A1 · 入门 章节 14

Expressing 'What' and Using Prepositions

7 总规则
72 例句
5 分钟
本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of connecting your thoughts using 'what' and 'which' in French.

  • Identify when to use 'ce qui' versus 'ce que'.
  • Connect verbs requiring prepositions using 'ce dont' and 'ce à quoi'.
  • Select the correct pronoun 'lequel' to specify objects or people.
Connect your world with confidence!

你将学到什么

Ready to level up your French? This chapter is all about unlocking the power of 'what' and 'which' in French, making your sentences flow like a native speaker! Forget simple statements – by the end of this, you'll be able to express complex ideas and connect your thoughts smoothly. Ever wanted to say 'What I want is...' or ask 'The thing you're talking about, what is it?' You'll master ce qui and ce que to effortlessly handle 'what' as a subject or direct object. We'll then dive into how to use ce dont and ce à quoi – don't worry, they sound scarier than they are! These gems will let you link 'what' with verbs that need prepositions like 'de' or 'à', opening up a whole new world of expression. And for those tricky 'which' questions after prepositions, like 'To which friend are you speaking?', you'll conquer lequel and laquelle, making sure your pronouns perfectly match gender and number. We’ll even tackle the neat little 'smushed' pronouns like auquel and duquel. Imagine chatting with a French friend, describing something interesting you saw, or asking for clarification on 'which one' they prefer. You'll move beyond basic phrases and start building truly rich, connected sentences. This might seem like a big step, but trust us, it’s totally achievable and super exciting. Let's make your French shine!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use 'ce qui' and 'ce que' to describe actions and states.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Form complex sentences using 'ce dont' and 'ce à quoi'.

章节指南

Overview

Welcome to an exciting chapter in your French grammar A1 journey! This guide is designed to help you move beyond basic sentences and truly connect your thoughts in French. We're diving deep into the world of what and which, essential tools for any learner aiming for fluency.
Understanding these structures is a game-changer for expressing more complex ideas and asking nuanced questions, making your conversations much richer.
At the CEFR A1 level, you're building foundational skills, and mastering these concepts will significantly boost your confidence and comprehension. By the end of this chapter, you’ll be able to effortlessly use French relative pronouns like ce qui and ce que to talk about 'what' you want or see, and navigate the trickier ce dont and ce à quoi for 'what' combined with prepositions.
You'll also conquer lequel and laquelle to ask which one? after prepositions, ensuring your questions are always grammatically perfect. This might seem like a big step, but with our clear explanations and examples, you'll find these French grammar patterns are not only achievable but incredibly rewarding. Get ready to unlock new levels of expression and make your French shine!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the mechanics of expressing 'what' and 'which' in French. First up, we have Ce qui and Ce que. Ce qui means what or the thing that when it's the subject of the clause.
For instance, Ce qui est important, c'est l'amour (What is important is love). If what is the direct object, you'll use Ce que. For example, Je ne sais pas ce que tu veux (I don't know what you want).
These two are fundamental for talking about abstract whats.
Moving on to more complex connections, we introduce Ce dont and Ce à quoi. When a verb requires the preposition de (like *parler de*, *avoir besoin de*), and you want to say what...about, you use Ce dont. For example, Voilà ce dont j'ai besoin (Here is what I need).
Similarly, if a verb needs the preposition à (like *penser à*, *réfléchir à*), you'll use Ce à quoi for what...to/at. For instance, C'est ce à quoi je pense (That's what I'm thinking about).
Finally, we tackle which one after prepositions with Lequel/Laquelle. These are interrogative pronouns that change based on the gender and number of the noun they refer to: lequel (masculine singular), laquelle (feminine singular), lesquels (masculine plural), lesquelles (feminine plural). When combined with prepositions à or de, they contract: à + lequel = auquel, à + laquelle = à laquelle, de + lequel = duquel, de + laquelle = de laquelle.
For example, À laquelle de ces robes penses-tu ? (Which of these dresses are you thinking about?). Mastering these forms is key to asking precise questions in French.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Je ne comprends pas ce qui tu dis.
✓ Correct:
Je ne comprends pas ce que tu dis.
*Explanation:* Ce qui is used when what is the subject of the following verb. In tu dis, tu is the subject, and ce is the direct object. Therefore, ce que is correct.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: "C'est ce que j'ai besoin."
✓ Correct: "C'est ce dont j'ai besoin."
*Explanation:* The verb avoir besoin (to need) always takes the preposition de (avoir besoin de quelque chose). When referring to what you need, you must use ce dont to incorporate that de.
  1. 1✗ Wrong:
    Avec lequel fille vas-tu au cinéma ?
✓ Correct:
Avec quelle fille vas-tu au cinéma ?
(or
Avec laquelle vas-tu au cinéma ?
if the noun fille is already known)
*Explanation:* Lequel/Laquelle are pronouns meaning which one. When used *before* a noun, you typically use the interrogative adjective quel/quelle/quels/quelles. If the noun is omitted or understood from context, then lequel/laquelle is correct.

Real Conversations

A

A

Qu'est-ce que tu regardes ? (What are you watching?)
B

B

C'est un film. Ce que j'aime, c'est l'histoire. (It's a movie. What I like is the story.)
A

A

J'ai besoin de nouvelles chaussures. (I need new shoes.)
B

B

Ah, je comprends ce dont tu parles ! (Oh, I understand what you're talking about!)
A

A

Tu as plusieurs amis. À laquelle de tes amies as-tu parlé ? (You have several friends. To which of your friends did you speak?)
B

B

J'ai parlé à Marie. (I spoke to Marie.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know whether to use ce qui or ce que in French?

Use ce qui when what is the subject of the verb that follows it (e.g., *Ce qui est important...*). Use ce que when what is the direct object of the verb that follows it (e.g., *Ce que tu dis...*). Think of qui for 'who/which (subject)' and que for 'whom/which (object)'.

Q

Are ce dont and ce à quoi really common in everyday French?

Yes, absolutely! While they might seem a bit advanced for A1 French, they are very common in spoken and written French. Mastering them helps you sound much more natural and express complex ideas smoothly, especially when verbs require specific prepositions.

Q

Can I use quel instead of lequel?

Yes, but they have different roles. Quel/quelle/quels/quelles are interrogative adjectives used *before* a noun (e.g., *Quelle couleur aimes-tu?* - Which color do you like?). Lequel/laquelle/lesquels/lesquelles are interrogative pronouns used *in place of* a noun, often after a preposition (e.g., *Parmi ces couleurs, laquelle aimes-tu?* - Among these colors, which one do you like?).

Cultural Context

These structures are fundamental for nuanced communication in French. Native speakers use ce qui, ce que, ce dont, and ce à quoi constantly to connect ideas, express opinions, and describe abstract concepts. They are not formal or rare; they are the glue that holds many everyday conversations together.
Mastering lequel and its variations allows for precise questioning, avoiding ambiguity when referring to specific items or people. Integrating these patterns will make your French sound much more natural and sophisticated, allowing you to participate more fully in French discourse.

关键例句 (8)

1

Ce qui m'intéresse, c'est l'intelligence artificielle.

我感兴趣的是人工智能。

作为主语的“什么/之所”(Ce qui)
2

Regarde ce qui est écrit sur ce post Instagram.

看这张 Instagram 帖子上面写了什么。

作为主语的“什么/之所”(Ce qui)
3

Ce que j'aime à Paris, c'est le café.

我最喜欢巴黎的一点就是咖啡。

法语代词：所……的 / ……的事情 (Ce que)
4

Dis-moi ce que tu veux manger ce soir.

告诉我你今晚想吃什么。

法语代词：所……的 / ……的事情 (Ce que)
5

Ce qui m'intéresse, c'est la mode.

我感兴趣的是时尚。

法语中的“所/什么”：如何使用 ce qui 和 ce que
6

Je ne comprends pas ce que tu dis.

我不明白你在说什么。

法语中的“所/什么”：如何使用 ce qui 和 ce que
7

Ce dont j'ai besoin, c'est un café très fort.

What I need is a very strong coffee.

法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)
8

C'est exactement ce dont je te parlais hier !

That's exactly what I was telling you about yesterday!

法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)

技巧与窍门 (4)

⚠️

拒绝缩写

永远不要把它写成 ce qu'。即使后面跟着元音，它也永远是 ce qui。比如： Ce qui arrive.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 作为主语的“什么/之所”(Ce qui)
⚠️

元音小陷阱

千万别忘了省文撇！遇到 il 或 elle 时，要把 ce que 变成 "ce qu'«。比如写成 »ce qu'il« 而不是 »ce que il"。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语代词：所……的 / ……的事情 (Ce que)
🎯

动词小窍门

看空格后面！如果是动词，选 ce qui；如果是 je, tu 等代词，选 ce que。比如：
Ce qui arrive est bizarre.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语中的“所/什么”：如何使用 ce qui 和 ce que
💡

The 'De' Test

Ask yourself: 'Does this verb need 'de'?' If yes, use 'dont'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)

核心词汇 (6)

ce qui what (subject) ce que what (object) ce dont what... of/about ce à quoi what... to/at lequel which one (masc.) auquel to which (masc. singular)

Real-World Preview

gift

Choosing a gift

Review Summary

  • Ce qui + verbe
  • Ce que + sujet + verbe
  • Ce dont + sujet + verbe (de)
  • Ce à quoi + sujet + verbe (à)

常见错误

You used 'ce que' instead of 'ce qui'. Because 'what' is the subject of 'est', you must use 'ce qui'.

Wrong: Ce que est bon.
正确: Ce qui est bon.

You misplaced the pronoun. 'Dont' must follow the noun it relates to.

Wrong: Ce dont j'ai besoin le livre.
正确: Le livre dont j'ai besoin.

You missed the 'ce' prefix. 'Ce à quoi' is required to start the relative clause.

Wrong: À quoi je pense est la fête.
正确: Ce à quoi je pense, c'est la fête.

本章规则 (7)

1

作为主语的“什么/之所”(Ce qui)

B1
只要你想表达“那个……的东西”，且后面紧跟着一个动词，选 ce qui 就对了！
Ce qui m'intéresse, c'est l'intelligence artificie...
10 例句
2

法语代词：所……的 / ……的事情 (Ce que)

B1
用 ce que 加上“主语+动词”来表达“……的东西”或“……的事情”，它在句子里就像一个隐形的盒子。
Ce que j'aime à Paris, c'est le café.
12 例句
3

法语中的“所/什么”：如何使用 ce qui 和 ce que

A1
在陈述句里想说“所……的事”，就用 ce 配合关系代词。记住：ce qui 接动词，ce que 接人称。
Ce qui m'intéresse, c'est la mode.
10 例句
4

法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)

B1
Use ce dont for 'what' whenever the French verb is followed by the preposition de.
Ce dont j'ai besoin, c'est un café très fort.
10 例句
5

所……的事 (Ce à quoi)

A1
当你想表达一个抽象想法，而那个法语动词刚好喜欢跟着 «à» 走时，就用 ce à quoi 来连接吧。
C'est ce à quoi je pensais quand tu as envoyé le m...
10 例句
6

介词后的法语关系代词 (Lequel/Laquelle)

B2
Use lequel after prepositions to say which for objects, ensuring it matches the noun's gender and number.
C'est l'ordinateur avec lequel je travaille tous l...
10 例句
7

法语代名词：哪一个？(auquel, duquel)

B2
记得让代词的“性别”和名词对上，再把它和介词“合体”，法语听起来就超顺滑！关键词： auquel, duquel, laquelle。
Le projet auquel je participe est génial.
10 例句

Next Steps

You've worked hard and mastered some of the most powerful tools in French grammar. Keep practicing!

Write 5 sentences about your day using 'ce qui' and 'ce que'.

Continue to: Replacing Nouns with Object Pronouns

快速练习 (10)

Choose the correct sentence.

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: C'est ce dont il a peur.
Avoir peur needs 'de'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)

找出并修正错误

Find and fix the mistake:

Ce que est sur la table est à moi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce qui est sur la table est à moi.
'Est' 是动词，所以代词必须用作主语的 'ce qui'，而不是 'ce que'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语中的“所/什么”：如何使用 ce qui 和 ce que

找出并修正错误

Find and fix the mistake:

Ce que est sur la table est à moi.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce qui est sur la table est à moi.
后面直接接动词 'est' 时，必须使用 'ce qui' 而不是 'ce que'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语代词：所……的 / ……的事情 (Ce que)

Fill in the blank with 'ce que' or 'ce dont'.

J'ai besoin de ___ tu parles.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce dont
Parler requires 'de'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)

哪个句子是正确的？

选择语法正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Dis-moi ce que tu veux.
我们使用 'ce que' 是因为它后面跟着主语 'tu'。在陈述句中不这样使用 'quoi'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语中的“所/什么”：如何使用 ce qui 和 ce que

选出语法正确的句子。

哪句话正确表达了“桌子上的东西是我的”？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce qui est sur la table est à moi.
'Ce qui' 永远不会缩写成 'ce qu''，且在动词 'est' 前做主语。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 作为主语的“什么/之所”(Ce qui)

在空格处填入正确的代词。

Je ne sais pas ___ est dans le frigo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce qui
因为后面紧跟着动词 'est'，所以我们要用 'ce qui'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 作为主语的“什么/之所”(Ce qui)

Fill in the blank with 'ce que' or 'ce dont'.

J'aime ___ tu fais.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ce que
Aimer is a direct object verb.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语关系代词：关于...的事 (Ce dont)

哪个句子在语法上是正确的？

选择表达“我感兴趣的是音乐”的正确方式：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce à quoi je m'intéresse est la musique.
'S'intéresser' 后面必须接 'à'，所以 ce à quoi 是唯一选择。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 所……的事 (Ce à quoi)

哪个句子是正确的？

选择正确的句子来表达“他喜欢的是寿司”。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ce qu'il aime, c'est le sushi.
因为 'il' 以元音开头，'que' 必须缩写为 'qu''。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 法语代词：所……的 / ……的事情 (Ce que)

Score: /10

常见问题 (6)

不会哦，它永远是 ce qui，非常专一。比如：
Ce qui est belle...
是错的，要说
Ce qui est beau...
。
只有 ce que 遇到元音才缩写。 ce qui 永远保持原样，比如： ce qui arrive。
不完全是。问句用 "Qu'est-ce que...«，而 »ce que« 用于陈述句，比如 »Je sais ce que tu fais"。
可以！它永远不变。即使说“我喜欢的那些蛋糕”，也是用 "Ce que j'aime, ce sont les gâteaux"。
它就像一个连接词，在陈述句里代替“什么”。比如：
Je vois ce que tu fais.
看后面！接动词用 ce qui，接主语用 ce que。比如：Ce qui arrive 对比
Ce que je fais
。
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Using 'Dont' to Show Relationships
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Replacing Nouns with Object Pronouns
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