B2 Sentence Structure 11 min read 简单

据说:法语无人称被动语态 (La forme passive impersonnelle)

Use Il est + participle to state general facts or rules without naming a specific person.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'on' to describe actions when the agent is unknown, irrelevant, or general, avoiding the clunky 'être' passive.

  • Use 'on' as the subject to replace a passive construction: 'On mange ici' (It is eaten here).
  • The verb remains in the third-person singular: 'On dit que...' (It is said that...).
  • Avoid the passive 'être' when the actor is a general group of people.
On + Verb (3rd person singular) + Object

Overview

### Overview
在学习法语的过程中,你可能已经习惯了主谓宾的直接表达,比如“我吃苹果”。但在法语的进阶阶段(B2及以上),我们需要学会如何“隐去”主语,从而让表达显得更加客观、正式和权威。这就是我们要讨论的“非人称被动语态” (La forme passive impersonnelle)。
在中文里,我们表达这种客观性通常使用“被动式”(如“这被规定了”)或者更常见的“无主语结构”,比如“据说”、“规定要求”、“禁止吸烟”。中文的“禁止吸烟”是一个非常精炼的词组,但在法语中,为了符合其严谨的语法逻辑,必须有一个形式上的主语,即便这个主语并不指代任何人。这就是 il 的作用——它是一个“傀儡主语”(dummy subject),在语法上占据位置,但语义上是虚空的。掌握这个结构,能让你在写正式邮件、阅读新闻报道或理解法律条款时,立刻感受到那种“不偏不倚”的专业感。这与中文里常用“大家说”、“有人说”这种模糊的主语相比,法语的非人称被动语态显得更加冰冷、客观且具有官方色彩。对于习惯了中文这种“意合”语言的我们来说,理解这种“形式主语”是跨越B2门槛的关键。
### How This Grammar Works
法语语法的核心逻辑是:每一个句子都必须有一个主语。当我们不想提及具体的人(执行者),或者当我们想强调“动作本身”而非“谁做了这件事”时,il 就会作为形式主语登场。这在中文里对应的是“无主句”或“泛指句”。
例如,中文说“会议被推迟了”,我们不需要指出是谁推迟的。在法语中,对应的表达是 Il a été décidé de reporter la réunion。这里的 il 没有任何实际意义,它只是为了满足法语动词必须有主语的语法要求。这种结构将焦点完全集中在“推迟会议”这一事实本身,排除了个人情感或主观判断的色彩。这种客观性在新闻报道中极为常见,比如 Il est rapporté que...(据报道...),这比说 Les journalistes ont rapporté...(记者们报道了...)要显得更加客观,因为它暗示了这是一个普遍事实,而非某个特定记者的观点。
该结构最显著的特点是“不变性” (invariabilité)。无论后面的从句内容多么复杂,这个 il 永远是第三人称单数,动词 être 永远使用第三人称单数,而最重要的——过去分词永远保持阳性单数形式。对于习惯了中文没有动词变位、没有性数配合的我们来说,这是一个巨大的优势:你不需要担心配合问题,只需记住 il est + 过去分词 这个固定框架即可。
### Formation Pattern
非人称被动语态的构成非常严谨,就像搭积木一样,必须严格遵守 Il + être + Participe Passé + de/que 的顺序。
| 语法成分 | 示例 | 功能说明 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 形式主语 | Il | 必须存在,不可省略,无实际意义 |
| 助动词 être | est, a été, sera | 根据时态变化,始终是第三人称单数 |
| 过去分词 | décidé, interdit, dit | 永远保持阳性单数,不与任何成分配合 |
| 补足语 | de + infque + clause | 引入具体动作或从句内容 |
例如:Il est interdit de fumer (禁止吸烟)。这里 interdit 永远不会变成 interditeinterdits,无论你在讨论什么对象。这种规则非常固定,非常适合我们通过记忆口诀来掌握。
### When To Use It
当你需要表达规则、法律、公共通告或者学术观点时,请优先考虑使用这个结构。在职场中,如果你想表达“我们已经决定了”,但不想显得太强势,或者想强调这是公司层面的决定,你可以说 Il a été décidé que...。这比 Nous avons décidé 显得更加专业和客观。
具体应用场景包括:
  1. 1法律与规章:Il est interdit de stationner ici.(此处禁止停车。)
  2. 2公共公告:Il est demandé aux passagers de garder leur calme.(请乘客保持冷静。)
  3. 3新闻与事实陈述:Il est largement admis que ce projet est une réussite.(人们普遍认为这个项目是成功的。)
  4. 4工作邮件:Il a été convenu de prolonger le délai.(双方已达成共识,延长截止日期。)
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1过去分词乱配合:这是中文母语者最容易犯的错误。因为中文没有性数配合,我们习惯了动词就是动词。但法语中,看到 grève (罢工,阴性),学生常写 Il est prévue une grève。记住:il 是形式主语,后面的分词永远是阳性单数 prévu
  1. 1C'estIl est 混淆:C'est 是指代具体的人或事(“这/那”),而 Il est 是抽象的、通用的。如果你指着垃圾桶说“这禁止扔垃圾”,用 C'est interdit;如果你在写告示牌,用 Il est interdit de...
  1. 1忘记 de:在动词不定式前,必须加 de。比如 Il est permis de entrer (错误) -> Il est permis d'entrer (正确)。这是中文语序中没有的连接词,需要刻意练习。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
为了让你更清楚地辨析,我们对比一下常用的“非人称”表达方式:
| 结构 | 适用场合 | 语气程度 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Il est + PP | 正式公文、法律、严谨陈述 | 极正式、客观 |
| On + 动词 | 日常对话、非正式书信 | 随意、口语化 |
| Se + 动词 | 描述事物本身属性 | 中性、描述性 |
On 是我们最熟悉的,但它在正式场合显得不够专业。Il est 的结构能瞬间提升你的法语书面水平,让你看起来像是在处理严肃的行政事务。
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1问:Il 后面可以换成其他主语吗?
答:不可以。在这种结构中,il 是固定的,不能换成 elle 或其他代词,因为它不指代具体的人,只是一个语法占位符。
  1. 1问:如果我想强调是谁做的,还能用这个结构吗?
答:不能。非人称被动语态的本质就是“抹去”执行者。如果必须提及执行者,请改用主动语态或 par 引导的被动语态。
  1. 1问:这个结构可以用在所有动词上吗?
答:不是。它主要用于表达判断、命令、交流或计划的动词,如 dire, décider, permettre, interdire, convenir 等。

Formation with 'On'

Tense Structure Example
Present
On + Verb (3rd sing)
On mange
Passé Composé
On + Aux + P.P.
On a mangé
Imparfait
On + Verb (3rd sing)
On mangeait
Future
On + Verb (3rd sing)
On mangera
Conditional
On + Verb (3rd sing)
On mangerait
Subjunctive
On + Verb (3rd sing)
Qu'on mange

Meanings

The impersonal passive uses the pronoun 'on' to express actions where the subject is generalized or unknown, effectively acting as a passive voice.

1

Generalization

Referring to people in general or society.

“On ne sait jamais ce qui peut arriver.”

“On vit bien ici.”

2

Passive replacement

Describing an action without naming the doer.

“On a volé mon vélo.”

“On m'a dit de venir ici.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 据说:法语无人称被动语态 (La forme passive impersonnelle)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
On + Verb
On accepte
Negative
On + ne + Verb + pas
On n'accepte pas
Question
Est-ce qu'on + Verb
Est-ce qu'on accepte ?
Passé Composé
On + a/est + P.P.
On a accepté
Reflexive
On + se + Verb
On se demande
Passive Replacement
On + Verb (Active)
On a volé mon vélo

正式程度

正式
L'on prétend que c'est vrai.

L'on prétend que c'est vrai. (General opinion)

中性
On dit que c'est vrai.

On dit que c'est vrai. (General opinion)

非正式
On dit que c'est vrai.

On dit que c'est vrai. (General opinion)

俚语
On raconte que c'est vrai.

On raconte que c'est vrai. (General opinion)

The 'On' Universe

On

Generalization

  • On dit It is said

Passive Replacement

  • On a volé It was stolen

Social

  • On va We are going

Passive vs. 'On' Passive

Formal Passive
Il est mangé It is eaten
On Passive
On le mange It is eaten (idiomatic)

When to use 'On'?

1

Is the actor unknown?

YES
Use 'On'
NO
Use active voice

按水平分级的例句

1

On mange à midi.

We eat at noon.

2

On parle français ici.

French is spoken here.

3

On aime le chocolat.

People like chocolate.

4

On va au cinéma.

We are going to the cinema.

1

On ne fume pas ici.

Smoking is not allowed here.

2

On a trouvé les clés.

The keys were found.

3

On dit que c'est bon.

It is said that it is good.

4

On ferme le magasin.

The shop is closing.

1

On m'a dit de venir.

I was told to come.

2

On a construit ce pont en 1990.

This bridge was built in 1990.

3

On ne peut pas entrer.

One cannot enter.

4

On a volé mon sac.

My bag was stolen.

1

On estime que le projet coûtera cher.

It is estimated that the project will be expensive.

2

On a décidé d'annuler la réunion.

It was decided to cancel the meeting.

3

On devrait faire plus attention.

One should be more careful.

4

On a souvent critiqué cette loi.

This law has often been criticized.

1

L'on ne saurait ignorer ces faits.

One cannot ignore these facts.

2

On a vu se développer de nouvelles technologies.

New technologies have been seen developing.

3

On a longtemps cru à cette théorie.

This theory was long believed.

4

On ne saurait trop insister sur ce point.

One cannot overemphasize this point.

1

On a pu observer une mutation des usages.

A shift in usage has been observed.

2

On a fait état de nombreuses irrégularités.

Numerous irregularities were reported.

3

On a su tirer profit de la situation.

The situation was successfully leveraged.

4

On a vu naître un nouveau courant artistique.

A new artistic movement was born.

容易混淆

It is said: French Impersonal Passive (La forme passive impersonnelle) 对比 On vs. Nous

Learners mix up the conjugation.

It is said: French Impersonal Passive (La forme passive impersonnelle) 对比 On vs. Passive 'être'

Learners use passive when 'on' is better.

It is said: French Impersonal Passive (La forme passive impersonnelle) 对比 On vs. Il

Learners think 'on' is 'he'.

常见错误

On mangeons

On mange

On is singular, not plural.

On est mangé

On mange

Don't use passive 'être' with 'on'.

On mangez

On mange

Third person singular only.

On mange pas

On ne mange pas

Missing 'ne'.

On a été fait

On a fait

Avoid passive voice.

On sont allés

On est allé

On is singular.

On dit que ils...

On dit qu'ils...

Elision needed.

On a été vu par moi

J'ai vu

Passive is unnecessary.

On mangeons tous

On mange tous

Singular verb.

On est dit

On dit

Active voice is preferred.

On est été

On a été

Wrong auxiliary.

On ne saurait pas

On ne saurait

Savoir in conditional doesn't need 'pas'.

On est vu

On a vu

Active voice.

句型

On ___ que c'est vrai.

On ne ___ pas ici.

On m'a ___ de venir.

On ne saurait ___ ce point.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

On adore cette photo !

Texting constant

On se voit quand ?

Job Interview common

On a développé ce projet.

Ordering Food common

On prend deux pizzas.

Travel common

On peut acheter les billets ici ?

News very common

On a annoncé une hausse des prix.

💡

Think 'People'

Whenever you want to say 'people say' or 'they say', use 'on'.
⚠️

Singular only

Never use plural verbs with 'on', even if you mean 'we'.
🎯

Avoid 'être'

If you find yourself using 'être' + past participle, try to rephrase with 'on'.
💬

Casual 'We'

In France, 'on' is the standard way to say 'we' in conversation.

Smart Tips

Use 'on' for a natural, conversational tone.

Nous allons au parc. On va au parc.

Use 'on' instead of the passive 'être'.

Le vélo a été volé. On a volé le vélo.

Start with 'On dit que...'.

C'est dit que... On dit que...

Use 'On doit' or 'On devrait'.

Il faut être prudent. On doit être prudent.

发音

On_est (on-nez)

Liaison

Always link 'on' to the next word if it starts with a vowel.

Rising

On y va ? ↑

Questioning

记住它

记忆技巧

On is the 'One' who does the job when nobody else is named.

视觉联想

Imagine a faceless person (a silhouette) doing tasks like cleaning or cooking. That silhouette is 'On'.

Rhyme

When the actor is unknown, use 'on' to make it your own.

Story

A detective walks into a room. He sees a broken vase. He doesn't know who did it. He says, 'On a cassé le vase.' He doesn't need a name, just the action.

Word Web

Onditfaitvoitsaitpeut

挑战

Write 5 sentences about your day using 'On' instead of 'I' or 'We'.

文化笔记

Used constantly in daily life to replace 'nous'.

Very common, often used as the primary 'we'.

Used similarly to France, often with local verbs.

Comes from the Latin 'homo' (man).

对话开场白

On fait quoi ce soir ?

On dit souvent que le français est difficile, qu'en penses-tu ?

On a beaucoup changé nos habitudes, non ?

On ne saurait nier l'importance de la culture, n'est-ce pas ?

日记主题

Describe your daily routine using 'on'.
Write about a rule in your country using 'on'.
Discuss a recent news event using 'on'.
Reflect on how society has changed in the last decade.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.

On ___ (manger) à 13h.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mange
On is 3rd person singular.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On est allé au parc.
On is singular.
Correct the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

On ne fument pas ici.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On ne fume pas ici.
Singular verb.
Change to 'on' passive. Sentence Transformation

Le projet est fini par nous.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On a fini le projet.
Active voice is better.
Is this true? True False Rule

'On' is always plural.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
On is singular.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: On fait quoi ? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On mange.
Singular verb.
Order the words. Sentence Building

dit / que / on / c'est / vrai

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On dit que c'est vrai.
Correct order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
On is versatile.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct verb form.

On ___ (manger) à 13h.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mange
On is 3rd person singular.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On est allé au parc.
On is singular.
Correct the mistake. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

On ne fument pas ici.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On ne fume pas ici.
Singular verb.
Change to 'on' passive. Sentence Transformation

Le projet est fini par nous.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On a fini le projet.
Active voice is better.
Is this true? True False Rule

'On' is always plural.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
On is singular.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: On fait quoi ? B: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On mange.
Singular verb.
Order the words. Sentence Building

dit / que / on / c'est / vrai

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On dit que c'est vrai.
Correct order.
Match the meaning. Match Pairs

On dit

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
On is versatile.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the rule 填空

Il est ___ (écrire) que c'est gratuit.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: écrit
Translate this rule 翻译

It is forbidden to park here.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il est interdit de stationner ici.
Which one sounds more official? 多项选择

How do you say 'It is said that' formally?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il est dit que...
Unscramble the office rule Sentence Reorder

Arrange:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il n'est pas permis de manger
Match the French with English Match Pairs

Connect the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il est écrit | It is written
Fix the agreement error Error Correction

Il est prévue une fête.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il est prévu une fête.
What follows the participle? 填空

Il est interdit ___ parler.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: de
Translate: It is written in the book. 翻译

Il est ___ dans le livre.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: écrit
Identify the impersonal subject 多项选择

In 'Il est interdit de courir', what does 'Il' refer to?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nothing (placeholder)
Complete the news headline 填空

Il est ___ (entendu) que le Premier Ministre va parler.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: entendu

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

No, it can mean 'people', 'they', or 'someone'.

It comes from 'homme', which is singular.

It is better to use 'nous' in very formal writing.

It is an impersonal construction that functions like a passive.

'Il' refers to a specific male; 'on' is general.

Yes, in formal French, 'ne' is required.

Yes, 'on se demande' is very common.

Yes, it is the standard way to say 'we'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se + verb

Spanish uses 'se', French uses 'on'.

German high

Man + verb

Grammatically identical.

English low

Passive voice or 'one/people'

English lacks a single pronoun like 'on'.

Japanese low

Passive form

Japanese uses morphology, French uses a pronoun.

Arabic low

Passive verb form

Arabic is synthetic, French is analytic.

Chinese low

Topic-comment structure

Chinese relies on context.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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