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B2 noun 9分で読める

معما

mo'amma
例文 معما 30秒で
解説 معما in your Level:
At the A1 level, you can think of 'Mo’ammā' (معما) as a very basic 'riddle'. Imagine a game where someone asks, 'It is red and you eat it, what is it?' That is a 'Mo’ammā'. At this stage, you don't need to worry about the deep philosophical meanings. Just remember that it is a noun and it means a puzzle or a fun riddle. You can use it in simple sentences like 'I have a riddle' or 'This riddle is hard'. It is a fun word to use when playing games with friends. Remember to pronounce it clearly: Mo-am-mā. The 'ā' at the end is long, like in 'father'. Even at this beginning level, knowing this word helps you participate in social games which are very common in Iranian culture. You might hear a teacher say 'Let's solve a riddle' to start the class. It is a friendly and engaging word to know.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'Mo’ammā' in slightly more complex sentences. You might use it to describe a difficult homework problem or a confusing situation in a story. For example, 'The math problem was a riddle for me' (Mas’ale-ye riyāzi barāye man yek mo’ammā bud). You should also learn the verb 'hal kardan' (to solve) which always goes with 'Mo’ammā'. At this level, you are beginning to understand that 'Mo’ammā' isn't just for children's games; it can also mean a 'puzzle' in a general sense. You can also start using the plural form 'Mo’ammā-hā' to talk about multiple puzzles. If you are watching a simple cartoon in Persian, you might hear the characters trying to solve a 'Mo’ammā' to find a hidden treasure. It’s an essential word for following basic plots in mysteries.
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At the B1 level, you should be comfortable using 'Mo’ammā' in its figurative sense. This means using it to describe people or situations that are hard to understand. For instance, 'Why he left the job is a riddle to us' (Cherā u kār rā tark kard barāye mā yek mo’ammā ast). You should also be aware of the 'Ezafe' construction: 'Mo’ammā-ye...' (The riddle of...). This level requires you to distinguish between a simple 'Chistān' (child's riddle) and a 'Mo’ammā' (which could be a more serious mystery). You can use it when discussing films, books, or news stories. You are also expected to use adjectives like 'sade' (simple) or 'sakht' (hard) to describe the 'Mo’ammā'. Your ability to use 'Mo’ammā' to express confusion or intellectual curiosity shows that you are moving beyond basic survival Persian into more expressive territory.
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At the B2 level, which is your current level, you should use 'Mo’ammā' to discuss abstract concepts and complex social issues. You can talk about 'Mo’ammā-ye hasti' (the riddle of existence) or 'Mo’ammā-ye eqtesādi' (the economic enigma). You should be able to use more sophisticated verbs like 'tarh kardan' (to pose a riddle) or 'pichideh kardan' (to make a riddle complex). At this stage, you understand that 'Mo’ammā' often implies an intentional obscuring of the truth. You can use it in academic or professional settings to describe a paradox or a challenging case. For example, in a business meeting, you might say, 'Increasing sales while cutting the budget is a real Mo’ammā'. You are also expected to recognize the word in classical poetry and understand its historical significance as a literary device. Your usage should reflect an understanding of the word’s nuance—that it is a challenge to the intellect.
At the C1 level, your use of 'Mo’ammā' should be nuanced and culturally grounded. You should be familiar with 'Mo’ammā-gouyi' as a literary tradition in Persian history. You can use the word in philosophical debates to describe ontological mysteries. You should also be comfortable with the more formal plural 'Mo’ammayāt' and understand when to use it for stylistic effect. At this level, you can use the word to describe complex psychological states or intricate political maneuvers. You might analyze how a certain author uses 'Mo’ammā' as a metaphor for the human condition. Your vocabulary should also include related concepts like 'Ebhām' (ambiguity) and 'Majhulāt' (unknowns), and you should be able to explain exactly why 'Mo’ammā' is the better choice in a given context. You are not just using the word; you are wielding it to express complex, multi-layered ideas.
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At the C2 level, you have a near-native grasp of 'Mo’ammā'. You can appreciate the most subtle puns and wordplays involving this term in classical texts. You can discuss the 'Abjad' system and how it was used to create 'Mo’ammā' in medieval Persian literature. Your usage is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker, whether you are writing a technical paper on astrophysics (referring to the 'Mo’ammā' of dark matter) or a literary critique of a modern Iranian novel. You understand the emotional and intellectual weight the word carries—the sense of awe, frustration, and eventual triumph that comes with facing and solving a great mystery. You can use the word to weave complex metaphors and can identify its use in various registers, from the street slang of Tehran to the high-flown rhetoric of a philosophical treatise.
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例文

معما 30秒で

  • Mo’ammā is a Persian noun meaning riddle, puzzle, or enigma, used for both fun games and serious mysteries.
  • It is commonly paired with the verb 'hal kardan' (to solve) and requires a 'ye' connector in Ezafe constructions.
  • The word has deep roots in Persian literature, often representing the complex and hidden nature of reality or divine secrets.
  • It differs from 'Rāz' (secret) because a riddle is meant to be solved through logic or intuition, not just kept hidden.

The Persian word معما (pronounced as 'Mo’ammā') is a profound and versatile noun that translates most directly to 'riddle', 'puzzle', 'enigma', or 'mystery'. While its most literal application refers to a linguistic puzzle or a brain teaser intended for entertainment, its usage in the Persian language extends far beyond simple games. It is a word deeply embedded in the philosophical, literary, and social fabric of Iranian culture, often used to describe any situation that is perplexing, obscure, or seemingly impossible to decipher without a key or deep insight.

Literal Application
In a classroom or a casual gathering, a 'Mo’ammā' is a riddle. For example, 'I have keys but no locks. What am I?' is a classic معما. It involves a deliberate attempt to hide the truth behind metaphorical language.
Figurative Complexity
In political or social discourse, the word refers to an 'enigma'. If a government’s decision is inexplicable to the public, it is called a 'Mo’ammā-ye siyāsi' (political riddle). It suggests that there are hidden layers of meaning or secret motivations at play.
Philosophical Depth
In Classical Persian poetry, particularly in the works of Hafez or Rumi, the universe itself is often described as a 'Mo’ammā'. It represents the divine secret that human intellect struggles to grasp, requiring spiritual intuition rather than just logic to 'solve'.

حل این معما برای دانشمندان سال‌ها طول کشید.

— Translation: Solving this riddle/mystery took scientists many years.

Historically, the word has Arabic roots, derived from the concept of 'blindness' or 'obscurity' (making something blind/hidden). This etymological background informs how Iranians use the word today: it is not just a problem to be solved, but something that has been intentionally or naturally 'blinded' from our immediate perception. When you encounter a 'Mo’ammā', you are not just looking for an answer; you are looking for a way to see what is currently hidden from view.

رفتار او برای همه یک معما باقی ماند.

— Translation: His behavior remained a mystery to everyone.

In modern Persian media, you will often see this word in the titles of detective novels, escape room advertisements, and investigative journalism pieces. It carries a certain weight of intellectual challenge. To 'solve a Mo’ammā' (hal kardan-e mo’ammā) is seen as a sign of high intelligence or 'housh'. It is a word that invites curiosity and demands investigation.

عشق همیشه بزرگترین معما است.

— Translation: Love is always the greatest mystery.

Using معما correctly requires understanding its common verb pairings and the contexts in which it appears. Because it is a noun, it often serves as the object of verbs related to creation, discovery, or resolution. The most frequent verb associated with it is حل کردن (hal kardan), meaning 'to solve'.

Solving and Unraveling
When you find the answer to a mystery, you use 'hal kardan' (to solve) or 'goshashtan' (to open/unravel). Example: 'Man mo’ammā rā hal kardam' (I solved the riddle).
Posing or Creating
To present a riddle to someone, use 'tarh kardan' (to design/pose) or 'goftan' (to say). Example: 'Yek mo’ammā barāye to dāram' (I have a riddle for you).
Describing Complexity
Adjectives like 'pichideh' (complex), 'doshvār' (difficult), and 'lā-yanhal' (unsolvable) are commonly used to describe the nature of the mystery.

این پرونده جنایی به یک معمای پیچیده تبدیل شده است.

— Translation: This criminal case has turned into a complex mystery.

In a grammatical sense, 'Mo’ammā' is a countable noun. Its plural form can be 'Mo’ammā-hā' (common) or 'Mo’ammayāt' (more formal/archaic). When using it in a sentence, pay attention to the 'Ezafe' construction. If you want to say 'The riddle of life', you say 'Mo’ammā-ye zendegi'. Note that because 'Mo’ammā' ends in an 'alef' (ā), a 'ye' is added as a connector before the Ezafe.

او همیشه با حرف‌هایش برای ما معما می‌سازد.

— Translation: He always creates riddles for us with his words.

Furthermore, the word is often used in the passive sense. 'Mo’ammā shodan' (to become a riddle) means that something has become confusing. For example, 'Cherā raft? In barāye man mo’ammā shod.' (Why did he leave? This became a riddle/mystery for me). This is a very natural way to express confusion in conversational Persian.

هیچ‌کس نتوانست آن معما را حل کند.

— Translation: No one was able to solve that riddle.

You will encounter معما in a variety of settings, ranging from the highly intellectual to the purely recreational. It is a word that bridges the gap between classical literature and modern pop culture. Understanding these contexts will help you grasp the 'flavor' of the word.

News and Investigative Journalism
When a plane disappears or a high-profile person goes missing, news anchors will refer to the situation as a 'Mo’ammā'. It implies that the police or investigators are stumped.
Literature and Poetry
Persian poetry is famous for its 'Mo’ammā-gouyi' (riddle-telling). Poets would hide the name of a beloved or a specific concept within a poem, challenging the reader to find it. This was a prestigious intellectual skill.
Casual Conversation
If a friend is being vague or mysterious about their weekend plans, you might jokingly say, 'Mo’ammā nasho!' (Don't become a riddle! / Stop being so mysterious!).

داستان‌های کارآگاهی پر از معما هستند.

— Translation: Detective stories are full of mysteries.

In Iranian schools, students are often given 'Mo’ammā-ye riyāzi' (math puzzles) to solve. This usage is very similar to the English 'puzzle'. However, in a historical context, 'Mo’ammā' was also a specific genre of poetry where the letters of a name were hidden using numerical values (Abjad system). This illustrates the word's deep connection to the Persian love for wordplay and hidden meanings.

کتاب جدید او یک معمای بزرگ را فاش کرد.

— Translation: His new book revealed a great mystery.

Finally, in the age of the internet, 'Mo’ammā' is frequently used in the titles of clickbait articles or YouTube videos in Persian, such as '10 Mo’ammā-ye la-yanhal-e jahan' (10 Unsolvable Mysteries of the World). This modern usage aligns perfectly with the English 'mystery' or 'unexplained phenomenon'.

پاسخ این معما در متن کتاب نهفته است.

— Translation: The answer to this riddle is hidden in the text of the book.

Even for advanced learners, the word معما can occasionally lead to errors in usage, particularly regarding its synonyms and its grammatical behavior in complex sentences. Avoiding these pitfalls will make your Persian sound much more natural and precise.

Confusing with 'Rāz'
While both 'Mo’ammā' and 'Rāz' (secret) deal with hidden information, they are not always interchangeable. A 'Rāz' is something someone knows but doesn't tell. A 'Mo’ammā' is something that needs to be solved or figured out. If you say 'I have a secret', use 'Rāz'. If you say 'This math problem is a puzzle', use 'Mo’ammā'.
Incorrect Pluralization
Learners sometimes try to pluralize it as 'Mo’ammā-ān', which is incorrect. The standard plural is 'Mo’ammā-hā'. Using the Arabic-style plural 'Mo’ammayāt' is correct but very formal and might sound out of place in a casual chat.
The Missing 'Ye' in Ezafe
As mentioned before, forgetting the 'ye' connector (معمایِ) is a very common mistake. Because the word ends in a long vowel, you cannot just add the short 'e' sound directly.

اشتباه: این یک معما بزرگ است. (غلط)

— Correct: این یک معمایِ بزرگ است. (Correct)

Another mistake is using the wrong verb for 'solving'. Some students use 'javāb dādan' (to answer) for a 'Mo’ammā'. While understandable, 'hal kardan' is much more common. You 'answer' a question (so'āl), but you 'solve' a riddle (mo’ammā). Think of it like a knot that needs to be untied.

او سعی کرد معما را با منطق حل کند.

— Translation: He tried to solve the riddle with logic.

Lastly, avoid overusing 'Mo’ammā' for simple difficulties. If you can't find your keys, it's not a 'Mo’ammā'; it's just a problem (moshkel). Reserve 'Mo’ammā' for things that have a layer of mystery or intellectual challenge. Using it for trivial things can sound overly dramatic.

این معما هیچ جواب منطقی ندارد.

— Translation: This riddle has no logical answer.

To truly master Persian, you need to know the subtle differences between معما and its synonyms. Each word carries a slightly different connotation and is used in specific settings.

چیستان (Chistān)
This is the pure Persian word for 'riddle'. It comes from the phrase 'Chist ān?' (What is that?). It is almost exclusively used for traditional riddles, especially those told to children or found in folk literature. It is less formal than 'Mo’ammā'.
راز (Rāz)
Meaning 'secret' or 'mystery'. While 'Mo’ammā' implies a puzzle that needs active solving, 'Rāz' implies something that is hidden or known only to a few. A 'Mo’ammā' is a challenge; a 'Rāz' is a piece of information.
لغز (Loghaz)
This is a more literary and somewhat archaic term for a riddle or wordplay. You will mostly find this in classical poetry. It often involves puns or complex linguistic tricks.
ابهام (Ebhām)
Meaning 'ambiguity' or 'vagueness'. Use this when a situation is unclear not because it is a puzzle, but because the information provided is insufficient or confusingly presented.

تفاوت بین معما و راز در نحوه کشف آن‌هاست.

— Translation: The difference between a riddle and a secret is in how they are discovered.

In a scientific context, you might use 'Majhul' (the unknown) instead of 'Mo’ammā'. For example, 'the unknowns of the universe' would be 'Majhulāt-e jahān'. 'Mo’ammā' would be used if the universe is being framed as a puzzle designed for us to solve.

او با یک چیستان ساده همه را سرگرم کرد.

— Translation: He entertained everyone with a simple riddle (Chistān).

Understanding these nuances allows you to express different levels of complexity and secrecy. 'Mo’ammā' remains the most versatile and intellectually 'weighty' of these choices, suitable for both a Sunday crossword and a deep philosophical inquiry into the nature of existence.

این یک معمای اخلاقی است که باید به آن فکر کرد.

— Translation: This is an ethical riddle/dilemma that must be thought about.
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レベル別の例文

1

این یک معما است.

This is a riddle.

Simple subject-predicate structure.

2

من یک معما دارم.

I have a riddle.

Using the verb 'dāshtan' (to have).

3

معما کجاست؟

Where is the riddle?

Interrogative sentence with 'kojā'.

4

معما آسان است.

The riddle is easy.

Adjective 'āsān' modifying the noun.

5

معما سخت است.

The riddle is hard.

Adjective 'sakht' modifying the noun.

6

او معما را گفت.

He said the riddle.

Past tense of 'goftan' (to say).

7

این معما را بخوان.

Read this riddle.

Imperative form of 'khāndan' (to read).

8

جواب معما چیست؟

What is the answer to the riddle?

Possessive Ezafe 'javāb-e mo'ammā'.

1

ما باید این معما را حل کنیم.

We must solve this riddle.

Modal verb 'bāyad' with subjunctive 'hal konim'.

2

او همیشه معماهای جالب می‌گوید.

He always tells interesting riddles.

Plural noun 'mo'ammā-hā' with adjective 'jāleb'.

3

کتاب معما را خریدم.

I bought the book of riddles.

Ezafe construction 'ketāb-e mo'ammā'.

4

این معما برای من خیلی عجیب بود.

This riddle was very strange to me.

Past tense 'bud' with adjective 'ajib'.

5

آیا می‌توانی این معما را حل کنی؟

Can you solve this riddle?

Compound verb 'hal kardan' in the question form.

6

معمای دیشب خیلی سخت بود.

Last night's riddle was very hard.

Time adverb 'dishab' used with Ezafe.

7

او جواب معما را نمی‌دانست.

He didn't know the answer to the riddle.

Negative past tense 'nemīdānest'.

8

بیا یک معما بازی کنیم.

Let's play a riddle game.

Hortative 'biyā' with 'bāzi konim'.

1

ناپدید شدن او یک معما باقی مانده است.

His disappearance has remained a mystery.

Present perfect 'bāghi mānde ast'.

2

کارآگاه سعی کرد معما را حل کند.

The detective tried to solve the mystery.

Subject 'kārāgāh' with past tense 'sa'y kard'.

3

این فیلم پر از معماهای جنایی است.

This movie is full of criminal mysteries.

Plural 'mo'ammā-hā' with adjective 'jenāyi'.

4

او با یک معما ذهن ما را درگیر کرد.

He engaged our minds with a riddle.

Compound verb 'dargir kardan'.

5

حل این معما به زمان زیادی نیاز دارد.

Solving this riddle needs a lot of time.

Infinitive 'hal kardan' used as a noun phrase.

6

معمای قتل هنوز حل نشده است.

The murder mystery has not been solved yet.

Passive present perfect 'hal nashode ast'.

7

او در مورد زندگی‌اش مثل یک معما حرف می‌زند.

He talks about his life like a riddle.

Simile using 'mesl-e' (like).

8

چرا او رفت؟ این یک معمای بزرگ است.

Why did he go? This is a big mystery.

Using 'mo'ammā' to describe an inexplicable situation.

1

دانشمندان در حال بررسی این معمای علمی هستند.

Scientists are investigating this scientific mystery.

Continuous present 'dar hāl-e barresi hastand'.

2

این وضعیت اقتصادی یک معمای پیچیده است.

This economic situation is a complex enigma.

Abstract noun 'vaz'iyat' with 'mo'ammā'.

3

نویسنده معما را در انتهای کتاب فاش کرد.

The author revealed the mystery at the end of the book.

Verb 'fāsh kardan' (to reveal/disclose).

4

او با مهارت تمام معما را طرح کرد.

He posed the riddle with complete skill.

Adverbial phrase 'bā mahārat-e tamām'.

5

این کشف جدید، بسیاری از معماها را حل کرد.

This new discovery solved many of the mysteries.

Subject 'kashf-e jadīd' with plural object.

6

رفتار متناقض او برای من یک معما بود.

His contradictory behavior was a riddle to me.

Adjective 'motanāghiz' (contradictory).

7

او سعی کرد از لابلای حرف‌هایش معما را باز کند.

He tried to unravel the mystery from between his words.

Metaphorical use of 'bāz kardan' (to open/unravel).

8

معمای هستی همیشه فکر بشر را مشغول کرده است.

The riddle of existence has always occupied human thought.

Present perfect 'mashghul karde ast'.

1

اشعار حافظ مملو از معماهای عرفانی است.

Hafez's poems are full of mystical enigmas.

Adjective 'mamlu' (full/replete) followed by 'az'.

2

او با ظرافت خاصی معما را در داستان گنجانده بود.

He had embedded the mystery in the story with a particular delicacy.

Past perfect 'gonjānde bud' (had embedded).

3

حل این معما مستلزم درک عمیق از تاریخ است.

Solving this mystery requires a deep understanding of history.

Verb 'mostalzem budan' (to require/entail).

4

او به عنوان یک معمای زنده در جامعه شناخته می‌شد.

He was known as a living enigma in society.

Passive voice 'shenākhte mishod'.

5

این پدیده فیزیکی همچنان یک معمای لاینحل باقی مانده است.

This physical phenomenon still remains an unsolvable mystery.

Compound adjective 'lā-yanhal' (unsolvable).

6

سیاستمداران اغلب با معماهای اخلاقی روبرو هستند.

Politicians are often faced with ethical riddles/dilemmas.

Verb 'rubaru budan' (to be faced with).

7

او با کلمات بازی می‌کرد تا معما را پیچیده‌تر کند.

He played with words to make the riddle more complex.

Comparative adjective 'pichideh-tar'.

8

کشف حقیقت، پایان این معمای طولانی بود.

The discovery of truth was the end of this long mystery.

Subject 'kashf-e haghighat' (discovery of truth).

1

در بطن هر پدیده، معمایی نهفته است که انتظار کشف شدن را می‌کشد.

In the heart of every phenomenon, there lies a hidden riddle waiting to be discovered.

Literary construction using 'batn' (heart/womb) and 'nahofte' (hidden).

2

او با نگاهی موشکافانه، به واکاوی معماهای فلسفی پرداخت.

With a scrutinizing gaze, he proceeded to analyze philosophical enigmas.

Formal verb 'pardākhtan' (to proceed/engage in).

3

این اثر هنری، تجسم عینی یک معمای درونی است.

This artwork is the objective embodiment of an internal enigma.

Academic phrase 'tajassom-e eyni' (objective embodiment).

4

تاریخ، خود بزرگترین معمایی است که توسط فاتحان نوشته می‌شود.

History itself is the greatest riddle, written by the victors.

Relative clause 'ke tavassot-e... neveshte mishavad'.

5

او در پی گشودن گره از معمای زمان بود.

He was seeking to untie the knot of the mystery of time.

Metaphorical phrase 'goshādan-e gereh' (untying the knot).

6

ابهام موجود در متن، معما را دوچندان کرده است.

The ambiguity present in the text has doubled the mystery.

Adjective 'du-chandān' (double/two-fold).

7

او فراتر از منطق، به دنبال شهودی برای حل معما بود.

Beyond logic, he was looking for an intuition to solve the riddle.

Prepositional phrase 'farātar az' (beyond).

8

هر پاسخ جدید، خود زاینده معماهای بی‌پایان دیگری است.

Every new answer is itself the progenitor of other endless mysteries.

Active participle 'zāyande' (progenitor/birthing).

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