have done an amazing job! Phrasal verbs are tricky, but you are now equipped to navigate English conversations with much more confidence.
Listen to a podcast and note every phrasal verb you hear.
クイック練習 (10)
Choose the correct sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Make up (作り上げる/仲直りする)
Find and fix the mistake:
He threw away them after the party.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Throw away
The concert was ___ due to the heavy rain.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Call Off' の使い方 (イベントの中止)
I always ___ my chores until the last minute.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: タスクを延期する: 'Put off' の使い方
正しい文を選びましょう:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: やめることと諦めること (諦める)
Find and fix the mistake:
Can we put off it until tomorrow?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: タスクを延期する: 'Put off' の使い方
Please don't ___ that old newspaper; I haven't read it yet.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 句動詞: Throw away
Find and fix the mistake:
She needs to cut down to smoke.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Cut Down On' の使い方(習慣を減らす)
I didn't ___ to hurt your feelings.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 「Mean」を理解する:どういう意味ですか?
My New Year's resolution is to `cut down ___ buying` unnecessary clothes.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 'Cut Down On' の使い方(習慣を減らす)
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
throw away is to discard something, to get rid of it because it's no longer needed or wanted, like throw away the trash."Yes, absolutely! You canthrow away an opportunity(meaning to waste it) orthrow away money(meaning to spend it unwisely). It’s very versatile.
Dressing up for a gala or dressing up as a superhero.
You can dress up a plain meal with a garnish.