بهترین را برای آخر گذاشتن: اصل وزن پایانی
It شروع کننده، There معرفی کننده، end-weight طبیعی کننده.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
English sentences prefer 'heavy' or long information at the end to make them easier to read and understand.
- Move long subjects to the end using 'It' as a placeholder: 'It is clear that he lied.'
- Place longer objects after shorter ones: 'I gave the book to the girl with the red hat.'
- Avoid 'top-heavy' sentences where the subject is much longer than the verb phrase.
مرور کلی
it شروع میکنیم در حالی که حتی در مورد یک شیء صحبت نمیکنیم؟ آیا تا به حال متوجه شدهاید که گویشوران بومی اغلب به جای To study is important میگویند It is important to study؟ این فقط یک انتخاب تصادفی نیست.قواعد ترتیب کلمات
Subject + Verb + Object پیروی میکنیم. این اساس زبان است. اما End-Weight Principle یک چرخش جذاب به آن اضافه میکند.It یا There استفاده میکنیم. این کلمات در واقع در این زمینه معنای خاصی ندارند؛ آنها فقط نگهدارنده هستند تا جمله را متعادل نگه دارند.That you are here makes me happy که در ابتدا کمی رسمی و سنگین به نظر میرسد، میگوییم It makes me happy that you are here. ببینید چقدر روانتر به نظر میرسد؟ مانند این است که خریدهای سنگین را به جای روی داشبورد، در صندوق عقب ماشین قرار دهید.It is + [Adjective] + [to-verb] است. این فرمول اصلی شما برای بیان نظرات است.There is یا There are برای معرفی اطلاعات جدید است. با شروع با یک There is کوتاه، به شنونده یک ثانیه فرصت میدهید تا برای توصیف هر آنچه در ادامه میآید آماده شود.این گرامر چطور کار میکنه
It بسیار سبک است.to travel around the world with my best friends بسیار سنگین است. با قرار دادن بخش سنگین در انتها، شما از ریتم طبیعی انگلیسی پیروی میکنید. مانند یک سراشیبی است - به راحتی شروع میشود و شتاب میگیرد.It is sunny today.It فقط برای کمک به شروع روان جمله وجود دارد. اگر فقط میگفتیم Sunny today یک عبارت ناقص بود. اگر میگفتیم The weather today is sunny درست بود اما کمی طولانیتر.It is sunny تعادل کامل وزن و سرعت است. این تقریباً در هر موقعیتی جواب میدهد: سفارش آنلاین غذا، بازی با دوستان یا حتی فقط سلام کردن. باعث میشود صحبت شما متعادل و حساب شده به نظر برسد.
الگوی ساخت
It یا There استفاده کنید. It معمولاً برای نظرات یا حقایق است و There برای گفتن اینکه چیزی وجود دارد.
is ،was یا makes) و شاید یک صفت یا اسم کوتاه دنبال کنید.
جدول صرف
| فرم | مثال | ترجمه |
|---|---|---|
| --- | --- | --- |
| It is + Adjective + to-verb | It is fun to play games. |
بازی کردن سرگرمکننده است. |
| It is + Adjective + that-clause | It is clear that he likes you. |
واضح است که او شما را دوست دارد. |
| There is/are + Noun + Detail | There is a cat on the sofa. |
یک گربه روی مبل است. |
| It + Verb + Object + that-clause | It makes me sad that you are leaving. |
ناراحتم میکند که داری میروی. |
تغییرات الگو
It is رایجترین است، روشهای دیگری نیز وجود دارد که End-Weight Principle در زندگی روزمره ظاهر میشود. به عنوان مثال، میتوانید از آن با افعالی مانند seems یا appears استفاده کنید. به جای گفتن That they are lost appears likely میگویید It appears likely that they are lost.bothers یا surprises. جمله It surprises me that you don't like pizza! بسیار بهتر از That you don't like pizza surprises me! است.سطوح رسمی بودن
- Casual
It's cool you're coming. (عالی برای تیکتاک یا واتساپ)
- Informal
It is nice to meet you. (استاندارد برای ملاقات با دوستان جدید)
- Formal
It is requested that all guests arrive early. (در ایمیلهای رسمی یا جلسات زوم)
مکالمات واقعی
سناریوی 1: پیام دادن به یک دوست در مورد یک فیلم
Alex
It was so boring to watch that film.Sam
Really? I thought it was okay.Alex
Nah, it is better to just watch YouTube trailers.سناریوی 2: در یک کافه
Server
There is a free table over there by the window.Customer
Great! It is nice to have some sunlight.سناریوی 3: مصاحبه شغلی در زوم
Interviewer
It is important for us to find someone who loves teamwork.Candidate
I agree. It is clear that collaboration is key here.
ترفند حافظه
تصور کنید جمله شما یک الاگلنگ است. اگر فیل سنگین را در ابتدا و موش کوچک را در انتها قرار دهید، الاگلنگ گیر میکند! برای اینکه الاگلنگ حرکت کند و سرگرم شوید، موش کوچک (It / There) را در ابتدا و فیل سنگین (عبارت طولانی) را در انتها قرار دهید. حالا جمله شما میتواند نوسان کند!
اشتباهات رایج
- قرار دادن فاعل طولانی در ابتدا:
To learn a new language like English is very hard.(✗) ←It is very hard to learn a new language like English.(✓) - فراموش کردن 'It':
Is good to see you.(✗) ←It is good to see you.(✓) - استفاده از 'It' برای افراد:
It is my friend who is coming.(✗) ←My friend is coming.(✓) - پیچیده کردن شروع:
The fact that the weather is bad makes me sad.(✗) ←It makes me sad that the weather is bad.(✓)
تمرین پیشرونده
با تغییر جملات ساده شروع کنید: To swim is fun ← It is fun to swim.
جزئیات را اضافه کنید: It is fun to swim in the ocean with friends.
استفاده از There is را امتحان کنید: A big dog is in my garden ← There is a big dog in my garden.
خود را به چالش بکشید: با استفاده از It makes me... that... نظری در مورد یک فیلم بسازید.
سؤالات رایج
آیا همیشه قرار دادن بخش طولانی در ابتدا اشتباه است؟
نه، از نظر دستوری «اشتباه» نیست، اما بسیار رسمی یا شاعرانه به نظر میرسد. اگر فقط با دوستان گپ میزنید، کمی عجیب به نظر میرسد.
چرا آن را «وزن» مینامیم؟
چون عبارات طولانی برای پردازش مغز «سنگین» به نظر میرسند. قرار دادن آنها در انتها به مغز اجازه میدهد قبل از ضربه اطلاعات بزرگ، یک ثانیه استراحت کند!
Extraposition Structure
| Dummy Subject | Verb/Adjective | Real (Heavy) Subject |
|---|---|---|
|
It
|
is important
|
that you listen.
|
|
It
|
is strange
|
whether he comes or not.
|
|
It
|
bothered me
|
that she forgot.
|
|
It
|
seems
|
that we are lost.
|
|
It
|
is fun
|
to play games.
|
Meanings
The End-Weight Principle is a stylistic tendency in English where longer, more complex structures (phrases or clauses) are placed at the end of a sentence to improve processing and flow.
Extraposition of Subject
Moving a long clausal subject to the end and replacing it with 'it'.
“It is important that you arrive on time.”
“It bothered me that she didn't call.”
Dative Shift / Object Ordering
Ordering direct and indirect objects so the longer one comes last.
“I sent a letter to my cousin who lives in Australia.”
“She gave the man who was waiting outside a small gift.”
Heavy NP Shift
Moving a very long direct object to the end of the sentence, after an adverbial.
“He confessed to the priest all the sins he had committed over the years.”
“She explained to the students the importance of the upcoming exam.”
Reference Table
| نوع | شروع کننده (جای خالی) | بخش سنگین (آخر جمله) | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
|
نظر
|
It is + صفت
|
to + فعل
|
It is easy to use this app.
|
|
واقعیت/مشاهده
|
It is + صفت
|
that + جمله
|
It is true that she is tired.
|
|
وجود
|
There is/are
|
اسم + توضیح
|
There is a fly in my soup!
|
|
احساس
|
It + فعل + me
|
that + جمله
|
It bothers me that it's raining.
|
|
ترجیح
|
It is better
|
to + فعل
|
It is better to stay home.
|
|
شبکههای اجتماعی
|
It's + صفت
|
فعل + ing / to + فعل
|
It's amazing being here!
|
طیف رسمیت
It is a pleasure that you have joined us today. (Welcoming someone)
It's great that you came. (Welcoming someone)
Good you're here! (Welcoming someone)
Glad you made it, fam. (Welcoming someone)
The End-Weight Balance
Techniques
- Extraposition Moving subject to end
- Dative Shift Moving long objects
Benefits
- Readability Easier to process
- Natural Flow Sounds like a native
Top-Heavy vs. Balanced
Should I move it?
Is the subject a clause (that/to/whether)?
Is the object longer than 5 words?
Common Phrases using End-Weight
Opinion
- • It is believed that...
- • It seems that...
- • It is thought that...
Fact
- • It is clear that...
- • It is true that...
- • It is certain that...
مثالها بر اساس سطح
It is good to see you.
It is good to see you.
It is hot in the sun.
It is hot in the sun.
It is time to go home.
It is time to go home.
It is easy to cook pasta.
It is easy to cook pasta.
It is important to drink water.
It is important to drink water.
It is difficult to learn Chinese.
It is difficult to learn Chinese.
I gave the book to my teacher.
I gave the book to my teacher.
It is nice that you called me.
It is nice that you called me.
It is clear that he doesn't know the answer.
It is clear that he doesn't know the answer.
It doesn't matter if we are late.
It doesn't matter if we are late.
I sent an email to the manager of the store.
I sent an email to the manager of the store.
It is possible that the flight will be delayed.
It is possible that the flight will be delayed.
It is highly probable that the interest rates will rise next month.
It is highly probable that the interest rates will rise next month.
It bothered Sarah that her brother never helped with the chores.
It bothered Sarah that her brother never helped with the chores.
The professor explained to the class the complex theories of quantum physics.
The professor explained to the class the complex theories of quantum physics.
It remains to be seen whether the new policy will be effective.
It remains to be seen whether the new policy will be effective.
It is a matter of some urgency that we address the structural deficits in our current budget.
It is a matter of some urgency that we address the structural deficits in our current budget.
He attributed to his upbringing his remarkable ability to remain calm under pressure.
He attributed to his upbringing his remarkable ability to remain calm under pressure.
It is often argued by sociologists that urban sprawl contributes significantly to social isolation.
It is often argued by sociologists that urban sprawl contributes significantly to social isolation.
It makes no difference to the outcome whether you choose to participate or not.
It makes no difference to the outcome whether you choose to participate or not.
It is incumbent upon the board of directors to ensure that all safety protocols are strictly adhered to.
It is incumbent upon the board of directors to ensure that all safety protocols are strictly adhered to.
There followed a period of intense negotiation during which both parties made significant concessions.
There followed a period of intense negotiation during which both parties made significant concessions.
It was with great reluctance that the prime minister finally agreed to the terms of the treaty.
It was with great reluctance that the prime minister finally agreed to the terms of the treaty.
I leave to your discretion the decision of how best to allocate these limited resources.
I leave to your discretion the decision of how best to allocate these limited resources.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Both use 'It is...' at the start. Learners often confuse moving a whole clause (End-Weight) with focusing on one specific word (Cleft).
Learners might use 'There is' when they should use 'It is'.
Both are used to move information around in a sentence.
اشتباهات رایج
To swim is fun.
It is fun to swim.
Is important to go.
It is important to go.
That you are here is good.
It is good that you are here.
I like very much pizza.
I like pizza very much.
I gave to him the book.
I gave him the book.
That she is late is a problem.
It is a problem that she is late.
Is true he left?
Is it true that he left?
Whether he will come is not known.
It is not known whether he will come.
I explained the problem to the man who was standing by the door.
I explained to the man who was standing by the door the problem.
It was surprising his reaction.
His reaction was surprising. / It was surprising that he reacted that way.
That the results were manipulated by the researchers was revealed.
It was revealed that the results were manipulated by the researchers.
I mentioned to him the fact that I was leaving.
I mentioned the fact that I was leaving to him.
It is important for to go.
It is important to go.
الگوهای جملهسازی
It is ___ to ___.
It is ___ that ___.
It ___ me that ___.
It remains to be seen whether ___.
Real World Usage
It is widely accepted that climate change is driven by human activity.
It has always been my ambition to lead a creative team.
It's cool that you're coming tonight!
It was reported today that the two companies will merge.
It is our policy to offer a full refund within thirty days.
It's so annoying when the Wi-Fi stops working.
ترفند 'It'
It is بعدش یه صفت. بیشتر وقتها جواب میده! It is easy.جای خالی رو پر کن!
Is good to see you. حتماً باید 'It' اول جمله باشه تا درست باشه.
It is good to see you.
اینستاگرام تو بساز!
Smart Tips
Stop and try starting with 'It is...' instead. It will almost always sound more natural.
Use 'It is argued that' or 'It has been suggested that' to introduce sources. It follows end-weight and sounds objective.
Check which one is longer. Put the longer one at the very end.
Always use 'It' as a placeholder if you have a clausal subject.
تلفظ
Dummy 'It' Stress
The word 'It' at the beginning of these sentences is almost never stressed. It is pronounced quickly as /ɪt/.
End-Focus Intonation
The pitch of your voice usually drops at the end of the 'heavy' part, which is where the most important information sits.
The Slide
It is certain that they will ↘️ win.
Conveys certainty and completion of the thought.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
Heavy goes Home: Long parts of the sentence want to go 'home' to the end.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a seesaw. If a giant (long phrase) sits at the front, the seesaw crashes. If the giant sits at the back, it stays balanced.
Rhyme
If the subject is long and brings a fright, move it to the end and make it right.
Story
A little word named 'It' was a hero. He saw a giant, heavy sentence part trying to climb onto the subject's chair. 'It' said, 'I'll sit here for you! You go relax at the end of the sentence.'
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Look at a news article. Find three sentences that start with 'It is...' and try to rewrite them with the long part at the beginning. Notice how much harder they are to read!
نکات فرهنگی
British English often uses end-weight in formal correspondence to maintain a polite, indirect distance. 'It would be appreciated if...'
In US universities, students are taught to avoid 'wordiness,' but the End-Weight principle is still encouraged to keep the 'action' (the verb) near the start of the sentence.
Legal documents use 'Heavy NP Shift' constantly to ensure that long lists of conditions don't interrupt the main verb of a contract.
The End-Weight principle has been a feature of Germanic languages for over a millennium, evolving as English shifted from a more flexible word order to a strict SVO structure.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
Do you think it's important to learn a second language?
Does it bother you when people are late for meetings?
It is often said that money can't buy happiness. Do you agree?
It remains to be seen how AI will change the job market. What's your take?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Find and fix the mistake:
To eat pizza every day is great.
___ is a long line at the Starbucks.
Score: /3
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesThat he forgot your birthday is sad.
Ordering objects:
___ is important that we finish this project by Friday.
Find and fix the mistake:
Is clear that you are the best candidate.
bothers / that / it / me / is / raining / it
1. To eat healthy is good. 2. That he lied is true. 3. Whether they win is unknown.
Select the formal structure:
It ___ to be seen whether the economy will recover.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesArrange these words:
It ___ me happy that you called.
Which one sounds like a native speaker?
___ amazing to see the concert live!
Translate to English:
Connect the parts:
___ is clear that you are the best.
Arrange:
That the test is tomorrow is bad.
Which is correct?
Score: /10
سوالات متداول (8)
No, it is not grammatically wrong, but it is stylistically 'heavy.' Native speakers avoid it because it makes the sentence harder to process.
No. In the End-Weight principle, only `It` works as a dummy subject. You cannot say '*This is true that he left.'
Usually no. If the subject is just one or two words (e.g., 'He is nice'), we don't move it. End-weight is for 'heavy' parts.
Typically, any phrase with more than 5-7 words, or any clause starting with `that`, `to`, `whether`, or `if`.
No, it's very common in speaking too! We naturally say 'It's funny that...' rather than 'That... is funny.'
End-weight is about the *length* of the words. End-focus is about putting the *newest* or *most important* info at the end.
It's most common with the verb `to be` and adjectives, or verbs of emotion/perception like `bother`, `seem`, `appear`, and `surprise`.
Because the word `It` doesn't actually refer to anything. It's just a 'placeholder' to keep the subject position filled.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Flexible word order / Subject post-position
Spanish is pro-drop and doesn't use a placeholder like 'it'.
C'est... que / Extraposition
French uses 'Il' or 'Ce' depending on the formality and the following adjective.
Expositions-es
German verb-second (V2) rules make the placement of 'Es' more restricted.
Topic-Comment structure
The most important/heavy part (the verb) is always last in Japanese.
VSO order
The subject naturally follows the verb, so no 'extraposition' is needed.
Topic-prominent structure
Chinese is comfortable with very long 'topics' at the start of a sentence.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
04:01 FIGHT CLUB Clip - "Plane" (1999) Brad Pitt
09:29 The Most Extreme Explosion in the Universe
21:14 Cloud Vs Sephiroth Final Boss Fight Scene PS5 (4K 60FPS) Final Fantasy VII Remake
Grammar Lesson #1 - Tips to Improve Your Sentence Structure
Oxford Online English
Word Order: How to structure a sentence | English Grammar Lesson | B1-Intermediate
Anglo-Link
English grammar tutorial - Word order - Gramática inglesa
Your English Web: Weekly English video lessons
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