C1 Infinitive Constructions 12 min read Easy

Doing things 'without' doing others (ohne... zu)

Use ohne... zu to elegantly combine actions where the subject remains the same across both parts.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'ohne... zu' to express an action performed without another action occurring simultaneously.

  • The 'ohne' clause must share the same subject as the main clause.
  • The verb in the 'ohne' clause is placed at the end in infinitive form with 'zu'.
  • If the verb is separable, 'zu' goes between the prefix and the stem (e.g., 'anzu-kommen').
Main Clause + , + ohne + [infinitive verb + zu] at the end.

Overview

Ohne... zu is a critical German infinitive construction used to express that an action in the main clause occurs without another related action taking place. It functions as an adverbial clause, providing additional context about the manner or condition of the main event by highlighting an omission or absence.

This structure is particularly valuable at the C1 level for its ability to condense information, create more sophisticated sentence flow, and convey nuanced meaning regarding an unfulfilled expectation or a bypassed action. It allows you to elegantly describe a situation where one thing happens, and concurrently, a specific expected or potential action by the same subject does not.

The linguistic efficiency of ohne... zu lies in its ability to avoid repeating the subject. Instead of stating two separate ideas, such as `Ich ging nach Hause.

Ich sagte keinen Abschied. (I went home. I didn't say goodbye.), you can combine them into a single, more concise sentence: Ich ging nach Hause, ohne Abschied zu sagen.` (I went home without saying goodbye.). This grammatical tool is foundational for expressing complex thoughts succinctly and is ubiquitous in both spoken and written advanced German.

How This Grammar Works

At its core, the ohne... zu construction relies on a shared implicit subject between the main clause and the infinitive clause. The person or thing performing the action in the main clause is also the one not performing the action described in the `ohne...
zu clause. This shared subject is crucial, as it allows the infinitive construction to omit the subject pronoun, thereby streamlining the sentence structure. If the subjects were different, a different construction, specifically ohne dass`, would be required.
The ohne... zu clause modifies the main clause by describing a circumstance of absence. It answers questions such as Wie? (How?) or Unter welcher Bedingung? (Under what condition?).
For instance, in Sie hat die Prüfung bestanden, ohne viel zu lernen. (She passed the exam without studying much.), the infinitive clause ohne viel zu lernen specifies how she passed the exam – through a lack of extensive study. This emphasizes the surprising or notable aspect of the main action.
Consider the contrast in expressing a simple negative: Er kam nicht. (He didn't come.) This merely states a fact. However, Er verließ den Raum, ohne etwas zu sagen. (He left the room without saying anything.) uses ohne... zu to highlight the absence of speech, which might be unusual or significant given the context of leaving a room.
This adds a layer of interpretative meaning beyond a simple negation, allowing for more subtle communication of a situation or the subject's behavior.

Formation Pattern

1
The ohne... zu construction adheres to a strict, yet flexible, pattern that integrates seamlessly into German sentence structure. Understanding its components and their specific placement is essential for accurate usage.
2
Basic Structure:
3
Every ohne... zu clause is introduced by the conjunction ohne, followed by any objects or adverbials related to the omitted action, and concludes with zu immediately preceding the infinitive verb. Crucially, a mandatory comma must separate the main clause from the ohne... zu infinitive clause.
4
Main Clause, ohne [objects/adverbials] zu [infinitive verb]
5
Sie ging ins Bett, ohne zu essen. (She went to bed without eating.)
6
Er fuhr ab, ohne ein Wort zu sagen. (He drove off without saying a word.)
7
Das System funktioniert, ohne dass der Benutzer eingreifen muss. (The system functions without the user having to intervene.) - Note: This last example is actually ohne dass for different subjects, I will correct it in the full rewrite. Correction: The example provided Das System funktioniert, ohne dass der Benutzer eingreifen muss. is an example of ohne dass which is explicitly contrasted. I need to make sure my examples for ohne... zu consistently use the same subject. A better example for ohne... zu is Das Kind schlief ein, ohne seine Hausaufgaben zu beenden. (The child fell asleep without finishing his homework.)
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1. The Mandatory Comma
9
German grammar dictates that all infinitive clauses introduced by um, ohne, anstatt, or (an)statt must be separated from the main clause by a comma. This is not optional; omitting it is a grammatical error.
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2. zu Placement with Separable Verbs
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When the infinitive verb is a separable verb (e.g., anrufen, einkaufen), the zu particle is inserted between the separable prefix and the verb stem. This forms a single unit, reflecting the close semantic relationship between the prefix and the verb.
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Er ging ins Kino, ohne vorher anzurufen. (He went to the cinema without calling beforehand.) (an-zu-rufen)
13
Sie verließ die Party, ohne sich zu verabschieden. (She left the party without saying goodbye.) (ver-ab-zu-schieden)
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3. Complex Infinitive Forms
15
At the C1 level, you will frequently encounter more complex infinitive constructions within the ohne... zu clause, particularly to convey past actions or passive states.
16
Perfect Infinitive: Used when the action not performed occurred before the action in the main clause. This is formed with Partizip II (past participle) + zu haben (for most verbs) or zu sein (for verbs of motion/change of state).
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Er kritisierte das Ergebnis, ohne die Studie überhaupt gelesen zu haben. (He criticized the result without having read the study at all.)
18
Sie reiste ab, ohne jemals in Berlin gewesen zu sein. (She departed without ever having been in Berlin.)
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Passive Infinitive: Used when the subject was not subjected to an action. Formed with Partizip II + zu werden.
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Die Tür öffnete sich, ohne von jemandem berührt zu werden. (The door opened without being touched by anyone.)
21
Er schlich sich aus dem Haus, ohne bemerkt zu werden. (He sneaked out of the house without being noticed.)
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Infinitive with Modal Verbs: When an infinitive clause involves a modal verb, zu precedes the main verb's infinitive, and the modal verb's infinitive follows it, creating a double infinitive structure (similar to doppelter Infinitiv in other contexts). This is relatively rare but possible.
23
Sie muss die Aufgabe erledigen, ohne Hilfe annehmen zu dürfen. (She has to complete the task without being allowed to accept help.)
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Er versuchte, die Tür zu öffnen, ohne Gewalt anwenden zu müssen. (He tried to open the door without having to use force.)
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Here is a comprehensive table summarizing the formation patterns:
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| Type of Infinitive Clause | Structure | Example (Translation) |
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| :------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Simple Infinitive | ohne [objects/adverbials] zu [infinitive verb] | Sie verließ den Raum, ohne etwas zu sagen. (She left the room without saying anything.) |
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| Separable Verb | ohne [objects/adverbials] Präfix-zu-Infinitive | Er rief an, ohne vorher Bescheid zu geben. (He called without informing beforehand.) |
30
| Perfect Infinitive | ohne [objects/adverbials] Partizip II zu haben/sein | Er bestand die Prüfung, ohne viel gelernt zu haben. (He passed the exam without having studied much.) |
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| Passive Infinitive | ohne [objects/adverbials] Partizip II zu werden | Die Änderungen wurden implementiert, ohne ausführlich diskutiert zu werden. (The changes were implemented without being discussed extensively.) |
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| With Modal Verb | ohne [objects/adverbials] Hauptverb-Infinitiv zu Modalverb-Infinitiv | Sie arbeiten, ohne Pausen machen zu dürfen. (They work without being allowed to take breaks.) |

When To Use It

The ohne... zu construction serves multiple purposes, primarily highlighting an absence or omission that is notable, unexpected, or a deliberate choice. Mastering its application enhances your ability to express nuanced scenarios.
1. Expressing an Unexpected Omission:
This is the most common application, where an action that might logically be expected did not occur. It often conveys surprise or even disapproval.
  • Sie reiste ab, ohne sich zu verabschieden. (She left without saying goodbye.) – Implies saying goodbye was expected.
  • Er aß das ganze Essen, ohne etwas übrig zu lassen. (He ate all the food without leaving anything.) – Highlights the unexpected complete consumption.
2. Describing Circumvention or Efficiency:
Ohne... zu can describe how an action was achieved by bypassing a typical step, emphasizing efficiency, independence, or even cunning.
  • Sie erledigte die Aufgabe, ohne um Hilfe zu bitten. (She completed the task without asking for help.) – Shows independence.
  • Das System aktualisierte sich automatisch, ohne dass der Benutzer manuell eingreifen musste. (The system updated automatically without the user having to intervene manually.) - Again, this is an ohne dass example. Correction: Das System aktualisierte sich automatisch, ohne dass ich etwas tun musste. (The system updated automatically without me having to do anything.) This is for different subjects. A correct ohne... zu for efficiency would be: Die Künstliche Intelligenz generierte den Bericht, ohne menschliche Eingriffe zu benötigen. (The AI generated the report without needing human intervention.)
3. Conveying Stealth or Avoidance:
This construction is ideal for situations where an action is deliberately performed to avoid being noticed or to remain undetected.
  • Er schlich sich aus dem Haus, ohne seine Eltern zu wecken. (He sneaked out of the house without waking his parents.)
  • Die Diebe drangen in das Gebäude ein, ohne Spuren zu hinterlassen. (The thieves entered the building without leaving any traces.)
4. Implying Critique or Judgment:
When an expected action is omitted, ohne... zu can subtly imply that the subject should have performed the action, carrying a tone of criticism or disapproval.
  • Er traf die Entscheidung, ohne die Konsequenzen zu bedenken. (He made the decision without considering the consequences.) – Implies irresponsibility.
  • Sie kommentierte die Situation, ohne die Fakten genau zu kennen. (She commented on the situation without knowing the facts accurately.) – Suggests superficiality.
Cultural Insight: In German communication, precision and clarity are highly valued. Ohne... zu reflects a desire to convey the exact circumstances of an event, including significant omissions, in a grammatically economical way.
It allows speakers to add a layer of factual detail or implied judgment efficiently.

Common Mistakes

Even at C1, specific pitfalls with ohne... zu are common. Recognizing these error patterns is key to achieving native-like fluency and accuracy.
1. Incorrect Subject Agreement (The ohne dass Confusion):
This is arguably the most frequent and significant error. Learners often use ohne... zu when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the subject of the main clause. This is grammatically incorrect and requires the subordinate clause ohne dass.
  • Incorrect: Ich gehe nach Hause, ohne mein Hund zu bellen. (Incorrect: I go home without my dog barking.) – Here, 'I' am the subject of going home, but 'my dog' is the subject of barking. The subjects are different.
  • Correct: Ich gehe nach Hause, ohne dass mein Hund bellt. (I go home without my dog barking.)
Rule: Use ohne... zu ONLY when the subject of both the main action and the omitted action is the same. Use ohne dass when the subjects are different.
2. Missing or Misplaced Comma:
As previously stated, the comma separating the main clause from the ohne... zu infinitive clause is mandatory. Omitting it is a grammatical error, making the sentence harder to parse.
  • Incorrect: Er ging weg ohne ein Wort zu sagen.
  • Correct: Er ging weg, ohne ein Wort zu sagen.
3. Incorrect zu Placement:
The zu particle must always immediately precede the infinitive verb at the very end of the infinitive clause, or be inserted into separable verbs. Misplacing it or omitting it entirely is a common error.
  • Incorrect: Sie versuchte zu lernen ohne Buch. (Incorrect: She tried to learn without book.)
  • Correct: Sie versuchte zu lernen, ohne ein Buch zu haben. (She tried to learn without having a book.)
  • Incorrect: Er ging aus zu, ohne anzurufen.
  • Correct: Er ging aus, ohne anzurufen. (an-zu-rufen)
4. Confusing ohne... zu with anstatt... zu:
While both are infinitive constructions, their meanings are distinct. Ohne... zu implies the absence of an action. Anstatt... zu (instead of) implies a substitution, meaning one action was performed in place of another.
  • Er blieb zu Hause, ohne auszugehen. (He stayed home without going out.) – He simply didn't go out.
  • Er blieb zu Hause, anstatt auszugehen. (He stayed home instead of going out.) – He chose to stay home rather than go out.
5. Confusing ohne... zu with um... zu:
Um... zu expresses a positive purpose or intention (in order to). Ohne... zu expresses a negative condition or absence (without doing something).
  • Sie lernte fleißig, um die Prüfung zu bestehen. (She studied diligently in order to pass the exam.) – Positive purpose.
  • Sie bestand die Prüfung, ohne viel zu lernen. (She passed the exam without studying much.) – Negative condition/absence.

Real Conversations

Ohne... zu is a versatile construction found across all registers of German, from formal academic discourse to informal social media interactions. Its use reflects a native speaker's ability to express complex relationships between actions concisely.

1. Everyday Speech and Texting:

In casual conversation, ohne... zu often describes small, often overlooked, omissions or slight annoyances.

- Friend A: Hast du schon von Jonas gehört? (Have you heard from Jonas yet?)

F

Friend B

Ja, er hat die Reise gebucht, ohne mich zu fragen! (Yeah, he booked the trip without asking me!)

- Social Media Comment: Der hat einfach das Bild gepostet, ohne nachzudenken. (He just posted the picture without thinking.) – Expressing mild criticism.

2. Professional and Academic Contexts:

In more formal settings, ohne... zu is used to precisely describe conditions, limitations, or procedural omissions.

- Business Email: Die Entscheidung wurde getroffen, ohne alle Stakeholder konsultiert zu haben. (The decision was made without having consulted all stakeholders.) – Implies a procedural flaw.

- Academic Paper: Diese Methode ermöglicht die Analyse von Daten, ohne invasive Eingriffe vornehmen zu müssen. (This method allows for data analysis without having to perform invasive interventions.) – Highlights a beneficial characteristic of the method.

3. News and Reporting:

Journalism often employs ohne... zu to report events where certain actions were conspicuously absent.

- News headline: Der Politiker trat zurück, ohne eine Erklärung abzugeben. (The politician resigned without giving an explanation.) – Emphasizes the lack of transparency.

4. Cultural Nuance: Passive Aggression or Subtle Critique:

While not always the case, ohne... zu can subtly imply what should have been done but wasn't. This can be a polite or indirect way of expressing disapproval or disappointment, especially in contexts where direct confrontation is avoided.

- Er hat das Projekt abgegeben, ohne es noch einmal Korrektur gelesen zu haben. (He submitted the project without having proofread it again.) – Implies negligence without directly stating

Formation of 'ohne... zu'

Main Clause Comma Ohne Object/Adverb Verb + zu
Er geht
,
ohne
etwas
zu sagen
Sie arbeitet
,
ohne
eine Pause
zu machen
Er kam
,
ohne
mich
anzurufen
Wir essen
,
ohne
den Fernseher
einzuschalten
Sie lacht
,
ohne
einen Grund
zu haben
Er fährt
,
ohne
das Licht
auszuschalten

Meanings

This construction links two actions where the second action is negated by the preposition 'ohne'. It effectively replaces a subordinate clause with 'dass' and 'nicht'.

1

Simultaneous negation

Describes an action performed while omitting another expected or possible action.

“Sie las das Buch, ohne ein Wort zu sagen.”

“Er fuhr weg, ohne das Licht auszuschalten.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Doing things 'without' doing others (ohne... zu)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Main Clause + , + ohne + ... + zu + Inf
Er geht, ohne zu essen.
Separable
Main Clause + , + ohne + ... + zu + Inf
Er geht, ohne anzurufen.
With Object
Main Clause + , + ohne + Obj + zu + Inf
Er geht, ohne den Hund zu füttern.
Reflexive
Main Clause + , + ohne + sich + zu + Inf
Er geht, ohne sich zu waschen.
Passive
Main Clause + , + ohne + zu + werden + Part II
Er geht, ohne gesehen zu werden.
Complex
Main Clause + , + ohne + ... + zu + Inf
Er geht, ohne seine Arbeit beendet zu haben.

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Er verließ den Raum, ohne sich zu verabschieden.

Er verließ den Raum, ohne sich zu verabschieden. (Leaving a party)

Neutral
Er ging, ohne Tschüss zu sagen.

Er ging, ohne Tschüss zu sagen. (Leaving a party)

Informal
Er ist einfach abgehauen, ohne was zu sagen.

Er ist einfach abgehauen, ohne was zu sagen. (Leaving a party)

Slang
Er hat sich verpisst, ohne ein Wort zu sagen.

Er hat sich verpisst, ohne ein Wort zu sagen. (Leaving a party)

The 'Ohne... zu' Logic

ohne... zu

Requirement

  • Gleiches Subjekt Same subject

Position

  • Verb am Ende Verb at end

Punctuation

  • Komma Comma

Infinitive Constructions

ohne... zu
ohne zu essen without eating
anstatt... zu
anstatt zu essen instead of eating
um... zu
um zu essen in order to eat

Examples by Level

1

Ich gehe, ohne zu essen.

I go without eating.

2

Er lernt, ohne zu spielen.

He studies without playing.

3

Sie schläft, ohne zu reden.

She sleeps without talking.

4

Wir gehen, ohne zu warten.

We go without waiting.

1

Er verließ den Raum, ohne mich zu grüßen.

He left the room without greeting me.

2

Sie kaufte das Auto, ohne es zu testen.

She bought the car without testing it.

3

Ich habe den Film gesehen, ohne zu weinen.

I watched the movie without crying.

4

Er hat geantwortet, ohne nachzudenken.

He answered without thinking.

1

Man kann nicht leben, ohne zu atmen.

One cannot live without breathing.

2

Sie hat die Prüfung bestanden, ohne viel zu lernen.

She passed the exam without studying much.

3

Er kam an, ohne ein Wort zu sagen.

He arrived without saying a word.

4

Wir haben den Plan geändert, ohne den Chef zu fragen.

We changed the plan without asking the boss.

1

Er hat das Projekt abgeschlossen, ohne die Frist zu verpassen.

He finished the project without missing the deadline.

2

Sie hat sich entschieden, ohne die Konsequenzen zu bedenken.

She decided without considering the consequences.

3

Ohne lange zu zögern, nahm er das Angebot an.

Without hesitating long, he accepted the offer.

4

Er hat den Raum betreten, ohne bemerkt zu werden.

He entered the room without being noticed.

1

Er hat die Situation analysiert, ohne voreilige Schlüsse zu ziehen.

He analyzed the situation without drawing hasty conclusions.

2

Sie hat den Vertrag unterschrieben, ohne die Klauseln zu prüfen.

She signed the contract without checking the clauses.

3

Ohne die Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zu ziehen, verließ er das Fest.

Without drawing attention to himself, he left the party.

4

Er hat das Problem gelöst, ohne auf externe Hilfe angewiesen zu sein.

He solved the problem without being dependent on external help.

1

Er vollendete sein Werk, ohne jemals den Anspruch auf Perfektion aufzugeben.

He completed his work without ever giving up the claim to perfection.

2

Sie navigierte durch die Krise, ohne ihre Prinzipien zu verraten.

She navigated through the crisis without betraying her principles.

3

Er sprach stundenlang, ohne den roten Faden zu verlieren.

He spoke for hours without losing the thread.

4

Ohne mit der Wimper zu zucken, akzeptierte er das Urteil.

Without batting an eyelid, he accepted the verdict.

Easily Confused

Doing things 'without' doing others (ohne... zu) vs ohne... zu vs. ohne dass

Learners often use 'ohne... zu' when the subjects are different.

Doing things 'without' doing others (ohne... zu) vs ohne... zu vs. anstatt... zu

Both use 'zu', but they mean different things.

Doing things 'without' doing others (ohne... zu) vs ohne... zu vs. um... zu

Both are infinitive constructions.

Common Mistakes

Er geht ohne essen.

Er geht, ohne zu essen.

Missing 'zu'.

Er ohne zu essen geht.

Er geht, ohne zu essen.

Verb position error.

Er geht ohne dass essen.

Er geht, ohne zu essen.

Mixing structures.

Er geht, ohne er isst.

Er geht, ohne zu essen.

Using a conjugated verb.

Er ging, ohne dass er mich sah.

Er ging, ohne mich zu sehen.

Subject change requires 'ohne dass'.

Er ging, ohne anzurufen mich.

Er ging, ohne mich anzurufen.

Object placement.

Er ging, ohne zu anrufen.

Er ging, ohne anzurufen.

Separable verb error.

Er hat das gemacht, ohne zu haben gefragt.

Er hat das gemacht, ohne gefragt zu haben.

Perfect infinitive structure.

Er ging, ohne zu werden gesehen.

Er ging, ohne gesehen zu werden.

Passive infinitive structure.

Er ging, ohne zu sich waschen.

Er ging, ohne sich zu waschen.

Reflexive pronoun placement.

Er ging, ohne dass er das Licht ausschaltete.

Er ging, ohne das Licht auszuschalten.

Stylistic redundancy.

Ohne zu wissen, was er tun sollte, er ging.

Ohne zu wissen, was er tun sollte, ging er.

Main clause word order.

Er ging, ohne zu haben gewusst.

Er ging, ohne gewusst zu haben.

Perfect infinitive placement.

Er ging, ohne zu sein gesehen.

Er ging, ohne gesehen zu werden.

Passive infinitive placement.

Sentence Patterns

Ich habe ___ gemacht, ohne ___ zu ___.

Er verließ das Haus, ohne ___ zu ___.

Man kann nicht ___ , ohne ___ zu ___.

Ohne ___ zu ___, hat er das Projekt beendet.

Real World Usage

Job Interview common

Ich habe die Aufgabe gelöst, ohne um Hilfe zu bitten.

Social Media very common

Ein langer Tag, ohne eine Pause zu machen.

Texting common

Komm vorbei, ohne Bescheid zu sagen!

Travel common

Wir sind gefahren, ohne ein Ticket zu kaufen.

Food Delivery occasional

Er hat geliefert, ohne zu klingeln.

Legal Report very common

Der Angeklagte handelte, ohne die Gesetze zu kennen.

💡

Check the subject

Always ensure the subject of the main clause is the same as the infinitive clause.
⚠️

Don't forget the comma

The comma before 'ohne' is mandatory in German grammar.
🎯

Separable verbs

Remember to put 'zu' between the prefix and the verb stem.
💬

Sound more native

Using 'ohne... zu' instead of 'dass' clauses makes you sound much more fluent.

Smart Tips

Check if you can use an infinitive construction to make it more concise.

Er ging, weil er nicht essen wollte. Er ging, ohne zu essen.

Ask yourself: is the subject the same? If yes, switch to 'ohne... zu'.

Ich ging, ohne dass ich mich verabschiedete. Ich ging, ohne mich zu verabschieden.

Always remember the 'zu' goes inside the verb.

Er ging, ohne zu anrufen. Er ging, ohne anzurufen.

Use 'ohne... zu' to avoid repetitive 'dass' clauses.

Wir haben das Projekt beendet, ohne dass wir Probleme hatten. Wir haben das Projekt ohne Probleme beendet.

Pronunciation

Pause after the main clause.

Comma pause

Always pause slightly at the comma before 'ohne'.

tsoo

Zu stress

'Zu' is usually unstressed.

Falling

Er geht, ohne zu essen ↘

Finality.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Ohne means 'without', and 'zu' is the glue that sticks the verb to the end of the shoe.

Visual Association

Imagine a person walking out of a room (main clause) and leaving their shadow (the verb) behind at the door, tied with a 'zu' ribbon.

Rhyme

Ohne zu, das ist fein, das Verb muss am Ende sein.

Story

Hans left the house. He didn't lock the door. He didn't take his keys. He didn't say goodbye. Hans verließ das Haus, ohne die Tür abzuschließen, ohne seine Schlüssel mitzunehmen und ohne sich zu verabschieden.

Word Web

ohnezuInfinitiveKommaSubjektSatzbau

Challenge

Write 5 sentences about your morning routine using 'ohne... zu' for things you skipped (e.g., 'I drank coffee without adding sugar').

Cultural Notes

Used to show precision and education.

Similar usage, often slightly more formal in writing.

Standard German rules apply in writing.

The construction stems from the Middle High German use of 'ane' (without) with the infinitive.

Conversation Starters

Was hast du heute gemacht, ohne zu frühstücken?

Kann man erfolgreich sein, ohne hart zu arbeiten?

Wie reist du am liebsten, ohne viel Geld auszugeben?

Hast du schon mal eine Entscheidung getroffen, ohne lange zu überlegen?

Journal Prompts

Describe your last trip. What did you do without planning?
Write about a mistake you made. How did it happen without you noticing?
Discuss a professional challenge. How did you solve it without asking for help?
Reflect on a day you spent without using technology.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct


Incorrect

Correct

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form.

Er ging, ohne ___ (essen).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: zu essen
Standard infinitive construction.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er geht, ohne anzurufen.
Separable verb 'anrufen'.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Sie arbeitet, ohne dass sie eine Pause macht.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie arbeitet, ohne eine Pause zu machen.
Use infinitive for same subject.
Transform to 'ohne... zu'. Sentence Transformation

Er hat das gemacht und er hat nicht gefragt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er hat das gemacht, ohne zu fragen.
Concise structure.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Hast du das Licht ausgemacht? B: Nein, ich bin gegangen, ohne ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: es auszuschalten
Separable verb.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

er / gehen / ohne / sich / verabschieden

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er ging, ohne sich zu verabschieden.
Reflexive verb.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

ohne / zu / er / gehen / essen

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er geht, ohne zu essen.
Correct word order.
Match the clauses. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er ging, ohne zu grüßen.
Matching.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form.

Er ging, ohne ___ (essen).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: zu essen
Standard infinitive construction.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er geht, ohne anzurufen.
Separable verb 'anrufen'.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Sie arbeitet, ohne dass sie eine Pause macht.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie arbeitet, ohne eine Pause zu machen.
Use infinitive for same subject.
Transform to 'ohne... zu'. Sentence Transformation

Er hat das gemacht und er hat nicht gefragt.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er hat das gemacht, ohne zu fragen.
Concise structure.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Hast du das Licht ausgemacht? B: Nein, ich bin gegangen, ohne ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: es auszuschalten
Separable verb.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

er / gehen / ohne / sich / verabschieden

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er ging, ohne sich zu verabschieden.
Reflexive verb.
Sort the words. Grammar Sorting

ohne / zu / er / gehen / essen

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er geht, ohne zu essen.
Correct word order.
Match the clauses. Match Pairs

Er ging... / ...ohne zu grüßen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er ging, ohne zu grüßen.
Matching.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Reorder

ist / er / gegangen / ohne / ein Wort / zu sagen / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er ist gegangen, ohne ein Wort zu sagen.
Translate the sentence into German. Translation

She drinks coffee without putting sugar in it.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie trinkt Kaffee, ohne Zucker hineinzutun.
Select the sentence that uses the Perfect Infinitive correctly. Multiple Choice

Which sentence means 'without having said anything'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ..., ohne etwas gesagt zu haben.
Complete the sentence with the correct passive infinitive. Fill in the Blank

Man kann nicht durch die Stadt gehen, ohne ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: gesehen zu werden
Match the German phrase with its English equivalent. Match Pairs

Match the phrases:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ohne zu weinen | without crying
Fix the subject mistake. Error Correction

Ich gehe weg, ohne dich zu weinen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ich gehe weg, ohne dass du weinst.
Fill in the missing word. Fill in the Blank

Sie kam zur Arbeit, ___ eine Maske zu tragen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ohne
Reorder the sentence starting with the 'ohne' clause. Sentence Reorder

zu / ohne / fragen / er / sich / setzte / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ohne zu fragen, setzte er sich.
Which modal construction is correct? Multiple Choice

Without having to work today...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ohne heute arbeiten zu müssen...
Correct the separable verb. Error Correction

Sie ging aus, ohne die Tür zu abzuschließen.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sie ging aus, ohne die Tür abzuzuschließen.

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

No, you must use 'ohne dass' if the subjects are different.

Yes, the comma is mandatory before 'ohne'.

Place 'zu' between the prefix and the verb, e.g., 'anzurufen'.

It is used in all registers, but it sounds more educated than 'dass' clauses.

Yes, 'ohne gefragt zu haben'.

'Ohne' means without, 'anstatt' means instead of.

It's a common habit from English; practice by focusing on the 'zu' as a marker.

Absolutely, it sounds professional and precise.

Scaffolded Practice

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Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

sin + infinitive

German requires 'zu', whereas Spanish does not.

French high

sans + infinitive

French does not use a particle like 'zu'.

English moderate

without + gerund

German uses the infinitive with 'zu', not a gerund.

Japanese moderate

nai de / zu ni

Japanese grammar is agglutinative and verb-final, making the structure very different.

Arabic low

bidun an + subjunctive

Arabic uses a conjugated verb, whereas German uses an infinitive.

Chinese low

mei you... jiu...

Chinese lacks the infinitive construction entirely.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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