B1 · متوسط فصل 27

فوت و فن‌های حرف زدن: چند قدم تا تسلط بر افعال عبارتی

11 مجموع قواعد
127 مثال‌ها
5 دقیقه

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the most common phrasal verbs to sound like a natural English speaker in any situation.

  • Categorize essential phrasal verbs by their functional use in conversation.
  • Apply correct grammar structures to separable and inseparable verb phrases.
  • Recognize the nuance between literal and idiomatic meanings of common verbs.
Speak fluently by mastering everyday phrasal verbs.

چی یاد می‌گیری

سلام! آماده‌ای که یه لول بیای بالا و شبیه انگلیسی‌زبون‌های واقعی حرف بزنی؟ تو این فصل می‌خوایم بریم سراغ اون افعالی که اگه بلد نباشی، همیشه یه جای حرف زدنت می‌لنگه. می‌دونی که تو انگلیسی برای کارهای روزمره به جای کلمه‌های رسمی، بیشتر از «Phrasal Verbs» استفاده می‌کنن. مثلاً فکر کن می‌خوای به دوستت بگی قرارتون رو کنسل کردی؛ به جای کلمه خشکِ «Cancel» اگه بگی «Call off»، خیلی نیتیوتر و حرفه‌ای‌تر به نظر میای. یا اگه بخوای بگی داری مصرف قهوه یا قندت رو کم می‌کنی، ترکیب «Cut down on» دقیقاً همون چیزیه که نیاز داری. ما تو این بخش یاد می‌گیریم چطوری با «Make up» هم داستان سر هم کنیم و هم با کسی که قهر بودیم آشتی کنیم. یاد می‌گیریم چطوری وقتی تنبلی‌مون میاد، کارها رو «Put off» کنیم یا وقتی به کسی نیاز داریم، چطوری روش «Rely on» یا حساب کنیم. از پیدا کردن اتفاقیِ یه چیزی با «Come across» گرفته تا حمایت کردن از رفیقت با «Back up»، همه رو با هم تمرین می‌کنیم. ته این فصل، دیگه وقتی یه فیلم می‌بینی یا با کسی چت می‌کنی، بابت این اصطلاحات گیج نمی‌شی. می‌تونی خیلی راحت درباره عادت‌هات، لباس پوشیدنت برای مهمونی (Dress up) و حتی تسلیم نشدن (Give up) حرف بزنی و منظورت رو (Mean) دقیق برسونی. خلاصه که قراره حسابی اعتماد به نفست تو مکالمه بره بالا!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use phrasal verbs correctly to describe habits, social plans, and interpersonal relationships.

راهنمای فصل

مرور کلی

Getting comfortable with phrasal verbs is a game-changer for B1 English learners aiming to sound more natural and fluent. This chapter on English more essential phrasal verbs will unlock everyday conversations for you, moving beyond basic vocabulary to expressions that native speakers use all the time. You'll learn to confidently describe reducing habits with cut down on, understand intentions with mean, and manage tasks by knowing when to put off something.
Mastering these specific phrasal verbs is a crucial step in your B1 English grammar journey. We'll explore verbs like throw away for discarding items, make up for inventing or reconciling, and rely on for dependability. You'll discover how to talk about quitting habits with give up, finding things by chance using come across, and even cancelling plans politely with call off.
By the end of this guide, you’ll not only recognize these phrases but integrate them smoothly into your own speech and writing, making your English sound authentic and dynamic.

این گرامر چطور کار می‌کنه

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb (sometimes both), and their meaning is often different from the individual words. This makes them tricky but also incredibly rich for expression. For instance, throw away isn't just about throwing; it specifically means to discard.
When using separable phrasal verbs like throw away or put off, remember that pronouns *must* go in the middle: we throw it away, not *throw away it*. Similarly, you put them off, not *put off them*. This separability is key to sounding natural.
We also have versatile verbs like make up, which can mean inventing a story (
He had to make up an excuse
), reconciling after an argument (
They finally made up after their fight
), or forming a whole (
Women make up 60% of the staff
). Understanding these different contexts is vital. For habits, you'll learn to distinguish between cut down on (reduce an amount, like
I need to cut down on coffee
) and give up (stop completely, as in
She gave up smoking
).
Remember that give up is typically followed by the gerund (-ing) form of a verb:
I should give up eating so much sugar.
Whether you rely on a friend for support, come across an old photo, or call off a meeting, these phrasal verbs add precision and naturalness to your communication, helping you bridge the gap between literal translations and idiomatic English.

اشتباهات رایج

Here are some common pitfalls B1 learners encounter with these phrasal verbs:
  1. 1✗ Don't throw away it.
✓ Don't throw it away.
Explanation: For separable phrasal verbs like throw away or put off, if you use a pronoun (it, them, us, etc.), it *must* go between the verb and the particle.
  1. 1✗ I need to give up to smoke.
✓ I need to give up smoking.
Explanation: When give up is followed by another verb, that verb almost always takes the -ing (gerund) form.
  1. 1✗ He just meant to say hello. (When the intention was different)
✓ What do you mean by that?
Explanation: The verb mean is often used to clarify intent or definition. Incorrectly using it can lead to miscommunication. Asking
What do you mean?
is how you clarify.

مکالمات واقعی

A

A

I'm so tired. I feel like I'm always putting off my important tasks.
B

B

Maybe you should try to rely on a planner more. That helps me stay organized.
A

A

Did you hear about Tom? He decided to give up watching TV entirely!
B

B

Wow, really? I'm just trying to cut down on my screen time. I can't imagine quitting completely.
A

A

I came across this old photo of us from high school yesterday. We looked so different!
B

B

Oh, no way! I remember that day. We had to make up a crazy story about why we were late for class.

سؤالات رایج

Q

What's the main difference between cut down on and give up?

Cut down on means to reduce the amount or frequency of something, but not stop entirely (e.g., "I'm cutting down on sugar

). Give up means to stop doing something completely (e.g.,
I gave up smoking last year").

Q

Can make up only mean to invent a story?

No, make up is very versatile! It can mean to invent something (

make up an excuse
), to reconcile after an argument (
They made up after their fight
), or to form a whole (
Women make up the majority of the team
).

Q

How do I know when a phrasal verb needs a pronoun in the middle, like throw it away?

Many phrasal verbs are *separable*, especially when they have an object. A good rule of thumb for B1 is that if the object is a pronoun (it, them, him, her, us, you), it usually goes between the verb and the particle. If the object is a noun, it can often go in either position (e.g.,

throw away the rubbish
or
throw the rubbish away
).

Q

In what situations would I typically use rely on?

You use rely on when you need someone or something for support, help, or to function properly. For example,

I rely on my car for work,
You can always rely on Sarah,
or
Many people rely on their phones for news.

بافت فرهنگی

Phrasal verbs are a cornerstone of natural, everyday English. Native speakers use them constantly, often without even realizing it. While some might be considered more informal, many are standard in both casual and professional settings, making your speech sound much more fluent and less textbook-like.
Mastering these phrases, rather than always using single-word synonyms, is a key step towards truly connecting with native English communication.

مثال‌های کلیدی (8)

1

Don't `throw away` the leftovers; we can eat them tomorrow.

غذای اضافه رو دور نریز؛ می‌تونیم فردا بخوریمش.

فعل عبارتی: Throw away
2

I'm `throwing` all my old university notes `away`.

دارم همه جزوه‌های قدیمی دانشگاهمو دور می‌ریزم.

فعل عبارتی: Throw away
3

I don't believe you. You just made that story up!

باورت نمیکنم. تو فقط اون داستان رو از خودت درآوردی!

فعل عبارتی: Make up (اختراع کردن/آشتی کردن)
4

We had a big argument, but we made up quickly.

ما یه دعوای بزرگ داشتیم، ولی زود آشتی کردیم.

فعل عبارتی: Make up (اختراع کردن/آشتی کردن)
5

I need to dress up for the wedding tomorrow.

من باید برای عروسی فردا لباس شیک بپوشم.

آراستن: لباس رسمی و لباس‌های نمایشی (Dress up)
6

Are you dressing up as a ghost for Halloween?

برای هالووین لباس روح میپوشی؟

آراستن: لباس رسمی و لباس‌های نمایشی (Dress up)
7

What does 'rizz' `mean` on TikTok?

معنی 'rizz' در تیک‌تاک چیه؟

درک 'Mean': منظورت چیست؟
8

I `mean to say` sorry for being late to the group call.

منظورم اینه که بابت دیر رسیدن به تماس گروهی عذرخواهی کنم.

درک 'Mean': منظورت چیست؟

نکات و ترفندها (4)

💡

قانون ضمیرها خیلی مهمه!

اگه یه قانون یادت بمونه، همینه: ضمیرها مثل it, them, me حتماً باید وسط جمله بیان. مثلاً: Throw it away. هیچ‌وقت نگو Throw away it. این اشتباه خیلی رایجیه!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فعل عبارتی: Throw away
⚠️

یک کلمه یا دو کلمه؟

یادت باشه: make up (فعل، به معنی ساختن یا آشتی کردن) دو کلمه است. ولی makeup (اسم، مثل رژ لب) یه کلمه است. اشتباه ننویسیشون! "Don't mix them up in writing!"
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فعل عبارتی: Make up (اختراع کردن/آشتی کردن)
🎯

راز "as"

وقتی میخوای بگی لباس یه شخصیت رو پوشیدی، همیشه as رو بیار.
I dressed up as a vampire.
اگه as نذاری، معنی عوض میشه!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: آراستن: لباس رسمی و لباس‌های نمایشی (Dress up)
💡

Context is King!

همیشه به کلماتی که دوروبر mean میان دقت کن. اگه بعدش «to + فعل» اومد، احتمالا منظورت نیت یا قصده. اگه درباره معنی یه کلمه سوال می‌پرسی، پس تعریف کردنه! جمله اطرافش بهترین دوستته. "What do you mean by 'procrastinate'?"
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: درک 'Mean': منظورت چیست؟

واژگان کلیدی (5)

Discard to throw something away Reconcile to make up after a fight Procrastinate to put off a task Support to back someone up Chance an unplanned event

Real-World Preview

briefcase

The Busy Office

Review Summary

  • Verb + Particle + Object
  • Verb + Particle
  • Verb + Particle + Object

اشتباهات رایج

When using a pronoun object, it must go between the verb and the particle.

Wrong: I throw away it.
صحیح: I throw it away.

Many phrasal verbs require a preposition to connect to the object.

Wrong: I rely my friend.
صحیح: I rely on my friend.

After 'give up', always use the gerund (-ing form).

Wrong: I gave up to smoke.
صحیح: I gave up smoking.

قواعد این فصل (11)

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job! Phrasal verbs are tricky, but you are now equipped to navigate English conversations with much more confidence.

Listen to a podcast and note every phrasal verb you hear.

تمرین سریع (10)

کدوم جمله یعنی 'یه داستان ساختن'؟

Choose the correct meaning:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She made up a story about her cat.
'Make up' فعل عبارتیه که برای ساختن یا خلق کردن یه داستان تخیلی استفاده میشه.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فعل عبارتی: Make up (اختراع کردن/آشتی کردن)

اشتباه جمله رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

He didn't want to go to the party, so he made up it.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He didn't want to go to the party, so he made it up.
وقتی از ضمیری مثل 'it' با یه فعل عبارتی جداشدنی استفاده می‌کنی، ضمیر باید بین فعل و حرف اضافه بیاد.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فعل عبارتی: Make up (اختراع کردن/آشتی کردن)

جای خالی رو پر کن.

I want to ___ up for our anniversary dinner.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dress
فعل دو قسمتی dress up به معنی پوشیدن لباس شیک هست.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: آراستن: لباس رسمی و لباس‌های نمایشی (Dress up)

کدوم جمله 'rely on' رو به درستی استفاده کرده؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I rely on my laptop for work.
'Rely' همیشه حرف اضافه 'on' رو می‌گیره وقتی نشون دهنده چیزیه که بهش اعتماد یا نیاز داریم. گزینه‌های A و C حرف اضافه اشتباهی دارن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: وابسته بودن به افراد و چیزها (Rely on)

جای خالی رو با شکل درست کلمه پر کن.

He decided to give up ___ (smoke).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: smoking
بعد از «give up»، همیشه باید از فعل «-ing» دار (gerund) استفاده کنیم.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: توقف و تسلیم شدن (دست کشیدن)

اشتباه رو پیدا کن و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

She dressing up for the party right now.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She is dressing up for the party right now.
برای عملی که الان داره اتفاق می‌افته، به زمان حال استمراری نیاز داریم: is dressing up.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: آراستن: لباس رسمی و لباس‌های نمایشی (Dress up)

اشتباه این جمله رو پیدا و درستش کن.

Find and fix the mistake:

I came my old passport across in the drawer.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I came across my old passport in the drawer.
نمیتونی my old passport رو بین came و across بذاری. این دو تا باید همیشه کنار هم باشن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: برخورد کردن/یافتن تصادفی (Come across)

کدوم جمله از نظر گرامری درسته؟

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Please throw them away.
ضمیر 'them' باید بین 'throw' و 'away' قرار بگیره.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فعل عبارتی: Throw away

کدوم جمله از نظر گرامری درسته؟

Choose the correct impression description:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He comes across as friendly.
Come across غیرقابل تفکیکه و وقتی یه ویژگی شخصیتی رو توصیف می‌کنی، معمولاً as هم کنارش میاد.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: برخورد کردن/یافتن تصادفی (Come across)

جای خالی رو با شکل صحیح 'make up' پر کن.

They were angry, but they finally ___ yesterday.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: made up
از زمان گذشته 'made up' استفاده می‌کنیم چون این اتفاق 'yesterday' (دیروز) افتاده. یعنی آشتی کردن.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: فعل عبارتی: Make up (اختراع کردن/آشتی کردن)

Score: /10

سوالات رایج (6)

throw away یعنی چیزی رو که نمی‌خوای یا دیگه بهش نیاز نداری، بندازی دور و از شرش خلاص بشی. مثلاً،
you throw away the empty bottle after you finish your drink.
(بطری خالی رو بعد از نوشیدن دور میندازی.)
بله، همینطوره. throw با کلمه away ترکیب شده و یه معنی جدید ایجاد کرده.
نه! میتونه به معنی استفاده از تخیلت برای خلق یه چیز قشنگ هم باشه، مثلاً یه آهنگ یا یه داستان برای بچه‌ها.
No! It can also mean using your imagination to create something beautiful, like a song or a story for children.
اگه واقعاً انجامش دادی، نه. تو تکالیفت رو 'do' میکنی. اگه فراموش کردی و یه داستان الکی در موردش ساختی، اونوقت 'made up an excuse' برای تکالیفت. "Not if you actually did it. You 'do' your homework. If you forgot it and created a fake story about it, then you 'made up an excuse' for your homework."
نه، این فعل خودش خنثی هست. میتونی با دوستات یا تو محیط کار استفاده کنی.
I will dress up for the party.
اما کاری که باهاش انجام میشه معمولاً برای مراسم رسمیه.
نه، این یه فعل دو قسمتیه که مفعول وسطش نمیاد. فقط میگی I dress up. مثلاً
I dress up for the wedding.