Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'که' (ke) to connect a reporting verb to the reported statement, often shifting the verb tense to match the past.
- Use 'که' as the connector: او گفت که خسته است (He said that he is tired).
- Shift the tense: If the reporting verb is past, the reported verb often shifts to past or subjunctive.
- Pronoun adjustment: Change 'I' to 'he/she' based on the speaker.
Overview
Word Order Rules
که + 信息。转述部分几乎保持原样，只需更改人称代词。How This Grammar Works
Formation Pattern
گفت），3. که，4. 新代词，5. 原始信息。
Pattern Variations
که آیا。命令句使用虚拟式（Subjunctive）。
Real Conversations
常见于群聊、咖啡馆和工作会议。
Common Mistakes
Quick FAQ
که 吗？ 答：书面语需要，口语中可选。Reporting Verb Tense Shifts
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech (Past Reporting) |
|---|---|
|
Present Simple
|
Past Simple
|
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
|
Past Simple
|
Past Perfect
|
|
Future
|
Future-in-the-past (would)
|
Meanings
Indirect speech is used to report what someone else has said without using their exact words. It acts as a bridge between the reporter and the original statement.
Reporting Statements
Relaying information or facts stated by another person.
“او گفت که کارش تمام شده است.”
“مادرم گفت که شام آماده است.”
Reporting Questions
Reporting an inquiry made by someone else.
“او پرسید که آیا من میآیم.”
“او از من پرسید که ساعت چند است.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subject + گفت + که + Clause
|
او گفت که میآید.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + گفت + که + منفی Clause
|
او گفت که نمیآید.
|
|
Question
|
Subject + پرسید + که + سوال
|
او پرسید که کجا میروی.
|
|
Modal
|
Subject + گفت + که + باید/توانست
|
او گفت که باید برود.
|
|
Past
|
Subject + گفت + که + گذشته
|
او گفت که رفته بود.
|
|
Subjunctive
|
Subject + گفت + که + التزامی
|
او گفت که بخواهد بیاید.
|
正式程度
ایشان اظهار داشتند که تشریف میآورند. (Reporting arrival)
او گفت که میآید. (Reporting arrival)
گفت داره میاد. (Reporting arrival)
گفت داره میاد. (Reporting arrival)
Indirect Speech Components
Connector
- که that
Reporting Verbs
- گفتن to say
- پرسیدن to ask
按水平分级的例句
او گفت که خوب است.
He said that he is fine.
مادر گفت که غذا آماده است.
Mother said that the food is ready.
علی گفت که خسته است.
Ali said that he is tired.
او گفت که میرود.
He said that he is going.
او گفت که نمیتواند بیاید.
He said that he cannot come.
او پرسید که ساعت چند است.
He asked what time it is.
دوستم گفت که امتحان سخت بود.
My friend said that the exam was hard.
او گفت که فردا کار دارد.
He said that he has work tomorrow.
او گفت که اگر وقت داشته باشد، میآید.
He said that if he has time, he will come.
مدیر گفت که باید زودتر بیاییم.
The manager said that we must come earlier.
او ادعا کرد که حقیقت را میداند.
He claimed that he knows the truth.
او پرسید که آیا من آنجا بودم.
He asked whether I was there.
او تأکید کرد که این موضوع بسیار مهم است.
He emphasized that this issue is very important.
آنها گفتند که اگر میدانستند، کمک میکردند.
They said that if they had known, they would have helped.
او پیشنهاد کرد که با هم برویم.
He suggested that we go together.
او گفت که کاش زودتر گفته بود.
He said that he wished he had said it sooner.
او اظهار داشت که هیچگونه دخالتی نداشته است.
He stated that he had no involvement whatsoever.
او متذکر شد که زمان رو به اتمام است.
He noted that time is running out.
او ابراز امیدواری کرد که وضعیت بهتر شود.
He expressed hope that the situation would improve.
او گفت که گویی هیچ اتفاقی نیفتاده است.
He said as if nothing had happened.
وی تصریح کرد که مفاد قرارداد باید بازنگری شود.
He clarified that the contract terms must be reviewed.
او اذعان داشت که در محاسبات اشتباه کرده است.
He admitted that he had made a mistake in the calculations.
او مدعی شد که این نظریه کاملاً بیاساس است.
He claimed that this theory is completely baseless.
او خاطرنشان کرد که این امر مستلزم بررسی دقیق است.
He pointed out that this matter requires careful examination.
容易混淆
Learners often mix the two by using quotes with indirect structures.
Learners often use direct question word order in indirect questions.
Learners often keep the original tense even when the reporting verb is past.
常见错误
او گفت من میآیم
او گفت که میآید
او گفت که من خسته است
او گفت که او خسته است
او گفت که میآیم
او گفت که میآید
او گفت که خسته بودم
او گفت که خسته است
او پرسید که آیا من میآیم؟
او پرسید که آیا میآیم
او گفت که نمیتوانم بیایم
او گفت که نمیتواند بیاید
او گفت که فردا میآمد
او گفت که فردا میآید
او گفت که اگر وقت داشت میآمد
او گفت که اگر وقت داشته باشد میآید
او گفت که باید میرفتم
او گفت که باید بروم
او گفت که کاش میرفتم
او گفت که کاش میرفت
او اظهار داشت که هیچ دخالتی نداشتم
او اظهار داشت که هیچ دخالتی نداشته است
او مدعی شد که این نظریه غلط بود
او مدعی شد که این نظریه غلط است
句型
___ گفت که ___
___ پرسید که ___
او تأکید کرد که ___
او ادعا کرد که ___
Real World Usage
گفت که نمیتونه بیاد.
مدیر گفت که این مهارت لازم است.
او گفت که از این فیلم خوشش آمده.
آنها گفتند که هتل رزرو شده است.
پیک گفت که سفارش آماده است.
سخنگو گفت که توافق حاصل شد.
Pronoun Check
Don't Forget 'که'
Tense Consistency
Spoken vs Written
Smart Tips
Use the subjunctive mood after 'که'.
You can keep the present tense.
Use 'آیا' or the question word after 'که'.
Ensure the negative prefix 'ن' is on the reported verb.
发音
Intonation
The 'که' is usually unstressed and connects directly to the following verb.
Statement
او گفت که میآید ↓
Falling intonation at the end of the sentence.
记住它
记忆技巧
Remember 'K-E' for 'K-onnector E-verywhere'.
视觉联想
Imagine a telephone wire connecting two people. The word 'که' is the wire carrying the message.
Rhyme
When you report what they say, use 'که' along the way.
Story
Ali told me he was hungry. I told my mom: 'Ali said that he is hungry.' My mom then said that she would cook.
Word Web
挑战
Report three things your friends told you today in Persian.
文化笔记
In spoken Tehrani, 'که' is often dropped or merged into the previous word.
In formal writing, 'که' is always included and the verb is conjugated precisely.
Literary Persian often uses more complex reporting verbs like 'اذعان نمودن'.
The structure is derived from the classical Persian use of 'که' as a subordinating conjunction.
对话开场白
دوستت دیروز چی گفت؟
مدیر در جلسه چه گفت؟
به نظرت چرا او گفت که نمیآید؟
در اخبار چه گفتند؟
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
او گفت ___ فردا میآید.
او گفت که ___ خسته است.
Find and fix the mistake:
او گفت که من میآیم.
او گفت: «من کار دارم»
علی: «من خستهام» -> او گفت که ___.
که / گفت / او / میآید
Which is a reporting verb?
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercisesاو گفت ___ فردا میآید.
او گفت که ___ خسته است.
Find and fix the mistake:
او گفت که من میآیم.
او گفت: «من کار دارم»
علی: «من خستهام» -> او گفت که ___.
که / گفت / او / میآید
Which is a reporting verb?
«من میروم» -> ?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesMom said that the food is ready.
Which sentence is more respectful?
او پرسید که کلید ___ است.
Arrange these words:
پدرم گفت که به خانه بروی. (Wait, the report is about ME)
Match these:
رضا ___ میاد.
Choose the best report:
Arrange these words:
They said that they are late.
Score: /10
常见问题 (8)
In formal writing, yes. In casual speech, it is sometimes omitted.
Yes, 'پرسیدن' (ask), 'تأکید کردن' (emphasize), and 'ادعا کردن' (claim) are common.
If you are reporting yourself, you keep 'من'.
Use 'پرسیدن' + 'که' + question word or 'آیا'.
It depends on whether the fact is still true. If it's a permanent fact, you can keep the present tense.
Check your pronoun agreement. It's the most common mistake.
Yes, it is very common in professional emails.
Yes, spoken Tehrani often shortens the structure.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Que
Spanish requires subjunctive mood more strictly in indirect speech.
Que
French has more complex tense sequence rules.
Dass
German word order changes significantly.
To
The particle comes after the verb, not before.
Anna
Arabic grammar is highly inflectional.
Shuo
Chinese lacks a direct equivalent to 'که'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
相关视频
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