Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of connecting your thoughts using 'what' and 'which' in French.
- Identify when to use 'ce qui' versus 'ce que'.
- Connect verbs requiring prepositions using 'ce dont' and 'ce à quoi'.
- Select the correct pronoun 'lequel' to specify objects or people.
学べること
Ready to level up your French? This chapter is all about unlocking the power of 'what' and 'which' in French, making your sentences flow like a native speaker! Forget simple statements – by the end of this, you'll be able to express complex ideas and connect your thoughts smoothly.
Ever wanted to say 'What I want is...' or ask 'The thing you're talking about, what is it?' You'll master ce qui and ce que to effortlessly handle 'what' as a subject or direct object. We'll then dive into how to use ce dont and ce à quoi – don't worry, they sound scarier than they are! These gems will let you link 'what' with verbs that need prepositions like 'de' or 'à', opening up a whole new world of expression.
And for those tricky 'which' questions after prepositions, like 'To which friend are you speaking?', you'll conquer lequel and laquelle, making sure your pronouns perfectly match gender and number. We’ll even tackle the neat little 'smushed' pronouns like auquel and duquel.
Imagine chatting with a French friend, describing something interesting you saw, or asking for clarification on 'which one' they prefer. You'll move beyond basic phrases and start building truly rich, connected sentences. This might seem like a big step, but trust us, it’s totally achievable and super exciting. Let's make your French shine!
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主語としての「こと・もの」(Ce qui)動詞のすぐ前で「〜なこと」という主語を作りたい時は
ce quiを選ぼう！ -
フランス語の代名詞：「〜すること」「〜なもの」(Ce que)「ce que」＋主語＋動詞のセットで、「〜すること・もの」というカタマリを作れます。
ce queは文の中で「何を」にあたる部分を担当します。 -
フランス語の「こと・もの」：ce qui と ce que の使い方質問じゃない時の「何」や「こと」は、
ceにquiやqueをくっつけるだけでOKです！ -
フランス語の関係代名詞：「～のこと」(Ce dont)動詞の後ろに
deがつくなら、whatはce dontを使いましょう！ -
～すること（前置詞 à を伴う関係代名詞 Ce à quoi）「ce à quoi」を使って、動詞のあとに「à」がつく抽象的なアイデアをスマートにつなげましょう。
penser àや "s'intéresser à" がキーワードです。 -
前置詞の後のフランス語関係代名詞 (Lequel/Laquelle)前置詞の後に「どの〜」と繋げたい時は
lequelを使いましょう。名詞の性別と数に合わせてlaquelleやlesquelsに変身させるのがコツです！ -
フランス語の代名詞：どれ？ (auquel, duquel)名詞の性別と数に合わせて形を変えて、前置詞の à や de と「合体」させるのがポイントです。
auquelやduquelを使いこなしましょう！
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to: Use 'ce qui' and 'ce que' to describe actions and states.
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2
By the end you will be able to: Form complex sentences using 'ce dont' and 'ce à quoi'.
チャプターガイド
Overview
what and which, essential tools for any learner aiming for fluency.which one? after prepositions, ensuring your questions are always grammatically perfect. This might seem like a big step, but with our clear explanations and examples, you'll find these French grammar patterns are not only achievable but incredibly rewarding. Get ready to unlock new levels of expression and make your French shine!How This Grammar Works
what or the thing that when it's the subject of the clause.what is the direct object, you'll use Ce que. For example, Je ne sais pas ce que tu veux (I don't know what you want).whats.what...about, you use Ce dont. For example, Voilà ce dont j'ai besoin (Here is what I need).what...to/at. For instance, C'est ce à quoi je pense (That's what I'm thinking about).which one after prepositions with Lequel/Laquelle. These are interrogative pronouns that change based on the gender and number of the noun they refer to: lequel (masculine singular), laquelle (feminine singular), lesquels (masculine plural), lesquelles (feminine plural). When combined with prepositions à or de, they contract: à + lequel = auquel, à + laquelle = à laquelle, de + lequel = duquel, de + laquelle = de laquelle.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong:
Je ne comprends pas ce qui tu dis.
Je ne comprends pas ce que tu dis.
what is the subject of the following verb. In tu dis, tu is the subject, and ce is the direct object. Therefore, ce que is correct.- 1✗ Wrong: "C'est ce que j'ai besoin."
avoir besoin (to need) always takes the preposition de (avoir besoin de quelque chose). When referring to what you need, you must use ce dont to incorporate that de.- 1✗ Wrong:
Avec lequel fille vas-tu au cinéma ?
Avec quelle fille vas-tu au cinéma ?(or
Avec laquelle vas-tu au cinéma ?if the noun
fille is already known)which one. When used *before* a noun, you typically use the interrogative adjective quel/quelle/quels/quelles. If the noun is omitted or understood from context, then lequel/laquelle is correct.
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
How do I know whether to use ce qui or ce que in French?
Use ce qui when what is the subject of the verb that follows it (e.g., *Ce qui est important...*). Use ce que when what is the direct object of the verb that follows it (e.g., *Ce que tu dis...*). Think of qui for 'who/which (subject)' and que for 'whom/which (object)'.
Are ce dont and ce à quoi really common in everyday French?
Yes, absolutely! While they might seem a bit advanced for A1 French, they are very common in spoken and written French. Mastering them helps you sound much more natural and express complex ideas smoothly, especially when verbs require specific prepositions.
Can I use quel instead of lequel?
Yes, but they have different roles. Quel/quelle/quels/quelles are interrogative adjectives used *before* a noun (e.g., *Quelle couleur aimes-tu?* - Which color do you like?). Lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles are interrogative pronouns used *in place of* a noun, often after a preposition (e.g., *Parmi ces couleurs, laquelle aimes-tu?* - Among these colors, which one do you like?).
Cultural Context
重要な例文 (2)
ヒントとコツ (4)
短縮しちゃダメ！
ce qui は例外。 est や arrive の前でも Ce qui est のまま。 ce qu' になるのは ce que だけだよ！母音のルールに注意！
ce que il は間違いで、 "ce qu'il" が正解です。初心者が一番間違えやすいポイントですよ。「後ろ」をチェック！
ce qui、je や tu なら ce que と覚えましょう。 Ce qui arrive est triste.
「de」があるかチェック！
de があれば ce dont を使います。例えば se servir de なら Ce dont je me sersです。
重要な語彙 (6)
Real-World Preview
Choosing a gift
Review Summary
- Ce qui + verbe
- Ce que + sujet + verbe
- Ce dont + sujet + verbe (de)
- Ce à quoi + sujet + verbe (à)
よくある間違い
You used 'ce que' instead of 'ce qui'. Because 'what' is the subject of 'est', you must use 'ce qui'.
You misplaced the pronoun. 'Dont' must follow the noun it relates to.
You missed the 'ce' prefix. 'Ce à quoi' is required to start the relative clause.
このチャプターのルール (7)
Next Steps
You've worked hard and mastered some of the most powerful tools in French grammar. Keep practicing!
Write 5 sentences about your day using 'ce qui' and 'ce que'.
クイック練習 (10)
C'est le stylo ___ je pense. (penser à)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の代名詞：どれ？ (auquel, duquel)
文法的に正しいものを選んでください：
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の代名詞：どれ？ (auquel, duquel)
Ce que est sur la table est à moi.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の「こと・もの」：ce qui と ce que の使い方
Find and fix the mistake:
La chaise sur lequel je suis assis est bleue.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞の後のフランス語関係代名詞 (Lequel/Laquelle)
正しいフランス語はどれ？
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の「こと・もの」：ce qui と ce que の使い方
Je ne sais pas ___ est dans le frigo.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主語としての「こと・もの」(Ce qui)
Je ne sais pas ___ se passe.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の「こと・もの」：ce qui と ce que の使い方
Tu as vu ce que se passe sur TikTok ?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 主語としての「こと・もの」(Ce qui)
Find and fix the mistake:
Les problèmes auxquels je travaille sont difficiles.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フランス語の代名詞：どれ？ (auquel, duquel)
C'est l'entreprise pour ___ je travaille.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞の後のフランス語関係代名詞 (Lequel/Laquelle)
Score: /10
よくある質問 (6)
ce qui のままですよ。ce que の時だけです。例えば "ce qu'il veut«（彼が欲しいもの）。 »ce qui" は短縮しません。ce que のままです。例： "Ce que j'aime, ce sont les gâteaux."ce qui などのことです。ce qui、主語（je, tu など）がくるなら ce que です。
