B1 Prepositions 18 min read ふつう

句動詞: Turn Down (音量と拒否)

「Turn Down」は「音量を下げる」と「断る」という二つの意味で大活躍! volumerejection の両方で使えますよ。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

'Turn down' means to lower the volume/intensity of something or to politely refuse an offer or invitation.

  • Use it for volume or heat: 'Turn down the radio' (max 20 words)
  • Use it for rejection: 'She turned down the job offer' (max 20 words)
  • It is separable: 'Turn it down' is correct, 'Turn down it' is wrong (max 20 words)
Subject + Turn + (Object) + Down + (Object)

Overview

ベッドに横たわっている自分を想像してください。隣の部屋でルームメイトが午前2時にテクノのリミックスを爆音で流しています。あなたは踊りたくありません。寝たいのです。どうしますか?音量を turn down(下げる)ように頼みます。あるいは、マッチングアプリをスクロールしているとしましょう。誰かがメッセージを送ってきました。いい人そうですが、8,000キロも離れた場所に住んでいます。コーヒーの誘いを turn down(断る)必要があります。この句動詞は、あなたの社会生活と鼓膜を守るためのサバイバルツールです。主な役割は2つあります:物静かにすること、そして何かに「ノー」と言うことです。これは、教科書っぽさを抑えて、より生身の人間らしく聞こえるフレーズの1つです。refuse という言葉だけを使っていると、ヴィクトリア朝の悪役のように聞こえるかもしれません。日常会話では turn down の方がずっとリラックスした響きになります。あなたの存在そのもののための音量つまみのようなものです。

How This Grammar Works

英語は turn のような単純な動詞に down のような短い言葉をくっつけるのが大好きです。これで「句動詞(phrasal verb)」が作られます。意味は完全に変わります。昔のラジオには、時計回りか反時計回りに物理的に回すつまみがありました。音をゼロに向かって「下」にするために、つまみを回しました。単純ですよね?今はタッチパネルを使っていますが、論理は同じです。でも待ってください、なぜ turn down が「申し出を断る」という意味にもなるのでしょうか?こう考えてみてください。何かを受け入れるとき、あなたはそれを「持ち上げる」か、取り込みます。拒絶するときは、それを「下」に置き、自分から遠ざけます。とても視覚的な表現方法です。この句動詞は「分離可能(separable)」です。これは、目的語を真ん中に置けるという凝った言い方です。turn down the music と言っても turn the music down と言っても完璧です。もし it のような代名詞を使う場合は、必ず真ん中に置かなければなりません:turn it downturn down it と言うと、脳が404エラーを起こしたように聞こえます。

Formation Pattern

1
turn down を使った文章を作るには、特定のパターンがあります。組み立て方は以下の通りです:
2
主語(動作をする人)から始めます。
3
動詞 turn を加えます。時制に合わせて変えるのを忘れないでください(例:turned, turning, turns)。
4
目的語(断るもの、または音を下げるもの)を選びます。
5
down という言葉をどこに置くか決めます。
6
パターンA(名詞が最後):[主語] + [turn] + down + [名詞]
7
例:I turned down the job.
8
パターンB(名詞が真ん中):[主語] + [turn] + [名詞] + down
9
例:I turned the job down.
10
パターンC(代名詞 - 真ん中必須):[主語] + [turn] + [it/them] + down
11
例:The music is loud. Turn it down.
12
注意:反抗して turn down it と言おうとしないでください。猫でさえ、それが間違いだと気づくでしょう。

When To Use It

現代生活の主に3つの場面で、これを頻繁に使います:
  • 物理的なコントロール:Spotifyのプレイリストで窓がガタガタ鳴っているときや、Uberのヒーターで自分がローストチキンのように感じるとき。
  • 社交的な誘い:友達にパーティーに誘われたけれど、ただNetflixを見たいとき。誘いを turn down(断り)ます。
  • 仕事上の状況:会社から、お金の代わりに「知名度」で支払われる仕事をオファーされたとき。間違いなくそのオファーを turn down(断る)でしょう。
テキストメッセージに最適です。誰かに「遊びに来ない?」と聞かれたら、「ごめん、今夜は断らなきゃ(turn you down)。疲れてるんだ」と返信できます。丁寧ですが、きっぱりとした響きになります。また、良い隣人でいるためにも役立ちます。上の階の人が真夜中にドラムの練習をしていたら、ドアをノックしてこう言えます。「それ、下げてもらえますか(turn those down)?」 「騒音をやめろ!」と言うよりもずっと感じが良いですし、満足感は少し低いかもしれませんが。

Common Mistakes

  • 代名詞の罠:前述の通り、turn down itturn down him とは決して言わないでください。代名詞は内向的な人のようなもので、句動詞の真ん中に挟まれるのを好みます。
  • 「Turn off」との混同turn down は「少なくする」という意味です。turn off は「ゼロ」という意味です。誰かにライトを turn down するように頼むと、ロマンチックな雰囲気のために暗くしてくれます。もしライトを turn off したら、あなたは暗闇の中に座ることになり、椅子に足の指をぶつけることになるでしょう。
  • 前置詞の混乱:時々 turn to down と言おうとする人がいます。to は不要です。単に turn + down です。
  • 時制の忘れ:句動詞も通常の動詞のルールに従う必要があります。昨日起きたことなら turned down です。今起きていることなら turning it down です。down に気を取られて、基本的な文法を忘れないようにしましょう。

Contrast With Similar Patterns

turn down は他の表現とどう違うのでしょうか?

turn down vs. RefuseRefuse は非常にフォーマルで強い言葉です。贈り物を refuse(拒否)すると、失礼に当たるかもしれません。贈り物を turn down すると、正当な理由があるように聞こえます。
turn down vs. RejectReject は、クレジットカードの申請や科学実験などによく使われます。turn down は人間関係や社交的な誘いに使われます。好きな人に振られる(turns you down)のは悲しいですが、自販機にコインが戻される(rejects)のはイライラします。
turn down vs. Lower:声は lower(低くする)できますが、音量は通常 turn down します。物理的な高さやレベルには lower を使います。
turn down vs. Turn up:これらは反対語です。低音をもっと効かせたいなら turn it up。夜を生き延びたいなら turn it down

Quick FAQ

Q

人に対して turn down を使えますか?

はい!誰かをデートに誘って「ノー」と言われたら、相手はあなたを turned you down(振った)ことになります。痛いですが、文法的には正しいです。

Q

フォーマルなメールで使っても大丈夫ですか?

もちろんです。「申し出を断るためにメールしています(turn down the offer)」は、標準的でプロフェッショナルな断り方です。

Q

turn down は常に2語ですか?

はい。非常に特殊な業界用語で、ホテルのベッドメイクサービスを指す turndown(1語)がありますが、私たちが学んでいる文法では、常に2語です。

Q

エアコンを turn down できますか?

はい。これは通常、冷たさを弱める(パワーを下げる)か、温度設定を下げることを意味します。ただし、「温度を下げる」と実際には部屋がさらに冷たくなるので注意してください。通常、人々は「ファンの音を静かにする、または風を弱める」という意味で使います。

Conjugating 'Turn Down'

Tense Subject Form Example
Present Simple
I / You / We / They
turn down
I turn down the heat.
Present Simple
He / She / It
turns down
She turns down the music.
Past Simple
All subjects
turned down
They turned down the offer.
Present Participle
All subjects
turning down
He is turning down the TV.
Past Participle
All subjects
turned down
The offer was turned down.

Contractions with Pronouns

Full Form Contraction Usage
I will turn it down
I'll turn it down
Future promise
Do not turn it down
Don't turn it down
Imperative/Command
He did not turn it down
He didn't turn it down
Past negative

Meanings

To reduce the amount of sound, heat, or light produced by a device, or to reject an offer, request, or application.

1

Volume/Intensity

To decrease the level of something (sound, heat, light).

“It's getting too hot in here; can you turn the heater down?”

“The lights were too bright, so he turned them down.”

2

Rejection/Refusal

To decline or refuse an offer, invitation, or proposal.

“He turned down the job because the salary was too low.”

“I had to turn down her invitation to the party.”

3

Folding (Rare/Specific)

To fold back the covers of a bed or the corner of a page.

“The hotel maid turned down the sheets while we were at dinner.”

“Don't turn down the corners of the book pages; use a bookmark.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 句動詞: Turn Down (音量と拒否)
意味 目的語の種類 構造1 構造2(該当する場合) 例文
音量を下げる
名詞
Turn + Noun + Down
Turn Down + Noun
Turn the music down.
音量を下げる
代名詞
Turn + Pronoun + Down
N/A
Turn it down.
オファーを断る
名詞
Turn + Noun + Down
Turn Down + Noun
Turn the offer down.
オファーを断る
代名詞
Turn + Pronoun + Down
N/A
Turn it down.
招待を断る
名詞
Turn + Noun + Down
Turn Down + Noun
Turn the invitation down.
招待を断る
代名詞
Turn + Pronoun + Down
N/A
Turn it down.
人を断る
代名詞
Turn + Pronoun + Down
N/A
Turn him down.

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
I regret to inform you that I must decline the offer.

I regret to inform you that I must decline the offer. (Professional)

ニュートラル
I decided to turn down the job offer.

I decided to turn down the job offer. (Professional)

カジュアル
I passed on the job.

I passed on the job. (Professional)

スラング
I swiped left on that gig.

I swiped left on that gig. (Professional)

Turn Down: 2つの主な意味

Turn Down

意味1: 減らす

  • Volume 音量
  • Heat/AC 温度調整
  • Lights 明るさ
  • Brightness 画面の明るさ

意味2: 拒否する

  • Offer 仕事/取引の提案
  • Invitation 社交的な誘い
  • Request 公式な要求
  • Person 誘いを断る

Turn Down vs. Turn Up vs. Turn Off

Turn Down
Turn the music down 音量を下げる
Turn down the offer 提案を拒否する
Turn Up
Turn the music up 音量を上げる
Turn up the heating 暖房を強くする
Turn Off
Turn off the TV テレビの電源を切る
Turn off the lights 電気を消す

「Turn Down」の使い方: 名詞 vs. 代名詞

1

目的語は名詞ですか?(例:「the music」、「the offer」)

YES
目的語を「turn down」の後、または「turn」と「down」の間に置きます。
NO
目的語は代名詞ですか?(例:「it」、「them」)
2

目的語は代名詞ですか?(例:「it」、「them」)

YES
代名詞は常に「turn」と「down」の間に置きます。(例:「turn it down」)
NO
目的語の種類を再確認してください。

「Turn Down」できるもの

🔊

音量/強度

  • The music
  • The TV
  • The heating
  • The lights
  • The brightness
  • The AC

拒否

  • A job offer
  • An invitation
  • A request
  • A proposal
  • A person
  • An idea

レベル別の例文

1

Turn down the TV.

Baja el volumen de la tele.

2

Please turn it down.

Por favor, bájalo.

3

I turn down the radio.

Bajo la radio.

4

Can you turn down the music?

¿Puedes bajar la música?

1

I turned down the invitation.

Rechacé la invitación.

2

She didn't turn down the job.

Ella no rechazó el trabajo.

3

Turn the heater down, please.

Baja la calefacción, por favor.

4

Why did you turn it down?

¿Por qué lo rechazaste?

1

He had to turn down the offer because of the commute.

Tuvo que rechazar la oferta por el trayecto al trabajo.

2

If the music is too loud, just turn it down.

Si la música está muy alta, simplemente bájala.

3

The bank turned down my loan application.

El banco rechazó mi solicitud de préstamo.

4

I'm surprised she turned him down.

Me sorprende que ella lo rechazara.

1

The proposal was turned down by the board of directors.

La propuesta fue rechazada por la junta directiva.

2

I'm going to turn the volume down a notch.

Voy a bajar el volumen un poco.

3

They turned down our request for more time.

Rechazaron nuestra petición de más tiempo.

4

She turned down the chance to study abroad.

Ella rechazó la oportunidad de estudiar en el extranjero.

1

It is unwise to turn down such a lucrative opportunity.

No es prudente rechazar una oportunidad tan lucrativa.

2

The hotel provides a turn-down service every evening.

El hotel ofrece un servicio de cobertura todas las noches.

3

He turned down the intensity of his workout after the injury.

Redujo la intensidad de su entrenamiento tras la lesión.

4

The editor turned down the manuscript for being too derivative.

El editor rechazó el manuscrito por ser demasiado poco original.

1

The sheer volume of applications meant many had to be turned down.

El gran volumen de solicitudes significó que muchas tuvieron que ser rechazadas.

2

She flatly turned down any suggestion of a compromise.

Rechazó de plano cualquier sugerencia de compromiso.

3

The thermostat automatically turns down the heat at midnight.

El termostato baja automáticamente la calefacción a medianoche.

4

I couldn't possibly turn down a request from an old friend.

No podría rechazar una petición de un viejo amigo.

間違えやすい

Phrasal Verb: Turn Down (Volume & Rejection) Turn Down vs. Turn Off

Learners think 'turn down' means to stop the device entirely.

Phrasal Verb: Turn Down (Volume & Rejection) Turn Down vs. Reject

Learners use 'reject' for volume or in casual conversation where it sounds too harsh.

Phrasal Verb: Turn Down (Volume & Rejection) Turn Down vs. Refuse

'Refuse' is often followed by an infinitive (to do), while 'turn down' is followed by a noun.

よくある間違い

Turn down it.

Turn it down.

Pronouns must go in the middle of 'turn' and 'down'.

Turn down the music off.

Turn down the music.

Don't mix 'down' and 'off'. 'Down' is for volume, 'off' is for stopping.

I turn down.

I turn it down.

'Turn down' needs an object. You must say what you are turning down.

Turn down the light off.

Turn down the light.

To 'turn down' a light means to dim it, not to extinguish it.

He turned down to the job.

He turned down the job.

Do not use 'to' after 'turn down'. It takes a direct object.

I turned down her.

I turned her down.

Even with people (rejection), the pronoun must go in the middle.

Can you turn down the volume more quiet?

Can you turn down the volume?

'Turn down' already implies making it quieter. Adding 'more quiet' is redundant.

The bank turned down to me.

The bank turned me down.

The bank rejects the person or the application directly.

I turned down the offer because it was too loud.

I turned down the offer because the salary was low.

Don't confuse the two meanings. Offers aren't 'loud'.

I'm turning down the radio off.

I'm turning the radio down.

Using 'off' and 'down' together is contradictory.

The hotel turned down my bed sheets.

The hotel turned down the bed.

While 'sheets' is okay, the standard idiom is 'turn down the bed'.

文型パターン

Could you please turn down the ___?

I had to turn down the ___ because ___.

If you don't turn that ___ down, I'm going to ___.

The ___ was turned down by ___.

Real World Usage

Texting a friend very common

Hey, sorry I had to turn down your invite! I'm swamped.

Job Interview Follow-up common

Thank you for the offer, but I have decided to turn it down.

At a Restaurant occasional

Could you turn the AC down? It's freezing in here.

Social Media common

I can't believe he turned down that collab!

Banking/Finance occasional

My credit card application was turned down.

Living with Roommates constant

Can you turn your music down? I'm trying to sleep!

💡

代名詞ルールを忘れずに

もし目的語が代名詞(「it」や「them」など)なら、「turn」と「down」の間に必ず入れましょう。いつも「turn it down」と言い、決して「turn down it」とは言いません。これは大切なルールです! Turn it down
⚠️

「Turn Off」と混同しないで!

「Turn down」は(音量や明るさなど)程度を「下げる」という意味です。「Turn off」は(テレビの電源を切る、電気を消すなど)何かを完全に「止める」という意味になります。間違って使うと、誤解を招くことがありますよ!
Turn off the TV
🎯

状況に応じて丁寧に

何かを断る時の「turn down」は丁寧な表現ですが、言い方も大切です。例えば、「Can you please turn down the music?」は、直接的な「Turn the music down!」よりも柔らかい印象になります。「please」や「could you」を使うと効果的ですよ。
Can you please turn down the music?
🌍

オファーにおける暗黙の拒否

一部の就職面接では、「他の選択肢も検討しています」と言うことで、オファーを「turn down」する準備があることを暗に伝えることがあります。これは複数の機会をプロフェッショナルに扱う方法です。
turn down an offer

Smart Tips

Think of the pronoun as a magnet that is attracted to the verb 'turn'. It must stick to it before 'down' can be added.

I turned down it. I turned it down.

Use 'decided to' before 'turn down' to make the rejection sound like a thoughtful process rather than a snap judgment.

I turned down the job. I decided to turn down the job.

Use 'dim' as a synonym for 'turn down' to expand your vocabulary.

Turn down the lights. Dim the lights.

Listen for the stress. Usually, the singer will emphasize 'DOWN' to make the rhythm work.

turn down for what turn DOWN for what

発音

turn DOWN

Stress on the Particle

In phrasal verbs like 'turn down', the stress usually falls on the particle ('down') rather than the verb, especially at the end of a sentence.

tur-nit down

Linking

When 'turn' is followed by a pronoun starting with a vowel (like 'it'), the 'n' in 'turn' links to the 'i'.

Rising-Falling on 'Down'

Can you turn it ⤴down⤵?

A polite request.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a thumb pointing DOWN: you are lowering the sound or saying 'No' (thumbs down) to an offer.

視覚的連想

Imagine a giant volume knob on a stereo. You turn it to the left (down) to make it quiet. Now imagine that same knob on a 'Job Offer'—you turn it down to say no.

Rhyme

When the music's a frown, turn it down. When the job's not for you, turn it down too!

Story

Little Timmy had a loud drum. His mom said, 'Turn it down!' Timmy was sad, so he offered his mom a cookie. His mom was on a diet, so she had to turn down the cookie. Timmy then turned down the covers on his bed and went to sleep.

Word Web

VolumeRejectDeclineLowerOfferInvitationSeparablePronoun

チャレンジ

Go to your kitchen or living room. Find three things with a volume or heat setting. Say out loud: 'I am turning down the [object].' Then, think of one thing you said 'no' to this week and say: 'I turned down the [thing].'

文化メモ

British speakers often use 'turn down' with 'a bit' to sound more polite and less demanding. 'Could you turn it down a bit?'

In the US, 'turn down' is very common in business. Turning down an offer is seen as a standard part of negotiation.

The 'turn-down service' is a specific luxury hotel tradition where staff prepare the bed for sleep.

The verb 'turn' comes from the Old French 'torner', meaning to rotate. 'Down' indicates the direction of the rotation on early mechanical dials.

会話のきっかけ

Have you ever turned down a job offer? Why?

What do you do when your neighbors' music is too loud?

If someone turned you down for a date, how would you feel?

Can you think of a time you turned down a great opportunity?

日記のテーマ

Write about a time you had to turn down an invitation to a party or wedding.
Describe your ideal home environment. Mention how you like to adjust the lights, heat, and sound.
Argue for or against the statement: 'It is better to turn down a high-paying job if it makes you unhappy.'
Write a dialogue between two roommates where one is being too loud and the other is trying to study.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解


Incorrect

正解

Test Yourself

代名詞の正しい位置を選びましょう。

The music is too loud, can you ___?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: turn it down
目的語が代名詞('it')の場合、動詞('turn')と前置詞('down')の間に置かなければなりません。
間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

She decided to turn down it, even though it was a good offer.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She decided to turn it down, even though it was a good offer.
「it」のような代名詞は、常に「turn」と「down」の間に入ります。
拒否の意味で「turn down」を正しく使っている文はどれでしょう? 選択問題

正しい文を選びましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I had to turn the invitation down because I was busy.
「turn down」は拒否する、という意味です。「turn off」は何かをオフにすること、「turn up」は音量や強度を上げることです。
正しい英語の文を入力しましょう。 翻訳

英語に翻訳しなさい: 'Eu tive que recusar a oferta de emprego.'

Answer starts with: ["I...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["I had to turn down the job offer.","I had to turn the job offer down."]
名詞の目的語の場合、どちらの形も正しいです。「Turn down」は拒否するという意味です。

Score: /4

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'turn down'.

The music is too loud. Please ___ it ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: turn / down
We use the base form for an imperative (command).
Which sentence is grammatically correct? 選択問題

Select the correct option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I turned it down.
Pronouns must go in the middle of separable phrasal verbs.
Fix the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

He turned down to the job offer.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: He turned down the job offer.
'Turn down' does not take the preposition 'to'.
Change the sentence to use 'turn down'. Sentence Transformation

She rejected the invitation.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She turned down the invitation.
'Turn down' is a synonym for 'reject' in this context.
Match the situation with the correct action. Match Pairs

1. Radio is loud, 2. Job offer is bad, 3. Room is cold

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-Turn it down, 2-Turn it down, 3-Turn the heater up
You turn down volume and bad offers.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: Did you get the job? B: Yes, but I ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: turned it down
The speaker rejected the job offer.
Is the object placement correct or incorrect? Grammar Sorting

'Turn down the volume' vs 'Turn down it'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Correct / Incorrect
Nouns can go at the end, but pronouns cannot.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Building

down / turned / she / him

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She turned him down.
Subject + Verb + Pronoun Object + Particle.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
「turn down」の正しい形で文章を完成させましょう。 穴埋め問題

The barista asked if I wanted to ___ the music in the cafe.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: turn down
文の間違いを見つけて修正しましょう。 Error Correction

My boss asked me to turn down him politely.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: My boss asked me to turn him down politely.
「turn down」が強度を下げるという意味で使われている文を選びましょう。 選択問題

正しい文を選びましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: She managed to turn down the enthusiasm.
英語に翻訳しなさい: 'Você pode abaixar o volume do jogo?' 翻訳

英語に翻訳しなさい: 'Você pode abaixar o volume do jogo?'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Can you turn down the game volume?","Can you turn the game volume down?"]
単語を並べ替えて正しい文章を作りましょう。 Sentence Reorder

これらの単語を並べ替えて文章を作りましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Please turn the AC down
文の始まりと正しい終わりを合わせましょう。 Match Pairs

始まりと正しい終わりを合わせましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched
文章を完成させるのに最適な句動詞を選びましょう。 穴埋め問題

My phone battery was low, so I had to ___ the screen brightness.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: turn down
文の文法を修正しましょう。 Error Correction

They couldn't accept the invitation, so they turn it down.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: They couldn't accept the invitation, so they turned it down.
拒否を正しく表している文はどれでしょう? 選択問題

正しい文を選びましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The company turned down my application for the internship.
この文を自然な英語に翻訳しましょう。 翻訳

英語に翻訳しなさい: 'É importante recusar as distrações para se concentrar.'

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["It's important to turn down distractions to focus.","It's important to turn distractions down to focus."]
単語を並べ替えて意味のある文章を作りましょう。 Sentence Reorder

これらの単語を並べ替えて文章を作りましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I need to turn down the volume of the music
「turn down」のアクションと適切な目的語を合わせましょう。 Match Pairs

アクションと適切な目的語を合わせましょう:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: matched

Score: /12

よくある質問 (8)

No, you cannot. When the object is a pronoun like `it`, `them`, `him`, or `her`, it must go between `turn` and `down`. Always say `turn it down`.

Yes, it is a neutral and polite way to refuse something. However, adding 'I'm sorry' or 'I'm afraid' makes it even more polite in social situations.

`Turn down` means to lower the level (like volume 5 to volume 2). `Turn off` means to stop the device completely (volume 0).

Yes, but it means you are rejecting their romantic interest or their request/offer. It doesn't mean you are physically lowering them!

Absolutely. It is the standard way to describe declining a job offer, a contract proposal, or a business request.

Yes. You can `turn down the heater` or `turn down the oven` if it is too hot.

It is a luxury service where hotel staff enter your room in the evening to fold back the bed covers and prepare the room for sleep.

It is neutral. It is perfectly acceptable in both a casual conversation with a friend and a formal email to a recruiter.

Scaffolded Practice

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4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish low

Bajar / Rechazar

Spanish lacks the 'verb + particle' structure.

French low

Baisser / Refuser

French verbs are not separable like English phrasal verbs.

German moderate

Leiser machen / Ablehnen

The prefix goes to the very end of the sentence in German.

Japanese none

Sageru (下げ) / Kotowaru (断る)

Japanese relies on particles like 'o' and 'ni' rather than phrasal particles like 'down'.

Arabic low

خفض (khafada) / رفض (rafada)

Arabic verbs conjugate internally and do not use separate particles for these meanings.

Chinese low

Tiáo dī (调低) / Jùjué (拒绝)

Chinese uses resultative verb compounds rather than phrasal verbs.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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