B1 Nouns & Pronouns 15 min read 简单

波斯语所有权：我的、你的、他们的 (māl-e)

用 «مالِ» 来强调所属关系，或者在物品没有直接和主人绑定时，表达“我的/你的”。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'māl-e' + pronoun to show ownership clearly and naturally in Persian.

  • Use 'māl-e' followed by a pronoun: 'māl-e man' (mine).
  • It acts as a standalone possessive: 'In ketāb māl-e man ast' (This book is mine).
  • It is highly flexible and used in both formal and informal speech.
Object + māl-e + Pronoun

Overview

Persian مالِ (māl-e, property of) serves as a fundamental linguistic tool for expressing predicative possession, which clarifies who or what an item belongs to. Unlike the simpler Ezafe construction (-e) that directly links a noun to its possessor (e.g., کتابِ علی, ketāb-e Ali, Ali's book), مالِ emphasizes that something *is the property of* someone or something. This construction is crucial for B1 learners as it enables them to articulate ownership emphatically and respond to questions of possession with native-like fluency.
The word مال (māl) inherently means wealth, property, or belonging. When combined with the Ezafe (-e), it literally translates to property of... or belonging to.... This origin underscores its function: it elevates simple possession to a statement of belonging. While both Ezafe and مالِ convey ownership, مالِ is used when the possessor is the predicate of the sentence, often answering the implicit or explicit question of Whose is this?.
It is prevalent in contemporary spoken Persian, making its mastery essential for natural communication.
مالِ is highly versatile, applicable to tangible objects, abstract concepts, and even to denote origin or affiliation. It allows you to transform a direct possessive noun phrase (ماشینِ من, māšin-e man, my car) into a full predicative statement (این ماشین مالِ منه, in māšin māl-e man-e, This car is mine). Understanding its nuances is a significant step towards sounding less like a textbook and more like a fluent speaker, especially given its widespread use in informal contexts like social media and daily conversations.

How This Grammar Works

At its core, مالِ functions as a nominal predicate indicating ownership or attribution. It establishes a link between a subject (the item possessed) and an object (the possessor) through the verb to be (بودن, budan). The structure effectively rephrases
X belongs to Y
as
X is the property of Y.
This grammatical pattern provides a more emphatic and standalone statement of ownership compared to the Ezafe, which acts more like an adjective modifying the preceding noun.
The basic construction involves the item in question, followed by مالِ, then the possessor, and finally the appropriate form of the verb to be. For example, این کتاب مالِ مریم است. (in ketāb māl-e Maryam ast., This book is Maryam's.) Here, مالِ مریم (māl-e Maryam) acts as the predicate complement describing the book. The Ezafe particle after مال (-e) is mandatory, forming a direct link to the subsequent possessor, whether it's a noun or a pronoun.
In spoken Persian, the verb است (ast, is) is frequently shortened to -ه (-e) and attaches to the preceding word, creating common contractions like مالِ منه (māl-e man-e, it's mine) instead of مالِ من است (māl-e man ast). This agglutinative tendency is characteristic of colloquial Persian and significantly impacts how مالِ is perceived and used in daily conversation. The simplicity and stability of مالِ are key advantages; it does not change form based on the number or grammatical gender of the possessed item or the possessor, a feature beneficial for learners.

Formation Pattern

1
Mastering the formation of مالِ expressions involves understanding how it combines with nouns, pronouns, and interrogative words. The core structure positions مالِ between the item being possessed (often implied) and the possessor, typically followed by the verb بودن (budan, to be) at the end of the clause. This pattern holds true across various contexts, with slight variations for formal versus colloquial usage.
2
1. Basic Structure (Noun as Possessor):
3
[Item (optional, often implied)] + مالِ (māl-e) + [Possessor Noun/Proper Noun] + [Verb 'to be']
4
این گوشی مالِ علی است. (in guši māl-e Ali ast.) – This phone is Ali's.
5
آن خانه مالِ همسایه است. (ān khāne māl-e hamsāye ast.) – That house belongs to the neighbor.
6
2. With Pronouns (Formal/Standard):
7
For formal or written contexts, مالِ combines with independent personal pronouns. The Ezafe particle -e after مال remains crucial.
8
| English | Persian Pronoun | مالِ Construction | Transliteration |
9
| :---------- | :-------------- | :----------------- | :------------------ |
10
| Mine | من (man) | مالِ من (māl-e man) | māl-e man |
11
| Yours (sg) | تو (to) | مالِ تو (māl-e to) | māl-e to |
12
| His/Hers/Its| او (u) | مالِ او (māl-e u) | māl-e u |
13
| Ours | ما (mā) | مالِ ما (māl-e mā) | māl-e mā |
14
| Yours (pl/f)| شما (šomā) | مالِ شما (māl-e šomā) | māl-e šomā |
15
| Theirs | ایشان/آنها (išān/ānhā) | مالِ آنها (māl-e ānhā) | māl-e ānhā |
16
*Example:* این کتاب مالِ شما است. (in ketāb māl-e šomā ast.) – This book is yours (formal).
17
3. With Pronouns (Colloquial/Suffixed):
18
In spoken Persian, مالِ often combines directly with short possessive suffixes, creating highly common and fluid expressions. Note that the Ezafe is *not* written when suffixes are used, as it's absorbed into the suffix structure.
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| English | Possessive Suffix | مال Construction | Transliteration | Example (with -ه 'is') |
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| :---------- | :---------------- | :----------------- | :-------------- | :------------------------ |
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| Mine | -م (-am) | مالم (mālam) | mālam | مالمه (mālam-e) |
22
| Yours (sg) | -ت (-at) | مالت (mālat) | mālat | مالته (mālat-e) |
23
| His/Hers/Its| -ش (-aš) | مالش (mālaš) | mālaš | مالشه (mālaš-e) |
24
| Ours | -مون (-emun) | مالمون (mālemun) | mālemun | مالمونه (mālemun-e) |
25
| Yours (pl/f)| -تون (-etun) | مالتون (māletun) | māletun | مالتونه (māletun-e) |
26
| Theirs | -شون (-ešun) | مالشون (mālešun) | mālešun | مالشونه (mālešun-e) |
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*Example:* این کیف مالمه. (in kif mālam-e.) – This bag is mine (colloquial).
28
4. Interrogative (Asking Whose?):
29
To ask about possession, مالِ combines with کی؟ (ki?, who?).
30
مالِ کی؟ (māl-e ki?) – Whose?
31
این مالِ کیه؟ (in māl-e ki-ye?) – Whose is this?

Gender & Agreement

One of the simplifying aspects of Persian grammar, particularly beneficial for learners, is the absence of grammatical gender. Unlike many Indo-European languages where nouns are assigned masculine, feminine, or neutral genders, Persian nouns carry no such distinction. This means that مالِ does not change its form or require any special agreement based on the gender of the object being possessed or the possessor.
Whether the item is a book (کتاب, ketāb), a car (ماشین, māšin), or a person (مرد, mard, man; زن, zan, woman), the structure with مالِ remains identical.
Furthermore, مالِ also does not change for the number (singular or plural) of the possessed item or the possessor. This provides remarkable consistency. For instance, whether you are talking about one book or many books, the form مالِ من (māl-e man) or مالمه (mālam-e) for mine remains constant.
Consider these examples:
  • این کتاب مالِ من است. (in ketāb māl-e man ast.) – This book is mine. (Singular object, singular possessor)
  • این کتاب‌ها مالِ من است. (in ketāb-hā māl-e man ast.) – These books are mine. (Plural object, singular possessor)
  • این کتاب مالِ آن‌ها است. (in ketāb māl-e ānhā ast.) – This book is theirs. (Singular object, plural possessor)
This unchanging nature of مالِ significantly reduces the complexity of agreement rules, allowing learners to focus on its proper placement and interaction with pronouns and the verb to be. It highlights a structural difference from languages where possessive forms might inflect for gender, number, or case, making Persian comparatively straightforward in this particular grammatical area.

When To Use It

مالِ is employed in specific contexts to convey ownership, attribution, or origin with varying degrees of emphasis and formality. Its usage is primarily predicative, distinguishing it from the direct modification offered by the Ezafe. Understanding these contexts is vital for appropriate and natural expression.
1. Predicative Possession: This is the most common and fundamental use. When you state that an object *is* someone's property, مالِ is the appropriate construction.
  • این ماشین مالِ منه. (in māšin māl-e man-e.) – This car is mine.
  • آن قلم مالِ اوست. (ān qalam māl-e u ast.) – That pen is his/hers.
2. Responding to Whose? (مالِ کی؟): When asked about ownership, مالِ is the standard way to respond, often with the object implied.
  • A: این ساعت مالِ کیه؟ (in sā'at māl-e ki-ye?) – Whose watch is this?
  • B: مالِ منه. (māl-e man-e.) – It's mine.
3. Emphasis on Ownership: مالِ inherently carries more emphasis than a simple Ezafe construction or a possessive suffix. It highlights the possessor.
  • این پروژه واقعاً مالِ تیم ما بود. (in prože vāqe'an māl-e tim-e mā bud.) – This project really belonged to our team.
4. Implying the Possessed Item: When the context clearly indicates what is being discussed, the item itself can be omitted, and the statement can begin directly with مالِ.
  • (Looking at a phone) مالِ توئه؟ (māl-e to-ye?) – Is it yours?
  • نه، مالِ دوستمونه. (na, māl-e dustemūn-e.) – No, it's our friend's.
5. Indicating Origin or Affiliation (Figurative Possession): مالِ can extend beyond literal ownership to denote that something pertains to or originates from a particular group, period, or place.
  • این سبک موسیقی مالِ دهه‌ی هشتاده. (in sabk-e musiqi māl-e dahe-ye haštād-e.) – This music style belongs to the eighties (originated in).
  • این فکر مالِ کیه؟ (in fekr māl-e ki-ye?) – Whose idea is this?
6. Formal vs. Informal Contexts: While مالِ is highly common in both, the use of the full verb است (ast) makes a sentence more formal, suitable for written communication or respectful speech. The contracted -ه (-e) is typical of everyday conversation.
| Context | Example | Transliteration |
| :-------- | :------------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------- |
| Formal | این سند مالِ شرکت است. | in sanad māl-e šerkat ast. |
| Informal | این سند مالِ شرکته. | in sanad māl-e šerkat-e. |
Contrast with Ezafe: It is crucial not to confuse مالِ with the Ezafe. The Ezafe (کتابِ من, ketāb-e man, my book) creates a noun phrase where the possessor modifies the noun. مالِ forms a predicate, making a complete statement about ownership.
You would say کتابم (ketābam) or کتابِ من (ketāb-e man) for my book, but این کتاب مالِ منه (in ketāb māl-e man-e) for
this book is mine.
The distinction lies in whether the possessor is part of a noun phrase or part of the sentence's predicate.

Common Mistakes

Learners often encounter specific challenges when internalizing the use of مالِ. Addressing these common pitfalls directly can prevent fossilization of errors and accelerate accurate usage.
1. Forgetting the Ezafe particle after مال: This is a very common mistake. When مال is followed by an independent pronoun or a noun, it must be connected by the Ezafe particle -e. Saying مال من (māl man) instead of مالِ من (māl-e man) is grammatically incorrect and can sound like wealth I or simply incomplete.
  • Incorrect: این ماشین مال من. (in māšin māl man.) – (Sounds incomplete/wrong)
  • Correct: این ماشین مالِ من است. (in māšin māl-e man ast.) – This car is mine.
2. Using مالِ for inalienable possession (body parts, family members): Persian distinguishes between alienable possession (items that can be bought, sold, or separated from the owner) and inalienable possession (things inherently part of or inextricably linked to a person). For inalienable possession, possessive suffixes are used directly on the noun.
  • Incorrect: این دست مالِ منه. (in dast māl-e man-e.) – (Literally: This hand is my property, implying a detached hand.)
  • Correct: این دستم درد می‌کند. (in dastam dard mikonad.) – My hand hurts. (Using suffix -am for my)
  • Correct: او برادرِ من است. (u barādar-e man ast.) – He is my brother. (Using Ezafe or برادرم barādar-am)
3. Redundant use with Ezafe or possessive suffixes: Combining مالِ with another form of possession for the same item is redundant and unnatural.
  • Incorrect: این کتابِ من مالِ منه. (in ketāb-e man māl-e man-e.) – (My book is mine – redundant.)
  • Correct: این کتاب مالِ منه. (in ketāb māl-e man-e.) – This book is mine.
  • Correct: کتابم. (ketābam.) – My book.
4. Incorrect word order for the verb بودن (budan, to be): In Persian, the verb typically comes at the end of the sentence. Learners sometimes mimic English structure.
  • Incorrect: این هست مالِ من. (in hast māl-e man.) – (Literally: This is property of me.)
  • Correct: این مالِ من است. (in māl-e man ast.) – This is mine.
5. Confusing مالِ (māl-e) with ماله (māle): Phonetically similar, ماله (māle) without the Ezafe diacritic can refer to a trowel (a builder's tool). While usually clear from context, being aware of this homophone is useful.
  • مالِ من است. (māl-e man ast.) – It's mine.
  • یک ماله خرید. (yek māle kharid.) – He bought a trowel.
6. Overuse in contexts requiring direct Ezafe: While versatile, مالِ is not a replacement for all Ezafe constructions. For simple attributive possession, the Ezafe is more concise and natural.
  • Incorrect: لباسِ مالِ قرمز. (lebās-e māl-e qermez.) – (Instead of لباسِ قرمز for red dress)
  • Correct: ماشینِ جدید. (māšin-e jadid.) – New car. (Not ماشینِ مالِ جدید.)

Common Collocations

Certain phrases and expressions frequently feature مالِ, solidifying its place in everyday Persian discourse. Recognizing these collocations enhances comprehension and allows for more natural and idiomatic speech.
  • مالِ کی؟ (māl-e ki?) – Whose?: This is the quintessential interrogative form for asking about ownership.
  • این خودکار مالِ کیه؟ (in xodkār māl-e ki-ye?) – Whose pen is this?
  • مالِ خودم (māl-e xodam) / مالِ خودت (māl-e xodat) etc. – My own / Your own: The use of خود (xod, self) with possessive suffixes adds emphasis on personal ownership.
  • این فکر مالِ خودمه. (in fekr māl-e xodam-e.) – This idea is my own.
  • مالِ کجایی؟ (māl-e kojāyi?) – Where are you from?: A common colloquial way to inquire about someone's origin, literally
    property of where are you?
    or
    from where are you?
  • شما مالِ کجایید؟ (šomā māl-e kojāyid?) – Where are you from (formal/plural)?
  • مالِ همه (māl-e hame) – Everyone's / Belongs to everyone: Used to describe something that is communal or universally owned.
  • این پارک مالِ همه است. (in park māl-e hame ast.) – This park belongs to everyone.
  • مالِ هیچ کس (māl-e hičkas) – No one's / Belongs to no one: The inverse of مالِ همه, indicating an item that is unowned.
  • این خانه مالِ هیچ کس نیست. (in khāne māl-e hičkas nist.) – This house belongs to no one.
  • مالِ گذشته/آینده (māl-e gozašte/āyande) – Belonging to the past/future: Used to attribute events, ideas, or styles to a specific time period.
  • این روش‌ها مالِ گذشته است. (in raveš-hā māl-e gozašte ast.) – These methods belong to the past.
  • مالِ خداست (māl-e xodāst) – It belongs to God: A common expression signifying something is beyond human control or understanding, or that everything ultimately belongs to a higher power.
These collocations demonstrate the broad applicability of مالِ beyond simple ownership, extending its meaning to encompass origin, affiliation, and even philosophical concepts within daily conversation.

Real Conversations

To truly grasp مالِ, observe its deployment in authentic conversational exchanges. These examples illustrate its natural flow, common contractions, and its role in clarifying ownership or affiliation in various social settings.

Scenario 1: Clarifying ownership of an item.

A

A

ببخشید، این کیف مالِ شماست؟ (bebaxšid, in kif māl-e šomāst?)

Excuse me, is this bag yours?

B

B

بذار ببینم. نه، مالِ من نیست. فکر کنم مالِ اون آقاست. (bezār bebinam. na, māl-e man nist. fekr konam māl-e un āqāst.)

Let me see. No, it's not mine. I think it's that gentleman's.

Scenario 2: Discussing origin or responsibility in a team meeting.

A

A

این گزارش جدید مالِ کدوم بخشه؟ (in gozāreš-e jadid māl-e kodum baxš-e?)

This new report, which department is it from?

B

B

فکر می‌کنم مالِ بخش مالی باشه. (fekr mikonam māl-e baxš-e māli bāše.)

I think it belongs to the finance department.

Scenario 3: Casual conversation among friends about an idea.

A

A

چه ایده‌ی جالبی! مالِ کی بود؟ (če ide-ye jālebi! māl-e ki bud?)

What an interesting idea! Whose was it?

B

B

مالِ سارا بود. دیروز تو جلسه مطرح کرد. (māl-e Sārā bud. diruz tu jalase matrah kard.)

It was Sara's. She brought it up in the meeting yesterday.

Scenario 4: Implying the possessed item.

A

A

بالاخره ماشین خریدی؟ مبارکه! (bālāxare māšin xaridi? mobārak-e!)

You finally bought a car? Congratulations!

B

B

آره، مالِ خودمه! (āre, māl-e xodam-e!)

Yeah, it's my own! (It's mine!)

Scenario 5: Attributing an event to a time period.

A

A

این فیلم خیلی قدیمی به نظر میاد. (in film xeyli qadimi be nazar miyād.)

This film looks very old.

B

B

آره، مالِ دهه شصته. (āre, māl-e dahe-ye šast-e.)

Yeah, it's from the sixties.

These dialogues demonstrate the flexibility of مالِ, from simple identification of ownership to more nuanced attributions of origin or responsibility. Notice the frequent use of the colloquial contracted verb -ه (-e) and the implied subject when context is clear. This natural integration into spoken Persian makes مالِ an indispensable part of a B1 learner's vocabulary.

Quick FAQ

This section addresses common questions that learners frequently have about مالِ, offering concise answers and further clarity on its usage.
  • Q: Can مالِ be used with animals?
  • A: Yes, absolutely. You can use مالِ to indicate animal ownership, just as you would for inanimate objects. For example: این سگ مالِ همسایه است. (in sag māl-e hamsāye ast., This dog belongs to the neighbor.)
  • Q: Is مالِ appropriate for formal written communication, like emails or academic papers?
  • A: Yes, مالِ is acceptable in formal contexts. However, in such settings, you should consistently use the full form of the verb to be, است (ast), rather than its contracted colloquial form -ه (-e). For instance: این فایل مالِ شما است. (in fāyl māl-e šomā ast., This file is yours.)
  • Q: How do I say Whose? using مالِ?
  • A: To ask Whose? you use مالِ کی؟ (māl-e ki?), which literally translates to property of who?. For example: این نقاشی مالِ کیه؟ (in naqqāši māl-e ki-ye?, Whose painting is this?)
  • Q: Does مالِ work for abstract concepts, or only for physical objects?
  • A: مالِ is entirely suitable for abstract concepts, ideas, or even emotions that can be attributed. For example: این موفقیت مالِ توئه. (in movaffaqiyat māl-e to-ye., This success is yours.) or این غم مالِ من نیست. (in qam māl-e man nist., This sadness is not mine.)
  • Q: Is there a plural form for مال itself when used in this grammatical construction?
  • A: No, the word مال as part of this grammatical construction remains singular, regardless of whether the possessed item or the possessor is plural. The word اموال (amvāl) exists as the plural of مال meaning properties or assets, but it is not used in the مالِ possessive structure. The structure مالِ only changes based on the choice of pronoun or noun that follows it, not on its own.
  • Q: Can مالِ be used with the relative pronoun که (ke, that/which)?
  • A: Yes, مالِ can be part of a clause introduced by که. This often happens when specifying an item among others. For example: اون کیفی که مالِ منه، کجاست؟ (un kif-i ke māl-e man-e, kojāst?, Where is that bag that is mine?).
  • Q: How does مالِ compare to از آنِ (az ān-e)?
  • A: از آنِ is a highly formal and often literary equivalent of مالِ. While both express possession, از آنِ is significantly less common in everyday spoken Persian and is generally reserved for very formal writing, poetry, or historical contexts. For B1 learners, مالِ is the overwhelmingly practical and appropriate choice for almost all situations.

Possessive Pronouns with 'māl-e'

Pronoun Persian Meaning
I
māl-e man
mine
You (sg)
māl-e to
yours
He/She
māl-e u
his/hers
We
māl-e mā
ours
You (pl)
māl-e shomā
yours
They
māl-e ānhā
theirs

Spoken Contractions

Full Spoken
māl-e man ast
māl-e mane
māl-e to ast
māl-e toe
māl-e u ast
māl-e ue

Meanings

The 'māl-e' construction is the primary way to express 'mine', 'yours', 'his/hers', etc., in Persian when emphasizing ownership.

1

Direct Ownership

Indicating who owns a specific object.

“این خودکار مال تو است.”

“آن خانه مال آن‌هاست.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 波斯语所有权：我的、你的、他们的 (māl-e)
主人 完整形式 (正式) 后缀形式 (口语) 英文意思
I
مالِ من است
مالِ منه / مالم
是我的
You (sing.)
مالِ تو است
مالِ توئه / مالت
是你的
He/She/It
مالِ او است
مالِ اونه / مالش
是他的/她的
We
مالِ ما است
مالِ ماست / مالمون
是我们的
You (pl./formal)
مالِ شما است
مالِ شماست / مالتون
是你们的/您的
They
مالِ آنها است
مالِ اوناست / مالشون
是他们的

正式程度

正式
این متعلق به من است.

این متعلق به من است. (Claiming an item)

中性
این مال من است.

این مال من است. (Claiming an item)

非正式
این مال منه.

این مال منه. (Claiming an item)

俚语
مال منه دیگه!

مال منه دیگه! (Claiming an item)

表示所有权的方式

所有权

直接（Ezafe）

  • کتابِ من My book

表语（Māl-e）

  • کتاب مالِ منه The book is mine

正式与非正式的所有格

正式（书面）
مالِ من است 是我的
مالِ شما است 是您的
非正式（口语）
مالِ منه 是我的
مالِ شماست 是您的

我该用哪个？

1

物品是否直接在所有者之前？

YES
使用 Ezafe (-e)
NO
下一步
2

你是在说‘我的’还是‘你的’？

YES
使用 مالِ (māl-e)
NO ↓

谁拥有它？

👤

单数

  • • مالِ من (Mine)
  • • مالِ تو (Yours)
  • • مالِ اون (His/Hers)
👥

复数

  • • مالِ ما (Ours)
  • • مالِ شما (Yours)
  • • مالِ اونا (Theirs)
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按水平分级的例句

1

این مال من است.

This is mine.

2

آن مال تو است.

That is yours.

3

این مال اوست.

This is his/hers.

4

این مال ماست.

This is ours.

1

این خودکار مال من نیست.

This pen is not mine.

2

آن کیف مال کیست؟

Whose bag is that?

3

این‌ها مال شما هستند.

These are yours (plural).

4

آن‌ها مال آن‌ها هستند.

Those are theirs.

1

فکر می‌کنم این کلید مال همسایه باشد.

I think this key belongs to the neighbor.

2

این ایده مال من نبود.

This idea wasn't mine.

3

آیا این صندلی مال کسی است؟

Is this chair taken (does it belong to someone)?

4

این موفقیت مال همه ماست.

This success belongs to all of us.

1

این سبک موسیقی مال دهه هفتاد است.

This style of music is from the 70s.

2

این مشکلات مال امروز و دیروز نیست.

These problems aren't just from today or yesterday.

3

این تصمیم مال خودشان است.

This decision is theirs alone.

4

این حرف‌ها مال آدم‌های ضعیف است.

This talk is for weak people.

1

این طرز فکر مال دوران دیگری است.

This way of thinking belongs to another era.

2

این همه هیاهو مال چیست؟

What is all this fuss about?

3

این‌ها مالِ من و تو نیست.

These aren't for you and me.

4

این موفقیت مالِ آن‌هایی است که تلاش کردند.

This success belongs to those who tried.

1

این رفتار مالِ کسی است که اعتماد به نفس ندارد.

This behavior is characteristic of someone who lacks confidence.

2

این‌ها مالِ دورانِ طلاییِ سینماست.

These belong to the golden age of cinema.

3

این حرف‌ها مالِ آدم‌های بزرگ است.

These words are for great people.

4

این همه دوندگی مالِ چیست؟

What is all this running around for?

容易混淆

Persian Possession: Mine, Yours, and Theirs (māl-e) 对比 Ezāfe Suffixes

Learners confuse 'ketābam' (my book) with 'māl-e man' (the book is mine).

常见错误

✗

māl man

✓

māl-e man

Missing the ezāfe particle.
✗

in māl-e man

✓

in māl-e man ast

Missing the verb 'to be'.
✗

māl-e man-am

✓

māl-e man

Redundant suffixing.
✗

in ketāb-e māl-e man

✓

in ketāb māl-e man

Incorrect word order.
✗

māl-e kist-e

✓

māl-e kist

Double verb usage.
✗

in māl-e تو

✓

in māl-e to

Mixing scripts.
✗

māl-e کی

✓

māl-e kist

Incomplete question structure.
✗

māl-e من است

✓

māl-e man ast

Mixing scripts.
✗

māl-e خودم

✓

māl-e man

Over-using reflexive.
✗

māl-e آن

✓

māl-e ān

Wrong pronoun.
✗

māl-e مال

✓

māl-e

Redundant word usage.
✗

māl-e آن‌کس

✓

māl-e آن‌که

Wrong pronoun form.
✗

māl-e مالِ

✓

māl-e

Over-emphasis.
✗

māl-e ایشان

✓

māl-e او

Register mismatch.

句型

این ___ مال من است.

Real World Usage

Texting constant

این ماله منه

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⚠️

身体部位

想象你指着自己的手说“这是我的手”。千万不要用 مالِ 来指身体部位，除非它们是分离的（比如医学模型）。你应该直接说 دستم (我的手)，而不是 «دست مالِ منه» (手是我的)。
🎯

“这是谁的？”

想象你在聚会上看到一个不认识的包，想问是谁的。把 māl-e ki-e? (这是谁的？) 当作一个整体记住，你每天都会用到它！«این کیف مالِ کیه؟»
💬

礼貌用语

想象你给客人递茶，想说“这是您的”。用 مالِ شماست (这是您的) 是一种非常礼貌的方式，可以用来提供东西或尊重客人。«این مالِ شماست.»

Smart Tips

Contract 'māl-e' to 'māle'.

māl-e man → māle man

发音

māl-e (mah-leh)

Ezāfe

The 'e' sound is a short vowel.

Rising for questions

māl-e kist? ↑

Asking for information

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'māl' as 'my all'—it's all mine!

视觉联想

Imagine a giant label maker sticking 'māl-e' onto everything you own.

Rhyme

For things that you own, use māl-e alone.

Story

Ali walks into a room. He sees a pen. 'In māl-e kist?' he asks. Sara says, 'māl-e man-e'. Ali smiles, 'Okay, it's yours.'

Word Web

mālmantoumāshomāānhā

挑战

Label 5 items in your room using 'In [item] māl-e man-e'.

文化笔记

Very common in daily speech, often contracted to 'māle'.

From Arabic 'māl' (wealth/property).

对话开场白

“

این کتاب مال کیست؟

日记主题

Describe 3 things you own.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

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Test Yourself

填空，表示“这本书是我的。”

این کتاب ____ منه.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مالِ
你需要用带 Ezafe 的 'مالِ' 来连接物品和所有者。
哪个句子正确地询问“这台笔记本电脑是谁的？” 多项选择

选择正确的问句：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این لپ‌تاپ مالِ کیه؟
'māl-e ki' 的意思是“谁的”，而结尾的 'ـه' 是“是”的口语形式。
找出并改正这个口语句子中的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

این ماشین مالِ تو است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این ماشین مالِ توئه.
在口语中，'ast'（是）会变成 'ـه' 并与 'to' 结合形成 'to-e'。

Score: /3

练习题

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

این کتاب ___ من است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مالِ
Requires the ezāfe.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
翻译成波斯语：“这张椅子是阿里的。” 翻译

This chair is Ali's.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این صندلی مالِ علی است.
将单词按正确顺序排列：“是 / 我的 / 这 / 笔” Sentence Reorder

است / مالِ / این / قلم / من

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این قلم مالِ من است.
填空：“这些钥匙是我们的。” 填空

این کلیدها مالِ ____ است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ما
匹配以下各项： Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: N/A
在波斯语口语中，哪个是复数形式的“他们的”？ 多项选择

Theirs (informal):

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مالِ اونا
改正句子：“这只猫是她的。” Error Correction

گربه مالِ او.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: گربه مالِ اونه.
翻译：“这个包是谁的？” 翻译

Whose bag is this?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: این کیف مالِ کیه؟
说“那是您的（复数/正式）” 填空

آن مالِ ____ است.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شما
你怎么说“这不是我的”？ 多项选择

Not mine:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مالِ من نیست.
重新排序：“是 / 你的 / 那 / 车” Sentence Reorder

مالِ / آن / تو / ماشین / است

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: آن ماشین مالِ تو است.

Score: /10

常见问题 (1)

No, use other structures.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

es mío

Spanish changes for gender/number, Persian does not.

French high

c'est à moi

Persian uses a noun (māl), French uses a preposition (à).

German moderate

das ist meins

Persian is more analytical.

Japanese moderate

watashi no desu

Japanese is post-positional.

Arabic moderate

li/haḍā lī

Persian is more explicit.

Chinese high

shì wǒ de

Persian 'māl' is a noun.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
指示词：“这”与“这些”的区别 (In vs. Inhā)
Next
波斯语反身代词：我自己，你自己 (-am, -at, -ash)

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