Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'که' (ke) to connect a reporting verb to the reported statement, often shifting the verb tense to match the past perspective.
- Use 'گفت که' (said that) to introduce the statement. Example: او گفت که میآید (He said he is coming).
- Shift pronouns to match the perspective of the reporter. Example: 'من' (I) becomes 'او' (he/she).
- Adjust verb tenses if the reporting verb is in the past. Example: 'میروم' becomes 'میرفت'.
Overview
Reporting Structure
| Reporting Verb | Conjunction | Subject | Reported Verb |
|---|---|---|---|
|
او گفت
|
که
|
او
|
میرود
|
|
آنها گفتند
|
که
|
ما
|
میرویم
|
|
او پرسید
|
که
|
چرا
|
میروی
|
Meanings
Reported speech is used to convey what someone else has said without quoting them directly. It involves shifting pronouns and sometimes tenses to align with the current speaker's perspective.
Reporting Statements
Conveying facts or opinions stated by others.
“او گفت که خسته است.”
“مادرم گفت که شام آماده است.”
Reporting Questions
Reporting an inquiry made by someone else.
“او پرسید که آیا میآیی؟”
“استاد پرسید که چرا دیر کردی؟”
Reference Table
| 原句类型 | 直接引语示例 | 转述句示例 | 关键变化 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
陈述句
|
«خستهام» (我累了)
|
گفت که خسته است (他说他累了)
|
人称/词尾变化
|
|
是非疑问句
|
«میآیی؟» (你来吗？)
|
پرسید که آیا میآیم (他问我是否来)
|
添加 `آیا` (是否)
|
|
特殊疑问句
|
«کجا میروی؟» (你去哪儿？)
|
پرسید کجا میروم (他问我去哪儿)
|
保留疑问词
|
|
命令句
|
«بخوان!» (读！)
|
گفت که بخوانم (他说我应该读)
|
使用虚拟语气 (`بـ...`)
|
|
否定命令句
|
«نخور!» (别吃！)
|
گفت که نخورم (他说我不应该吃)
|
否定虚拟语气
|
|
将来时
|
«خواهم رفت» (我将去)
|
گفت که خواهد رفت (他说他将去)
|
人称变化
|
正式程度
ایشان اظهار داشتند که تشریف میآورند. (Reporting an arrival)
او گفت که میآید. (Reporting an arrival)
گفت که میاد. (Reporting an arrival)
گفت داره میاد. (Reporting an arrival)
转述句的组成部分
转述动词
- گفتن 说
- پرسیدن 问
连接词
- که 那
- آیا 是否
直接引语 vs. 间接引语
如何转述句子
是命令句吗？
是疑问句吗？
代词转换指南
第一人称 (我)
- • 如果转述的是别人的话，变为第三人称 (他/他们)。
第二人称 (你)
- • 如果转述给你，变为第一人称 (我/我们)。
按水平分级的例句
او گفت که میآید.
He said that he is coming.
او گفت که نان نمیخرد.
He said that he is not buying bread.
او پرسید که چرا دیر کردی؟
He asked why you were late.
او ادعا کرد که قبلاً آنجا بوده است.
He claimed that he had been there before.
او پیشنهاد داد که بهتر است زودتر برویم.
He suggested that it is better we go earlier.
وی اظهار داشت که این موضوع نیازمند بررسی دقیقتری است.
He stated that this matter requires more precise investigation.
容易混淆
Mixing quotation marks with 'که'.
常见错误
او گفت که من میآیم.
او گفت که میآید.
او پرسید که میآیی؟
او پرسید که آیا میآیی؟
او گفت که رفتم.
او گفت که رفته بود.
او گفت که شاید بیاید.
او گفت که شاید بیاید (Subjunctive is correct).
句型
او گفت که ___ .
Real World Usage
گفت که نمیاد.
可省略的“that”
که 也可以省略。这样听起来更自然，更像本地人聊天！«او گفت فردا میآید.»命令句的陷阱
بدو!），如果你直接转述成 او گفت بدو，听起来就像你在命令听你说话的人！千万别直接用祈使句形式。转述命令时，要用虚拟语气，不然就闹笑话啦！«او گفت که بدوم.»时态保持简单
-am, -i, -ad。«او گفت که دیروز به سینما رفت.»用 'Farmoodan' 表达敬意
فرمودند 而不是 گفتند，会显得你特别有礼貌，让人觉得你很有教养！«استاد فرمودند که تکالیف را به موقع تحویل دهیم.»Smart Tips
Use 'آیا' for yes/no questions.
发音
Intonation
The 'که' is usually unstressed.
Statement
او گفت که میآید ↘
Falling intonation for statements.
记住它
记忆技巧
Remember: 'Ke' is the Key to the quote.
视觉联想
Imagine a telephone wire connecting two people. The word 'که' is the wire carrying the message.
Rhyme
برای نقل قول، بگو که، تا بشه جمله کامل و ساده.
Story
Ali told me he was hungry. I told my mom, 'Ali said that he is hungry.' My mom then made food for Ali.
Word Web
挑战
Tell a friend three things someone said to you today using 'که'.
文化笔记
In spoken Tehrani, 'که' is often dropped or shortened.
Derived from the Persian conjunction 'که' which has Indo-European roots.
对话开场白
دوستت دیروز چی گفت؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
علی گفت که فردا به کتابخانه ___. (Original: میروم)
Find and fix the mistake:
او به من گفت: «بنشین!» -> او به من گفت که بنشین.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
که + 疑问从句。Score: /3
练习题
1 exercisesاو گفت ___ میآید.
Score: /1
Practice Bank
10 exercisesسارا گفت که ___ است.
He asked if I was happy.
من به مریم گفتم که او را دوست دارم. (I told Maryam that I love her.) -> This is correct, but what if I meant 'She told me she loves me'?
«زود برگرد!» (Return early!)
Arrange: فیلم / گفت / که / او / بود / عالی
Match the pairs:
او پرسید ___ ناهار خوردهای.
They said they will arrive late.
The doctor said you should rest.
او پرسید ___ این کار را انجام دادی.
Score: /10
常见问题 (1)
In very informal speech, yes, but it's better to keep it.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Reported speech
Persian is more flexible with tense.
Estilo indirecto
Spanish uses subjunctive more often.
Discours indirect
French has complex sequence of tenses.
Indirekte Rede
German grammar is much more complex here.
引用 (Inyou)
Structure is completely different.
الكلام المنقول
Arabic has specific verb forms for reporting.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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