B2 Verb System 17 min read ふつう

ペルシャ語の受動態：何かが行われる表現 (shodan)

受身形を作るには、過去分詞（語幹＋e）に助動詞 shodan（〜になる）を組み合わせます。キーワードは shodan と past participle です。
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Persian passive is formed by combining the past participle of a verb with the conjugated forms of 'shodan' (to become).

  • Use the past participle (stem + -e) of the main verb: 'neveshte' (written).
  • Add the conjugated form of 'shodan': 'neveshte shod' (it was written).
  • The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, often marked by 'tavasot-e' (by).
Past Participle + Shodan (conjugated) = Passive Voice

Overview

Passive voice in Persian, utilizing the auxiliary verb shodan (شدن) 'to become', shifts the grammatical focus from the agent performing an action to the action itself or its recipient. This construction is fundamental for expressing objectivity, impersonality, and formality in language. Unlike English, which employs to be plus a past participle, Persian conceptually frames passive actions as something becoming done or happening to the subject.
Mastering the Persian passive voice at the B2 CEFR level allows you to articulate events without specifying the actor, crucial for academic discourse, news reporting, and administrative communications. It enables the creation of sentences where the subject is the entity that undergoes the action, rather than initiates it. For instance, instead of علی کتاب را نوشت (Ali ketâb râ nevesht –
Ali wrote the book
), you can express کتاب نوشته شد (ketâb neveshte shod –
The book was written
).
This grammatical mechanism provides a powerful tool for stylistic variation and precise communication, particularly when the agent is unknown, irrelevant, or intentionally de-emphasized. Understanding its underlying logic is key to achieving fluency and accuracy in upper-intermediate Persian.

How This Grammar Works

The Persian passive voice operates on a distinct conceptual foundation compared to its English counterpart. While English uses the auxiliary to be to indicate that an action was performed on a subject, Persian employs the verb shodan (شدن), meaning 'to become', 'to happen', or 'to turn into'. This means that a passive sentence in Persian literally conveys that the subject became done or
underwent the process of being done
.
This emphasizes the transformation or the resulting state of the subject, rather than its static condition.
Consider an active Persian sentence: پلیس دزد را دستگیر کرد (polis dozd râ dastgir kard –
The police arrested the thief
). Here, پلیس (police) is the agent. To form the passive, the object of the active sentence (دزد – thief) becomes the grammatical subject of the passive sentence.
The original agent (پلیس) is typically omitted entirely.
Thus, the passive equivalent becomes دزد دستگیر شد (dozd dastgir shod –
The thief was arrested
). The structure fundamentally highlights the action's impact on the subject, making the agent either irrelevant or strategically obscured. If mentioning the agent is absolutely necessary, it is usually introduced with a prepositional phrase like توسط (tavasot-e, 'by') or به وسیلهٔ (be vasile-ye, 'by means of').
For example, این کتاب توسط نویسنده مشهور نوشته شد (in ketâb tavasot-e nevisande-ye mashhur neveshte shod –
This book was written by the famous author
). However, this construction can often sound formal or even somewhat clunky in colloquial contexts, as Persian generally prefers the agentless passive when possible. The primary function remains to focus on the event or result, not the performer.

Formation Pattern

1
Forming the Persian passive voice involves combining the past participle of the main verb with the appropriate conjugation of the auxiliary verb shodan (شدن). This two-part construction creates a clear and consistent pattern across all tenses.
2
First, you must correctly derive the past participle of any transitive verb. This is achieved by taking the past stem of the verb and appending the suffix ـه (read as short -e).
3
1. Deriving the Past Participle:
4
Step 1: Identify the Infinitive. All Persian infinitives end in ـیدن (-idan) or ـتن (-tan). For example, خواندن (khândan – to read), نوشتن (neveshtan – to write), دیدن (didan – to see).
5
Step 2: Remove the -an ending to find the Past Stem.
6
خواندن (khândan) -> خواند (khând)
7
نوشتن (neveshtan) -> نوشت (nevesht)
8
دیدن (didan) -> دید (did)
9
Step 3: Add ـه (-e) to the Past Stem. This forms the past participle.
10
خواند (khând) + ـه -> خوانده (khânde)
11
نوشت (nevesht) + ـه -> نوشته (neveshte)
12
دید (did) + ـه -> دیده (dide)
13
It is crucial to remember that the past participle itself does not change for person or number. It remains constant regardless of the passive subject.
14
| Infinitive (مصدر) | Past Stem (ریشه گذشته) | Past Participle (صفت مفعولی) | Meaning |
15
| :---------------- | :-------------------- | :-------------------------- | :-------------- |
16
| گفتن (goftan) | گفت (goft) | گفته (gofte) | Said / Told |
17
| خوردن (khordan) | خورد (khord) | خورده (khorde) | Eaten / Drunk |
18
| ساختن (sâkhtan) | ساخت (sâkht) | ساخته (sâkhte) | Made / Built |
19
| بردن (bordan) | برد (bord) | برده (borde) | Carried / Taken |
20
2. Conjugation of shodan (شدن):
21
The auxiliary verb shodan (to become) is then conjugated according to the desired tense, mood, and person/number of the new passive subject. This is where the temporal and agreement information is conveyed.
22
| Person/Number | Simple Past (ماضی ساده) | Present (مضارع اخباری) | Present Perfect (ماضی نقلی) | Future (مستقبل) | Past Perfect (ماضی بعید) | Present Subjunctive (مضارع التزامی) |
23
| :------------ | :-------------------- | :-------------------- | :-------------------------- | :-------------- | :--------------------- | :--------------------------------- |
24
| 1st Sg. (من) | شدم (shodam) | می‌شوم (mi-shavam) | شده‌ام (shode'am) | خواهم شد (khâham shod) | شده بودم (shode budam) | شوم (shavam) |
25
| 2nd Sg. (تو) | شدی (shodi) | می‌شوی (mi-shavi) | شده‌ای (shode'i) | خواهی شد (khâhi shod) | شده بودی (shode budi) | شوی (shavi) |
26
| 3rd Sg. (او) | شد (shod) | می‌شود (mi-shavad) | شده است (shode ast) | خواهد شد (khâhad shod) | شده بود (shode bud) | شود (shavad) |
27
| 1st Pl. (ما) | شدیم (shodim) | می‌شویم (mi-shavim) | شده‌ایم (shode'im) | خواهیم شد (khâhim shod) | شده بودیم (shode budim) | شویم (shavim) |
28
| 2nd Pl. (شما) | شدید (shodid) | می‌شوید (mi-shavid) | شده‌اید (shode'id) | خواهید شد (khâhid shod) | شده بودید (shode budid) | شوید (shavid) |
29
| 3rd Pl. (آنها) | شدند (shodand) | می‌شوند (mi-shavand) | شده‌اند (shode'and) | خواهند شد (khâhand shod) | شده بودند (shode budand) | شوند (shavand) |
30
3. Combining for Passive Construction:
31
The general formula for the passive voice is:
32
Past Participle + Conjugated shodan
33
Let's illustrate with common tenses using نوشته (neveshte – written):
34
Simple Past Passive (ماضی ساده مجهول): Indicates an action completed in the past.
35
Formula: Past Participle + Simple Past of shodan
36
Example: نامه نوشته شد. (nâme neveshte shod. –
The letter was written.
)
37
Example: خانه‌ها ساخته شدند. (khânehâ sâkhte shodand. –
The houses were built.
)
38
Present Passive (مضارع اخباری مجهول): Expresses actions happening now, habitually, or as general truths.
39
Formula: Past Participle + Present Indicative of shodan
40
Example: مقالات هر هفته نوشته می‌شود. (maqâlât har hafte neveshte mi-shavad. –
Articles are written every week.
)
41
Example: غذا الان آماده می‌شود. (ghazâ alân âmade mi-shavad. –
The food is being prepared now.
)
42
Present Perfect Passive (ماضی نقلی مجهول): Denotes an action completed in the past with relevance to the present.
43
Formula: Past Participle + Present Perfect of shodan
44
Example: این قانون تصویب شده است. (in qânun tasvib shode ast. –
This law has been approved.
)
45
Example: پنجره شکسته شده است. (panjere shekaste shode ast. –
The window has been broken.
)
46
Future Passive (مستقبل مجهول): Refers to actions that will be performed in the future.
47
Formula: Past Participle + Future of shodan
48
Example: گزارش فردا ارسال خواهد شد. (gozâresh fardâ ersâl khâhad shod. –
The report will be sent tomorrow.
)
49
Example: جلسه بعدی برگزار خواهد شد. (jalase-ye ba'di bargozâr khâhad shod. –
The next meeting will be held.
)
50
Past Perfect Passive (ماضی بعید مجهول): Describes an action completed before another past action.
51
Formula: Past Participle + Past Perfect of shodan
52
Example: وقتی رسیدم، کارها انجام شده بودند. (vaqti residam, kârhâ anjâm shode budand. –
When I arrived, the tasks had been completed.
)
53
Present Subjunctive Passive (مضارع التزامی مجهول): Used for wishes, possibilities, necessities, or after certain conjunctions.
54
Formula: Past Participle + Present Subjunctive of shodan
55
Example: باید کارها انجام شود. (bâyad kârhâ anjâm shavad. –
The tasks must be completed.
)
56
Example: امیدوارم نامه خوانده شود. (omidvâram nâme khânde shavad. –
I hope the letter is read.
)
57
Compound Verbs in Passive:
58
For many compound verbs (e.g., بـاز کـردن – bâz kardan, to open; گـم کـردن – gom kardan, to lose), the kardan (کردن) component is often replaced by shodan (شدن) in the passive construction. The initial noun or adjective remains unchanged.
59
Active: من در را باز کردم. (man dar râ bâz kardam. –
I opened the door.
)
60
Passive: در باز شد. (dar bâz shod. –
The door was opened.
)
61
Here, بـاز (open) is an adjective, and شـدن (to become) effectively takes the place of کـردن (to do/make). This can often imply that the door became open due to an external action.
62
Active: او گلدان را گم کرد. (u goldân râ gom kard. –
He lost the vase.
)
63
Passive: گلدان گم شد. (goldân gom shod. –
The vase was lost / The vase became lost.
)
64
This specific construction for compound verbs, where kardan is replaced by shodan, can sometimes function similarly to an inchoative (describing a state change) or an anticausative (where the event happens without an explicit external agent being named, e.g.,
the door opened by itself
). The context and emphasis clarify whether an agent is implicitly understood, or if the action simply occurred intrinsically.

When To Use It

The Persian passive voice is not merely a grammatical alternative; it serves specific rhetorical and communicative functions, particularly at an advanced intermediate level. Its judicious use enhances clarity, objectivity, and formality.
1. Agent Unknown or Irrelevant:
When the individual or entity performing the action is either unknown, unimportant to the message, or purposefully omitted, the passive voice is essential. This is common in news reports, general statements, and descriptions of processes.
  • Example: یک تصمیم مهم گرفته شد. (yek tasmim-e mohem gerefte shod. –
    An important decision was made.
    ) (The decision itself is the focus, not who made it.)
  • Example: گزارشات هر ماه بررسی می‌شوند. (gozâreshât har mâh barresi mi-shavand. –
    Reports are reviewed every month.
    ) (The routine action of reviewing is emphasized, the reviewers are not central.)
2. Emphasis on the Action or Recipient:
To foreground the action itself or the object experiencing the action, the passive voice is the natural choice. This shifts the listener's or reader's attention away from the agent.
  • Example: موضوع مهمی بحث خواهد شد. (mozu'-e mohemmi bahs khâhad shod. –
    An important topic will be discussed.
    ) (The discussion of the topic is paramount.)
  • Example: پول گم شده پیدا شد. (pul-e gom shode peydâ shod. –
    The lost money was found.
    ) (The finding of the money is the key information.)
3. Objectivity and Formality:
In academic, scientific, legal, and administrative contexts, the passive voice lends an air of objectivity and detachment. It removes personal bias by avoiding the mention of specific actors.
  • Example: پژوهش جدیدی در این زمینه انجام شده است. (pazhuhesh-e jadidi dar in zamine anjâm shode ast. –
    A new research has been conducted in this field.
    ) (Focus on the research, not the researcher.)
  • Example: مقررات جدیدی وضع گردید. (moqararât-e jadidi vaz' gardid. –
    New regulations were enacted.
    ) (The use of gardid (گردید), an archaic or very formal equivalent of shod, further enhances formality, often seen in legal texts or historical accounts.)
4. Politeness and Avoiding Blame:
Employing the passive voice can be a subtle way to soften a statement, avoid direct accusation, or deliver potentially negative news without assigning explicit blame. This is a common social convention.
  • Example: صورت‌حساب پرداخت نشده است. (surat-hesâb pardâkht nashode ast. –
    The bill has not been paid.
    ) (More polite than شما صورت‌حساب را پرداخت نکردید. –
    You did not pay the bill.
    )
  • Example: اشتباهی رخ داده است. (eshtebâhi rokh dâde ast. –
    A mistake has occurred.
    ) (This phrasing avoids stating شما اشتباه کردید. –
    You made a mistake.
    ) This particular example uses an intransitive verb (رخ دادن – to occur), thus it's not a passive construction of a transitive verb, but an impersonal statement to avoid blaming.
5. Impersonal Constructions:
Certain expressions naturally lend themselves to the passive voice to convey general truths or common understandings without a specific agent.
  • Example: گفته می‌شود که او سفر کرده است. (gofte mi-shavad ke u safar karde ast. –
    It is said that he has traveled.
    ) (This is an impersonal statement, akin to people say or it is rumored.)
  • Example: معمولاً ساعت نه بسته می‌شود. (ma'mulân sâ'at-e noh baste mi-shavad. – "It usually closes at nine o'clock.") (Referring to a general closing time for a place, with an implicit understanding of an agent.)

Common Mistakes

Even for B2 learners, the Persian passive voice presents several common pitfalls that can hinder both comprehension and accurate production. Identifying and addressing these specific errors is critical for mastery.
1. Omitting the ـه (e) from the Past Participle:
This is perhaps the most frequent mistake. Learners often use the bare past stem instead of the full past participle ending in ـه. For instance, using نوشت شد (nevesht shod) instead of the correct نوشته شد (neveshte shod).
  • Why it's wrong: Omitting ـه can make the verb sound like an intransitive verb in the simple past, or it can be grammatically incorrect. نوشت (nevesht) by itself means he wrote. نوشت شد lacks the necessary participle marker for a passive construction and is ungrammatical. The ـه specifically marks the past participle that combines with shodan.
  • Correct Example: کتاب در یک ساعت نوشته شد. (ketâb dar yek sâ'at neveshte shod. –
    The book was written in an hour.
    )
2. Using بودن (budan, 'to be') instead of شدن (shodan, 'to become'):
Influenced by English, learners might incorrectly translate was done directly using بودن. For example, کار انجام بود (kâr anjâm bud) instead of کار انجام شد (kâr anjâm shod).
  • Why it's wrong: بودن denotes a state of being or existence. کار انجام بود would mean
    The work was completed (as a state),
    which is a descriptive use of budan with an adjective, not a passive action. The passive voice in Persian describes an action being performed on something, resulting in a state change, hence the use of shodan (to become).
  • Correct Example: این طرح دیروز تایید شد. (in tarh diruz ta'yid shod. –
    This plan was approved yesterday.
    )
3. Attempting to Passivize Intransitive Verbs:
Only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object in the active voice) can be made passive. Intransitive verbs, by definition, do not act upon an object, so there is no object to become the subject of a passive sentence.
  • Why it's wrong: You cannot say to be slept or to be walked in English, and similarly, you cannot passivize verbs like خوابیدن (khâbidan – to sleep), آمدن (âmadan – to come), رفتن (raftan – to go), خندیدن (khandidan – to laugh) in Persian.
  • Incorrect Example: توسط او خوابیده شد. (tavasot-e u khâbide shod.) – This is grammatically impossible.
  • Correct Understanding: These verbs are inherently active. The focus is always on the agent performing the action.
4. Incorrect Tense/Person Conjugation of shodan:
While the past participle remains fixed, shodan must be correctly conjugated for tense, mood, and the person/number of the new subject. Learners sometimes default to the 3rd person singular (شد or می‌شود) even when the subject is plural or first/second person.
  • Why it's wrong: This creates subject-verb agreement errors. shodan is the finite verb in the passive construction and must agree with its subject.
  • Incorrect Example: نامه‌ها نوشته شد. (nâmehâ neveshte shod.) (Incorrect; should be نامه‌ها نوشته شدند – nâmehâ neveshte shodand for plural subject نامه‌ها.)
  • Correct Example: من به دانشگاه فرستاده شدم. (man be dâneshgâh ferestâde shodam. –
    I was sent to university.
    )
5. Overuse or Misuse of the Agent Phrase (توسط / به وسیلهٔ):
While it's possible to include the agent with توسط (tavasot-e) or به وسیلهٔ (be vasile-ye), frequently doing so can sound overly formal, unnatural, or simply redundant, especially if the agent is obvious or unimportant. Persian often prefers a truly agentless passive.
  • Why it's wrong: It negates the primary purpose of the passive voice in many contexts, which is to de-emphasize the agent. If the agent is crucial, an active construction is often more natural and direct.
  • Example (potentially clunky): کتاب توسط من نوشته شد. (ketâb tavasot-e man neveshte shod.) (More naturally expressed in active: من کتاب را نوشتم. –
    I wrote the book.
    )
6. Confusing Passive with Anticausative or Inchoative Constructions:
Persian has structures that appear similar but carry different semantic nuances.
  • Anticausative: A verb like شکستن (shekastan – to break) has a past stem شکست (shekast), which can mean
    it broke (by itself)
    as an intransitive verb (شیشه شکست. – shishe shekast. – The glass broke.). This is not a passive construction of a transitive verb.
  • Passive: شکسته شد (shekaste shod) means
    it was broken (by someone/something)
    (شیشه شکسته شد. – shishe shekaste shod. –
    The glass was broken.
    ). The nuance implies an external agent.
  • Inchoative (shodan with adjectives): عصبانی شدن (asabâni shodan – to become angry) or پیر شدن (pir shodan – to grow old) uses shodan but describes a change of state, not a passive action by an external agent. Here, shodan acts as a copula linking an adjective to the subject.
  • Key Distinction: The passive always implies a potential, if unstated, agent that performed the action. Anticausatives and inchoatives describe an intrinsic change or an event that happens without an external cause necessarily being relevant to the grammatical structure.
By diligently practicing and consciously avoiding these common errors, B2 learners can significantly improve their proficiency and naturalness when employing the Persian passive voice.

Real Conversations

The passive voice, while often associated with formal writing, is pervasive in various registers of spoken and written Persian, adapting its formality based on context. Understanding its practical application in real conversations — encompassing everything from casual texts to professional emails — is essential.

1. Social Media and Texting:

In modern digital communication, the passive voice often appears in concise updates or status reports, where the action itself is more relevant than the actor. These uses are efficient and impersonal, fitting the brevity of social platforms.

- این پست لایک شد. (in post lâik shod.) –

This post was liked.
(A common notification or status update, using the past passive.)

- پیام شما دیده شد. (payâm-e shomâ dide shod.) –

Your message was seen.
(Equivalent to a 'read' receipt, emphasizing the message's status.)

- عکسی آپلود شد. (aksi âploud shod.) –

A photo was uploaded.
(Informal update about content being made available.)

2. Casual Announcements and Updates:

In everyday situations, the passive voice is used to inform about events or states without necessarily pinpointing the responsible party. This maintains a focus on the event itself.

- غذا آماده شد. (ghazâ âmade shod.) –

The food was prepared / is ready.
(A very common and natural way to announce a meal, implying someone prepared it.)

- برنامه کنسل شد. (barnâme kansel shod.) –

The program was canceled.
(A straightforward communication of an event's status.)

- کلید پیدا شد. (kelid peydâ shod.) –

The key was found.
(Reporting on the outcome of a search.)

3. Work Emails and Professional Correspondence:

In semi-formal to formal professional settings, the passive voice is frequently employed to maintain a professional distance, focus on tasks, or report facts objectively. This usage promotes a business-like tone and emphasizes processes and outcomes.

- گزارش مالی ارسال شد. (gozâresh-e mâli ersâl shod.) –

The financial report was sent.
(Focuses on the delivery of the report.)

- درخواست شما بررسی خواهد شد. (darkhâst-e shomâ barresi khâhad shod. –

Your request will be reviewed.
) (Assures action without naming the reviewer.)

- جلسه‌ای تشکیل شد. (jalese'i tashkil shod. –

A meeting was held.
) (Highlights the event, common in meeting minutes or announcements.)

4. Impersonal Statements and General Knowledge:

To convey widely accepted information or common occurrences, the passive voice creates impersonal statements that sound authoritative and generally accepted.

- گفته می‌شود که او سفر کرده است. (gofte mi-shavad ke u safar karde ast. –

It is said that he has traveled.
) (Used for rumors, general belief, or unofficial reports.)

- معمولاً این سوال پرسیده می‌شود. (ma'mulân in so'âl porside mi-shavad. –

Usually, this question is asked.
) (Describes a common occurrence or expectation.)

5. Colloquial Nuances and Flexibility:

While the structure Past Participle + shodan is standard, its application can be quite fluid in conversation. For instance, در باز شد. (dar bâz shod.) can mean

The door was opened
(by an agent) or simply The door opened (anticausative). The interpretation often relies on context, intonation, and the inherent nature of the verb. A learner at B2 should aim to distinguish between these nuances to speak more naturally.

The ability to recognize and appropriately deploy the passive voice in these varied real-world scenarios distinguishes a proficient B2 learner from a hesitant one. It demonstrates a deeper understanding of Persian's communicative strategies beyond mere grammatical correctness.

Quick FAQ

These frequently asked questions address common queries and clarify nuanced aspects of the Persian passive voice, aiding B2 learners in solidifying their understanding.
  • Q: Can all verbs be made passive in Persian?
  • A: No. Only transitive verbs – those that take a direct object in the active voice – can form the passive. Intransitive verbs like رفتن (raftan – to go), خوابیدن (khâbidan – to sleep), or آمدن (âmadan – to come) cannot be passivized because they do not have an object to become the subject of the passive sentence.
  • Q: How do I form the negative passive voice?
  • A: To negate a passive construction, simply add the negative prefix نـ (na- or ne-) directly before the conjugated form of shodan. The past participle remains unchanged.
  • Example: نامه نوشته نشد. (nâme neveshte nashod. –
    The letter was not written.
    )
  • Example: این کار انجام نمی‌شود. (in kâr anjâm nemi-shavad. –
    This task is not being done.
    )
  • Q: Is there a formal future passive construction, and is it commonly used?
  • A: Yes, the future passive Past Participle + Future of shodan (e.g., گفته خواهد شد – gofte khâhad shod –
    It will be said
    ) exists. It is grammatically correct but tends to be very formal and less common in everyday speech. In many contexts, a present passive or a circumlocution might be preferred for future events.
  • Q: What is the most common way to say I was born in Persian?
  • A: The standard and idiomatic way to say I was born is من متولد شدم. (man motevalled shodam.). Here, متولد (motevalled) means 'born', and شدم (shodam) is the first person singular past tense of shodan. This is a classic example of passive construction in Persian.
  • Q: Can the passive voice be used with modal verbs like توانستن (tavânestan – to be able to)?
  • A: Yes, but it requires careful construction, typically using the subjunctive passive form of shodan. You would use the infinitive of shodan (i.e., شدن) after the main verb (e.g., توانستن), and then the past participle of the main verb precedes this construction.
  • Example: این کار می‌تواند انجام شود. (in kâr mi-tavânad anjâm shavad. –
    This task can be completed.
    )
  • Example: باید نامه‌ها نوشته شود. (bâyad nâmehâ neveshte shavad. –
    The letters must be written.
    )
  • The structure is: Past Participle + Infinitive Shodan (as a non-finite verb) + Conjugated Modal Verb for the infinitive passive (e.g., نوشته شدن می‌تواند...). Or more commonly, Past Participle + Subjunctive Shodan after the conjugated modal verb, as in the examples above.
  • Q: Does the past participle agree in gender or number with the passive subject?
  • A: No, the past participle (نوشته, دیده, ساخته, etc.) remains invariable. It does not change for gender, number, or person. All agreement is handled by the auxiliary verb shodan (شد, شدند, می‌شود, می‌شوند, etc.), which conjugates to match the new passive subject.

Passive Voice Conjugation (Verb: Neveshtan - to write)

Tense Passive Form
Past Simple
neveshte shod
Present Perfect
neveshte shode ast
Past Perfect
neveshte shode bud
Future
neveshte khahad shod
Subjunctive
neveshte shavad

Meanings

The passive voice shifts the focus from the doer of an action to the receiver of the action.

1

Standard Passive

Focus on the action's recipient.

“غذا خورده شد.”

“نامه فرستاده شد.”

2

Formal/Academic

Used in formal reports or news.

“تصمیمات اتخاذ شدند.”

“قانون تصویب شد.”

3

Resultative Passive

Focus on the state resulting from an action.

“پنجره شکسته شده است.”

“چراغ خاموش شده است.”

Reference Table

Reference table for ペルシャ語の受動態：何かが行われる表現 (shodan)
時制 構造 例文 (動詞: neveshtan) 意味
単純過去
分詞 + shod
neveshte shod
書かれた
現在形
分詞 + mi-shavad
neveshte mi-shavad
書かれている
現在完了
分詞 + shode ast
neveshte shode ast
書かれたところだ
過去完了
分詞 + shode bud
neveshte shode bud
書かれていた
未来形
分詞 + khahad shod
neveshte khahad shod
書かれるだろう
過去進行
分詞 + mi-shod
neveshte mi-shod
書かれつつあった
命令形
分詞 + beshav
neveshte beshav!
書かれなさい！

フォーマル度スペクトル

フォーマル
کار تکمیل گردید.

کار تکمیل گردید. (Work completion)

ニュートラル
کار تکمیل شد.

کار تکمیل شد. (Work completion)

カジュアル
کار تموم شد.

کار تموم شد. (Work completion)

スラング
کار ردیف شد.

کار ردیف شد. (Work completion)

ペルシア語受身形の構成要素

受身形

メイン動詞

  • 過去分詞 語幹 + -e

助動詞

  • Shodan 〜になる

能動態 vs 受身形の変換

能動態（誰が？）
Ali nâme râ nevesht アリが手紙を書いた
受身形（何が？）
Nâme neveshte shod 手紙が書かれた

受身形の作り方ステップ

1

他動詞（目的語をとる動詞）ですか？

YES
過去分詞を作るステップへ
NO
受身形は作れません
2

過去語幹は見つかりましたか？

YES
末尾に -e (ـه) を付ける
NO ↓
3

時制に合わせて 'shodan' を活用させる

YES
組み合わせて完成！
NO ↓

よく使う受身の時制

📜

過去

  • • shod (〜された)
  • • shode bud (〜されていた)
⏳

現在

  • • mi-shavad (〜されている)
  • • shode ast (〜されたところだ)
🚀

未来

  • • khâhad shod (〜されるだろう)
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レベル別の例文

1

در باز شد.

The door was opened.

2

غذا خورده شد.

The food was eaten.

3

نامه نوشته شد.

The letter was written.

4

کار انجام شد.

The work was done.

1

ماشین تعمیر شد.

The car was repaired.

2

فیلم دیده شد.

The movie was watched.

3

پول پرداخت شد.

The money was paid.

4

خانه تمیز شد.

The house was cleaned.

1

این کتاب توسط حافظ نوشته شده است.

This book has been written by Hafez.

2

تصمیمات مهمی گرفته شد.

Important decisions were made.

3

قوانین جدید تصویب شدند.

New laws were passed.

4

پنجره‌ها شکسته شده بودند.

The windows had been broken.

1

گزارش توسط تیم بررسی شد.

The report was reviewed by the team.

2

پروژه تا فردا تکمیل خواهد شد.

The project will be completed by tomorrow.

3

بسیاری از مشکلات حل شده‌اند.

Many problems have been solved.

4

آیا این نامه ارسال شده است؟

Has this letter been sent?

1

این نظریه توسط دانشمندان رد شد.

This theory was rejected by scientists.

2

باید به این موضوع توجه شود.

This issue must be paid attention to.

3

در آن زمان، شهر بازسازی می‌شد.

At that time, the city was being rebuilt.

4

هیچ راه حلی پیدا نشده بود.

No solution had been found.

1

این اثر هنری در قرن هجدهم خلق شده است.

This artwork was created in the 18th century.

2

تمامی جوانب امر در نظر گرفته شد.

All aspects of the matter were taken into consideration.

3

گفته می‌شود که او بسیار باهوش است.

It is said that he is very intelligent.

4

این سنت‌ها باید حفظ شوند.

These traditions must be preserved.

間違えやすい

Persian Passive Voice: How things are done (shodan) 対 Active Perfect

Learners confuse 'karde ast' (he has done) with 'karde shode ast' (it has been done).

Persian Passive Voice: How things are done (shodan) 対 Stative 'Budan'

Learners use 'budan' for passive processes.

Persian Passive Voice: How things are done (shodan) 対 Causative

Learners confuse 'being done' with 'having someone do it'.

よくある間違い

✗

karde bud

✓

karde shod

Using 'bud' (was) instead of 'shod' (became).
✗

nevesht shod

✓

neveshte shod

Forgetting the '-e' suffix on the participle.
✗

shod neveshte

✓

neveshte shod

Incorrect word order.
✗

man neveshte shod

✓

name neveshte shod

Confusing subject and object.
✗

karde shode budam

✓

karde shode bud

Incorrect conjugation of shodan.
✗

tavasot-e man neveshte shod

✓

neveshte shod (passive usually drops agent)

Overusing the agent marker.
✗

shodan neveshte

✓

neveshte shod

Using the infinitive instead of the conjugated form.
✗

neveshte mishod

✓

neveshte shod

Using imperfective for a completed action.
✗

neveshte ast

✓

neveshte shode ast

Missing the 'shode' part.
✗

neveshte shodan

✓

neveshte shod

Using infinitive in a finite clause.
✗

neveshte shode-and

✓

neveshte shode-ast

Agreement error with inanimate plural subjects.
✗

tavasot-e in kar

✓

ba in kar

Using 'tavasot-e' with inanimate objects.
✗

neveshte shode budand

✓

neveshte shode bud

Pluralizing the auxiliary for inanimate objects.
✗

neveshte shavad

✓

neveshte shod

Using subjunctive where indicative is needed.

文型パターン

___ توسط ___ انجام شد.

آیا ___ ___ شده است؟

___ باید ___ شود.

___ قبلاً ___ شده بود.

Real World Usage

News Report constant

توافق‌نامه امضا شد.

Academic Writing very common

نتایج بررسی شد.

Texting occasional

کار تموم شد؟

Job Interview common

این پروژه توسط من مدیریت شد.

Food Delivery App common

سفارش شما ثبت شد.

Travel/Hotel common

اتاق رزرو شده است.

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⚠️

使いすぎに注意！

ペルシア語では能動態が好まれます。誰がしたか分かっている時は «علی نامه را برای دوستش نوشت» のように能動態を使いましょう。
🎯

複合動詞のショートカット

kardan（〜する）で終わる動詞は、単に shodan に入れ替えるだけで受身の意味になります。例えば «باز کردن» が «باز شدن» になります。
💬

丁寧な責任回避

相手を直接責めずに「窓が割れてしまった」と伝えたい時に便利です。 «پنجره دیشب توسط کسی شکسته شد» と言えば角が立ちません。

Smart Tips

Use passive to sound objective.

I finished the report. → The report was finished.

Use passive to avoid guessing.

Someone broke the window. → The window was broken.

Use passive to avoid blame.

You made a mistake. → A mistake was made.

Use passive to focus on the steps.

First, you mix the flour. → First, the flour is mixed.

発音

sho-dan

Shodan

The 'o' is short, like in 'hot'.

Falling

neveshte SHOD.

Statement of fact.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Remember: 'Shodan' is the 'Becoming' verb. If you become something, you are passive.

視覚的連想

Imagine a statue being carved. The statue doesn't carve itself; it 'becomes' carved (tarashide shod).

Rhyme

When the doer is gone, use 'shodan' to carry on.

Story

The cake was baked (kik pokhte shod). The kitchen was cleaned (ashpazkhane tamiz shod). The guests were invited (mehman-ha davat shodand). Everything was done by the chef.

Word Web

shodankardeneveshtedidetavasot-eshode

チャレンジ

Look at 3 objects in your room and describe them using the passive (e.g., 'The lamp was turned on').

文化メモ

Passive is used to avoid direct confrontation.

Passive is the default for objectivity.

Passive is used to create a sense of fate.

The passive voice in Persian evolved from the use of the verb 'shodan' (to become) with the past participle.

会話のきっかけ

“

آیا این کار انجام شده است؟

“

به نظر شما این قانون باید تغییر کند؟

“

در مورد این حادثه چه شنیده‌اید؟

“

آیا این کتاب به فارسی ترجمه شده است؟

日記のテーマ

Describe a project you finished.
Write a news report about a local event.
Describe how your favorite dish is prepared.
Discuss a historical event.

よくある間違い

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

Incorrect

正解

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Test Yourself

「建てる」(sakhtan) の過去受身形を使って、文章を完成させてください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
過去受身形を作るには、過去分詞 'sâkhte' に 'shod' を組み合わせます。
次のうち、正しい受身形の文章はどれですか？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
「کتاب خوانده شد」（本は読まれた）が、分詞＋shod のパターンに一致します。
この受身形の文章の間違いを直してください。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
過去語幹の最後に 'e' (ـه) を付けて分詞にする必要があります。

Score: /3

練習問題

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of shodan.

نامه نوشته ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: شد
Past simple passive.
Which sentence is passive? 選択問題

Choose the passive sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نامه نوشته شد.
Contains 'shodan'.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

غذا خورده بود.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: غذا خورده شد.
Passive requires shodan.
Change to passive. Sentence Transformation

او کتاب را خواند.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: کتاب خوانده شد.
Past simple passive.
Is this rule true? True False Rule

Passive voice always uses 'shodan'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: True
Shodan is the auxiliary.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: کار تمام شد؟ B: بله، ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تمام شد
Passive response.
Order the words. Sentence Building

شد / نامه / نوشته

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نامه نوشته شد
Correct word order.
Sort by tense. Grammar Sorting

Which is future passive?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نوشته خواهد شد
Future tense of shodan.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
受身形を使って「窓は割られた」をペルシア語に訳してください。 穴埋め問題

The window was broken.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: پنجره شکسته شد
「食べられたところだ」という意味になるように並べ替えてください。 穴埋め問題

خورده / است / غذا / شده

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: غذا خورده شده است
未来受身形「プロジェクトは終了するだろう」の空欄を埋めてください。 穴埋め問題

پروژه تمام ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: خواهد شد
「このビデオは多くの人に見られている」の正しい現在受身形を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

This video is being seen by many people.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: دیده می‌شود
能動態と受身形のペアを正しく組み合わせてください。 穴埋め問題

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نوشت : نوشته شد, خورد : خورده شد, دید : دیده شد
この文章の問題点は何ですか？ 'Dars khande shod tavasot-e man.' 穴埋め問題

Identify the issue with this sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: It uses a 'by' phrase which is unnatural.
否定の過去受身形「ドアは開かなかった」を完成させてください。 穴埋め問題

در باز ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نشد
「メッセージは送信されました」を訳してください。 穴埋め問題

The message was sent.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: پیام فرستاده شد
「それは行われるだろう」というフォーマルな受身形を選んでください。 穴埋め問題

How do you say 'It will be done'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: انجام خواهد شد
「インターネットが切断された」という意味になるように並べ替えてください。 穴埋め問題

شد / اینترنت / قطع

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: اینترنت قطع شد

Score: /10

よくある質問 (8)

Yes, you can conjugate 'shodan' in any tense.

No, it is only used if you must mention the agent.

It provides an objective, detached tone.

No, only transitive verbs can be passive.

'Shodan' is for the process, 'budan' is for the state.

It is less common than in writing but still used.

Add 'na-' to 'shodan'.

Use 'tavasot-e' + person.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

ser + participio

Spanish uses 'ser', Persian uses 'shodan'.

French high

être + participe passé

French uses 'être', Persian uses 'shodan'.

German high

werden + Partizip II

German is more complex with case endings.

Japanese low

reru/rareru suffix

Persian uses a separate auxiliary verb.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Persian uses an auxiliary.

Chinese moderate

bei construction

Persian is more flexible with agent omission.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
受動態：「Shodan」への切り替え術

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