B2 Case System 9 min read 中等

阿拉伯语强调:绝对宾语 (Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq)

Use the Absolute Object to 'bold' your verbs by following them with their own root-sharing nouns in the accusative.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Absolute Object is a noun derived from the verb, placed after it to emphasize the action or describe its quality.

  • Use it for emphasis: 'I studied the lesson a real study' (daras-tu ad-darsa dirasatan).
  • Use it for description: 'He ran a fast run' (jara raydan sari'an).
  • Use it for counting: 'I knocked on the door two knocks' (dara-tu al-baba daqqatayn).
Verb + (derived noun) + [optional adjective/number]

Overview

### Overview
在阿拉伯语的高阶语法中,Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq(绝对宾语/绝对状语)是一个极其重要且充满魅力的概念。对于母语为中文的我们来说,初看这个语法点可能会觉得“多此一举”。为什么呢?因为在中文里,我们表达动作时,通常只需要动词加上形容词或副词即可,例如“我认真地写字”。但在阿拉伯语中,Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq 允许你使用同一个词根的动词和名词(即 Masdar,动名词)进行组合,从而在句法层面实现一种“语义重叠”的强调效果。这在中文里几乎没有直接的对应结构,如果你非要找一个类比,它有点像我们古汉语中的“同源词修饰”,或者像英语里的 cognate object(如 dream a dream),但阿拉伯语的使用频率和修辞深度远超这两者。
学习这个语法点对于达到C1水平至关重要,因为它直接决定了你表达的“地道感”。很多初学者只会说 أَكَلْتُ (我吃了),但如果你想表达“我狼吞虎咽地吃了一顿”,使用 أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا شَرِهًا 这种结构,会让你听起来像一个真正的母语使用者。这不是简单的词汇堆砌,而是一种深层的修辞逻辑。它能让你的语言在描述动作的强度、方式和频率时,具备一种精准的韵律感和力度。对于习惯了中文这种“动词+补语”结构的我们来说,理解这种“动词+同源名词”的逻辑,是跨越语言文化鸿沟的关键一步。
### How This Grammar Works
Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq 的核心逻辑在于“语义强化”。在中文里,我们通过副词(如“非常”、“极其”)来修饰动词,但在阿拉伯语中,通过引入与动词同根的 Masdar,你可以直接把动作本身“名词化”,并对其进行定性或定量。这就像是在中文里,你不仅说“我跑”,还要说“我进行了一场跑步”,但阿拉伯语的这种结构在语法上是强制性的 Mansub(宾格)。
你可以把 Masdar 想象成动作的“影子”。当动词出现时,它的影子(同源名词)紧随其后,为这个动作提供额外的维度。这种语法结构在中文语法中没有完全对应的术语,如果要强行对照,它结合了中文里的“状语”(描述方式)和“补语”(描述程度/结果)。
例如:فَهِمْتُ الدَّرْسَ فَهْمًا (我理解了这门课,一种理解)。这里的 فَهْمًا 就是对 فَهِمْتُ 的绝对强调。中文里我们只会说“我完全理解了”,但阿拉伯语通过这种结构,让“理解”这个动作本身变得具体化、实体化了。这种思维方式要求我们在遣词造句时,必须时刻关注动词的词根,并联想其对应的 Masdar 形式。这对于习惯了中文“词形不变”特征的我们来说,是一个巨大的思维转换。你需要从“词汇记忆”转变为“词根逻辑思维”。
### Formation Pattern
构建 Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq 的过程非常规律,主要分为三步:确定动词词根 -> 找到对应的 Masdar -> 将其置为 Mansub(宾格)。
| 语法功能 | 结构模式 | 示例 (Arabic) | 中文意译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 强调动作 | 动词 + 同源名词 | ضَرَبْتُهُ ضَرْبًا | 我确实打了他 |
| 描述方式 | 动词 + 同源名词 + 限定词 | سَارَ سَيْرَ الْأَبْطَالِ | 他像英雄一样行走 |
| 描述频率 | 动词 + 同源名词(双/复数) | دَقَقْتُ الْبَابَ دَقَّتَيْنِ | 我敲了两次门 |
对于中文母语者,记住这个口诀:“同根复现,宾格结尾”。
### When To Use It
使用 Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq 的时机通常出现在你想表达“不仅做了,而且做得如何”的时候。在日常生活中,比如在咖啡厅点单或者在大学讨论课题时,你可以用它来增强说服力。
  1. 1强调肯定:当你想要消除歧义,或者向对方表示你的承诺是绝对的。例如:وَعَدْتُكَ وَعْدًا(我确实答应了你)。这比单纯的 وَعَدْتُكَ 更有力量,仿佛在说“我是认真的”。
  1. 1描绘细节:当你需要描述动作的“气质”。比如 تَكَلَّمَ تَكَلُّمَ الْعُلَمَاءِ(他像学者一样谈吐),这里的 Idafa(属格结构)精准地描绘了谈话的风格。中文里我们通常说“他谈吐得像个学者”,但在阿拉伯语里,这种结构直接把“谈吐”这个动作本身赋予了“学者”的属性。
  1. 1精确计数:当动作的次数至关重要时。比如在健身房,你需要告诉教练你做了几组俯卧撑,使用 عَمِلْتُ تَمْرِينًا وَاحِدًا 比单纯说数字更符合阿拉伯语的语感。
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1忽略词根对应性:这是最常见的错误。很多学生习惯直接用动词的宾语来代替 Masdar。例如想说“我写了一封信”,错误地写成 كَتَبْتُ كِتَابَةً。这在逻辑上是错误的,因为 كِتَابَةً 是“写作”这个动作本身,而不是“信”这个物体。原因在于中文里“写”和“信”是两个不同的词,但在阿拉伯语里,你必须明确区分“动作本身”和“动作的对象”。
  1. 1宾格标记遗漏:中文没有格位系统,所以我们很容易忘记在 Masdar 结尾加上 Tanwin al-fath(ً)。这属于典型的母语负迁移(L1 Interference),因为在中文里,无论名词处于句子的什么位置,它的形式都不变。你需要刻意练习 Mansub 的发音习惯。
  1. 1过度使用强调型:有些学生在所有句子中都加上 Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq,导致句子显得累赘。在阿拉伯语中,这种结构带有强烈的修辞色彩,如果用得太多,会显得像在写古文或演讲,不够自然。记住:只有在需要强调或详细描述时才使用。
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
我们需要将 Al-Maf'ul Al-MutlaqAl-Maf'ul Bihi(直接宾语)进行严格区分。这在中文语法中极易混淆,因为中文里“动作”和“对象”往往紧挨着。
| 比较维度 | Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq | Al-Maf'ul Bihi |
|---|---|---|
| 核心逻辑 | 动作本身的重现/修饰 | 动作作用的对象 |
| 词根关系 | 必须与动词同根 | 无需同根 |
| 中文对应 | 状语/补语成分 | 宾语成分 |
| 示例 | كَتَبْتُ كِتَابَةً | كَتَبْتُ رِسَالَةً |
简单来说,Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq 描述的是“怎么做/做了多少”,而 Al-Maf'ul Bihi 描述的是“对谁做/对什么做”。
### Quick FAQ
Q: Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq 一定要放在动词后面吗?
A: 通常情况下是的,但在文学修辞中,为了强调,有时会提前,但这属于高级句法,初学者建议遵循“动词+Masdar”的语序。
Q: 所有的动词都有对应的 Masdar 吗?
A: 是的,每个动词都有对应的 Masdar,但对于 Form I 的动词,其 Masdar 形式往往是不规则的,需要像记单词一样背诵,这是学习的难点。
Q: 在口语中常用吗?
A: 在现代标准阿拉伯语(MSA)的演讲、新闻或正式书面语中非常常用。在方言中,使用频率会降低,但理解这一结构对于提升你的整体阿拉伯语水平至关重要,它会让你在阅读《古兰经》或现代文学作品时,一眼就能看穿作者的修辞意图。

Formation of Absolute Object

Verb Root Verb (Form I) Masdar (Absolute Object) Example
ك ت ب
كَتَبَ
كِتَابَةً
كَتَبْتُ كِتَابَةً
د ر س
دَرَسَ
دِرَاسَةً
دَرَسْتُ دِرَاسَةً
ش ر ب
شَرِبَ
شُرْبًا
شَرِبْتُ شُرْبًا
ن و م
نَامَ
نَوْمًا
نِمْتُ نَوْمًا
ف ه م
فَهِمَ
فَهْمًا
فَهِمْتُ فَهْمًا
س ي ر
سَارَ
سَيْرًا
سَارَ سَيْرًا

Meanings

The Absolute Object (Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq) is an indefinite noun (masdar) that shares the same root as the verb in the sentence. It functions to emphasize the verb, describe the manner of the action, or specify the number of times the action occurred.

1

Emphasis (Tawkid)

Used to confirm the occurrence of the action.

“شَرِبْتُ المَاءَ شُرْبًا”

“نَمْتُ نَوْمًا”

2

Description (Bayan al-Naw')

Used to describe how the action was performed.

“سَارَ الجُنْدِيُّ سَيْرَ الأَبْطَالِ”

“تَكَلَّمَ بِوُضُوحٍ كَلَامًا جَمِيلًا”

3

Counting (Bayan al-'Adad)

Used to indicate how many times the action happened.

“سَجَدْتُ سَجْدَتَيْنِ”

“دَقَقْتُ البَابَ دَقَّاتٍ”

Reference Table

Reference table for 阿拉伯语强调:绝对宾语 (Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Verb + Masdar
أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا
Descriptive
Verb + Masdar + Adjective
أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا كَثِيرًا
Counting
Verb + Masdar (Dual/Plural)
أَكَلْتُ أَكْلَتَيْنِ
Genitive
Verb + Masdar + Noun
سَارَ سَيْرَ الأَبْطَالِ
Negative
La + Verb + Masdar
لَا تَأْكُلْ أَكْلًا شَرِهًا
Question
Hal + Verb + Masdar?
هَلْ نِمْتَ نَوْمًا هَادِئًا؟

正式程度

正式
دَرَسْتُ الدَّرْسَ دِرَاسَةً مُكْثَّفَةً

دَرَسْتُ الدَّرْسَ دِرَاسَةً مُكْثَّفَةً (Academic/Social)

中性
دَرَسْتُ دِرَاسَةً جَيِّدَةً

دَرَسْتُ دِرَاسَةً جَيِّدَةً (Academic/Social)

非正式
دَرَسْتُ كَثِيرًا

دَرَسْتُ كَثِيرًا (Academic/Social)

俚语
ذَاكَرْتُ تَمَامًا

ذَاكَرْتُ تَمَامًا (Academic/Social)

The Three Functions of the Absolute Object

Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq

Emphasis

  • تَأْكِيد Confirmation

Description

  • بَيَان النَّوْع Manner

Counting

  • بَيَان العَدَد Frequency

按水平分级的例句

1

نِمْتُ نَوْمًا

I slept a sleep.

2

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا

I ate an eating.

3

شَرِبْتُ شُرْبًا

I drank a drinking.

4

جَلَسْتُ جُلُوسًا

I sat a sitting.

1

قَرَأْتُ الكِتَابَ قِرَاءَةً

I read the book a reading.

2

سَجَدْتُ سَجْدَتَيْنِ

I prostrated two prostrations.

3

ضَحِكَ ضِحْكَةً

He laughed a laugh.

4

كَتَبْتُ كِتَابَةً

I wrote a writing.

1

سَارَ الجُنْدِيُّ سَيْرَ الأَبْطَالِ

The soldier walked the walk of heroes.

2

تَكَلَّمَ كَلَامًا جَمِيلًا

He spoke a beautiful speech.

3

دَقَقْتُ البَابَ دَقَّاتٍ

I knocked on the door knocks.

4

فَهِمْتُ الدَّرْسَ فَهْمًا عَمِيقًا

I understood the lesson a deep understanding.

1

اجْتَهَدْتُ فِي عَمَلِي اجْتِهَادًا كَبِيرًا

I worked hard in my work a great effort.

2

انْطَلَقَ العَدَّاءُ انْطِلَاقَ السَّهْمِ

The runner took off like an arrow.

3

حَاوَلْتُ مُحَاوَلَةً جَادَّةً

I tried a serious attempt.

4

أَحْبَبْتُهَا حُبًّا جَمًّا

I loved her a great love.

1

تَجَلَّتْ قُدْرَتُهُ تَجَلِّيًا بَاهِرًا

His power manifested a dazzling manifestation.

2

تَطَوَّرَ العِلْمُ تَطَوُّرًا مُذْهِلًا

Science developed a stunning development.

3

تَأَمَّلْتُ فِي الكَوْنِ تَأَمُّلًا عَمِيقًا

I contemplated the universe a deep contemplation.

4

عَاشَ حَيَاةً مَلِيئَةً بِالمُغَامَرَاتِ

He lived a life full of adventures.

1

صَبَرْتُ صَبْرًا جَمِيلًا

I endured a beautiful endurance.

2

تَجَاهَلْتُ كَلَامَهُ تَجَاهُلًا تَامًّا

I ignored his words a complete ignoring.

3

تَأَلَّمْتُ لِفِرَاقِهِ أَلَمًا لَا يُوصَفُ

I suffered for his departure a pain that cannot be described.

4

تَحَدَّيْتُ الصِّعَابَ تَحَدِّيًا شُجَاعًا

I challenged the difficulties a brave challenge.

容易混淆

Arabic Emphasis: The Absolute Object (Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq) 对比 Hal (Adverbial State)

Both describe the action, but Hal describes the subject/object, while Maf'ul Mutlaq describes the action itself.

Arabic Emphasis: The Absolute Object (Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq) 对比 Tamyiz

Both are accusative nouns, but Tamyiz clarifies a vague noun, while Maf'ul Mutlaq clarifies the verb.

Arabic Emphasis: The Absolute Object (Al-Maf'ul Al-Mutlaq) 对比 Maf'ul Bihi (Direct Object)

Both are accusative, but Maf'ul Bihi is the target of the action, not the action itself.

常见错误

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلُ

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا

Must be in the accusative case (tanwin fath).

أَكَلْتُ شُرْبًا

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا

The noun must share the verb's root.

أَكَلْتُ الأَكْلًا

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا

It is usually indefinite.

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلَةً

أَكَلْتُ أَكْلًا

Use the masdar, not a singular instance noun unless counting.

سَارَ سَرِيعًا

سَارَ سَيْرًا سَرِيعًا

Missing the absolute object.

قَرَأْتُ قِرَاءَةُ

قَرَأْتُ قِرَاءَةً

Case error.

نِمْتُ نَوْمٌ

نِمْتُ نَوْمًا

Case error.

فَهِمْتُ فَهْمًا جَيِّدُ

فَهِمْتُ فَهْمًا جَيِّدًا

Adjective must match the case of the noun.

تَكَلَّمَ كَلَامُ الأَبْطَالِ

تَكَلَّمَ كَلَامَ الأَبْطَالِ

The object must be accusative.

ضَرَبْتُ ضَرْبَةً

ضَرَبْتُ ضَرْبًا

Use masdar for emphasis, not instance noun.

تَجَلَّتْ قُدْرَتُهُ تَجَلِّي

تَجَلَّتْ قُدْرَتُهُ تَجَلِّيًا

Defective noun case ending.

عَاشَ حَيَاةً مَلِيءٌ

عَاشَ حَيَاةً مَلِيئَةً

Adjective agreement.

句型

___ (Verb) + ___ (Masdar) + ___ (Adjective)

___ (Verb) + ___ (Masdar) + ___ (Genitive)

___ (Verb) + ___ (Dual Masdar)

___ (Verb) + ___ (Plural Masdar)

Real World Usage

Academic Writing very common

تطور العلم تطوراً كبيراً

Social Media occasional

أحببت الصورة حباً

Job Interviews common

اجتهدت في عملي اجتهاداً

Travel occasional

سرت سيراً طويلاً

Food Delivery Apps rare

أكلت أكلاً لذيذاً

Religious Texts constant

صبرت صبراً جميلاً

💡

Root Matching

Always check if the noun shares the same three-letter root as the verb.
⚠️

Case Ending

Don't forget the tanwin fath (-an) at the end.
🎯

Adjective Placement

If you want to describe the action, put the adjective right after the masdar.
💬

Formal Tone

Using this structure makes you sound much more educated and formal.

Smart Tips

Add the Absolute Object to your verb.

درست. درست دراسةً جيدةً.

Use the Absolute Object to define the manner.

تطور العلم. تطور العلم تطوراً مذهلاً.

Use the dual or plural masdar.

سجدت. سجدت سجدتين.

Use the genitive construction with the Absolute Object.

سار البطل. سار البطل سير الأبطال.

发音

dirasatan

Tanwin Fath

The 'an' sound at the end of the Absolute Object is crucial for the accusative case.

Emphatic

Daras-tu dirasatan!

Rising pitch on the final syllable to show intensity.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of the Absolute Object as the 'Echo' of the verb. It repeats the sound of the action to make it louder.

视觉联想

Imagine a person running, and behind them, a ghostly trail of the word 'running' follows, showing the intensity of their movement.

Rhyme

The verb is the seed, the noun is the tree, repeat the root for all to see.

Story

Ahmed wanted to show he really studied. He didn't just say 'I studied'. He said 'I studied a study!' (Daras-tu dirasatan). His teacher was impressed by his emphasis.

Word Web

MasdarRootAccusativeEmphasisMannerFrequency

挑战

Write 3 sentences using the Absolute Object to describe your day today.

文化笔记

Often used in daily speech to emphasize sincerity.

Less common in daily speech, more in formal media.

Used in formal poetry and speeches.

The Absolute Object is a classical Arabic construction derived from the need to emphasize the verbal root in Semitic languages.

对话开场白

هَلْ نِمْتَ نَوْمًا هَادِئًا؟

كَيْفَ كَانَتْ قِرَاءَتُكَ لِلكِتَابِ؟

هَلْ تَجْتَهِدُ فِي عَمَلِكَ؟

كَيْفَ تَصِفُ حَيَاتَكَ؟

日记主题

Describe a time you worked very hard.
Write about your favorite book.
Describe a difficult challenge you faced.
Reflect on your language learning journey.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct Absolute Object.

قَرَأْتُ الكِتَابَ ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: قِرَاءَةً
Must be accusative.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
All are valid.
Correct the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

سار الرجل سيراً سريعٌ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سار الرجل سيراً سريعاً
Adjective must match case.
Transform to Absolute Object. Sentence Transformation

حول: 'أكلت الطعام' إلى مفعول مطلق

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أكلت الطعام أكلاً
Adding the masdar.
Match the verb to its masdar. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. كتابة، 2. دراسة، 3. فهم
Correct masdar forms.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: سار، سيراً، طويلاً

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سار سيراً طويلاً
Correct word order.
Is this true? True False Rule

المفعول المطلق دائماً منصوب؟

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: صح
It is always mansub.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

أ: هل درست؟ ب: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: درست دراسةً جيدةً
Uses the rule.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct Absolute Object.

قَرَأْتُ الكِتَابَ ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: قِرَاءَةً
Must be accusative.
Choose the correct sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
All are valid.
Correct the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

سار الرجل سيراً سريعٌ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سار الرجل سيراً سريعاً
Adjective must match case.
Transform to Absolute Object. Sentence Transformation

حول: 'أكلت الطعام' إلى مفعول مطلق

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أكلت الطعام أكلاً
Adding the masdar.
Match the verb to its masdar. Match Pairs

Match: 1. كتب, 2. درس, 3. فهم

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1. كتابة، 2. دراسة، 3. فهم
Correct masdar forms.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

Use: سار، سيراً، طويلاً

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سار سيراً طويلاً
Correct word order.
Is this true? True False Rule

المفعول المطلق دائماً منصوب؟

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: صح
It is always mansub.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

أ: هل درست؟ ب: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: درست دراسةً جيدةً
Uses the rule.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Translate this sentence using an Absolute Object. 翻译

I studied a lot (literally: I studied a lot of studying).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: درستُ دراسةً كثيرةً.
Put the words in the correct order. Sentence Reorder

ركضتُ / ركضاً / سريعاً

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ركضتُ ركضاً سريعاً
Match the verb to its Absolute Object (Masdar). Match Pairs

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: أكل : أكلاً, شرب : شرباً, نام : نوماً
Complete the sentence to show the action happened twice. 填空

سجدتُ للهِ ___ .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: سجدتين
Identify the Absolute Object that describes manner. 多项选择

Which one describes 'how'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: مشيتُ مشيةَ السلحفاةِ
Correct the root mismatch. Error Correction

فهمتُ الدرسَ كتابةً.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: فهمتُ الدرسَ فهماً.
Translate: 'He hit the ball a strong hit.' 翻译

Translate the sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ضربَ الكرةَ ضرباً قوياً.
Choose the emphatic form. 填空

نجحتُ في الامتحانِ ___ .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نجاحاً
Order the words to say 'I waited a long wait'. Sentence Reorder

انتظرتُ / طويلاً / انتظاراً

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: انتظرتُ انتظاراً طويلاً
Which sentence counts the action? 多项选择

Choose the one with a number count:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ضربتُ الجرسَ ضربتين.

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

It is a noun derived from the verb, used for emphasis or description.

Take the masdar of the verb and put it in the accusative case.

Usually no, unless it's followed by an adjective or genitive.

It is more common in formal contexts but used for emphasis in speech.

Because it is not restricted by a preposition or specific target.

Hal describes the person, while the Absolute Object describes the action.

Yes, as long as you know the masdar.

The sentence will be grammatically incorrect.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

English moderate

Cognate object

Arabic uses it for almost any verb.

Spanish moderate

Complemento cognado

Arabic is far more productive.

German moderate

Kognitives Objekt

Arabic is a core grammatical feature.

Japanese none

None

Arabic uses a noun derived from the verb.

Chinese none

None

Arabic uses a specific case-marked noun.

French moderate

Complément d'objet interne

Arabic is a standard grammatical requirement.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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