C1 Formal Register 20 min read 困难

葡萄牙语正式非人称动词 (Haver, Se)

想在职场或学术圈大展身手？掌握无人称动词就是你的秘密武器！记住，用 haver 表示存在，用 se 隐藏主语，让你的葡语瞬间变得专业又权威。
标记为已学
开始练习

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Master the art of speaking without a subject by using 'haver' for existence and 'se' for passive or general actions.

  • Use 'haver' in the third-person singular to mean 'there is/are': 'Havia muitas pessoas'.
  • Use 'se' with transitive verbs to create passive voice: 'Aluga-se este apartamento'.
  • Use 'se' with intransitive verbs for general statements: 'Vive-se bem aqui'.
Haver (3rd sing) + Object OR Verb + se + (Subject)

Overview

Mastery of the Portuguese formal impersonal verbs, notably haver and the se particle, marks a significant milestone for advanced learners operating at a C1 CEFR level. These structures are not merely grammatical alternatives; they represent a fundamental stylistic choice that enables objectivity, formality, and a deliberate distancing of the agent in communication. They are indispensable for professional and academic contexts, where the focus shifts from personal agency to facts, processes, or general truths.
Understanding their nuanced application allows you to articulate ideas with precision and authority, mirroring the sophisticated discourse of native speakers in formal settings.
At its core, impersonal grammar shifts the semantic weight away from a specific subject performing an action. Instead, the action or state itself becomes central. This linguistic mechanism is prevalent in official documents, scientific reports, news reporting, and formal correspondence, where maintaining a detached, authoritative voice is paramount.
For a C1 learner, grasping these structures means not only recognizing their forms but also internalizing the sociolinguistic context that dictates their appropriate use. It’s about understanding *when* to remove the ‘I’ or ‘we’ from your sentences to elevate your discourse.

How This Grammar Works

Portuguese employs impersonal constructions to convey actions or states without explicitly naming or implying a specific performer. This contrasts with languages like English, which might rely more heavily on the passive voice or indefinite pronouns like one or people. The fundamental linguistic principle at play is the de-emphasis of agency and the foregrounding of the event or state. By stripping away a concrete subject, the sentence acquires a universal, objective, or highly formal quality, making the statement appear self-evident or officially sanctioned.
There are two primary mechanisms for achieving this impersonality in Portuguese: the verb haver used impersonally, and the reflexive particle se in its various impersonal functions. When haver is used impersonally, it functions as a defective verb, meaning it only exists in the third-person singular form, regardless of the plurality of the conceptual object it introduces. This fixed form inherently removes any possibility of a subject concord, thus creating an impersonal statement of existence or occurrence.
For instance, Há muitas questões (There are many questions) clearly states the existence of questions without attributing their presence to anyone.
Similarly, the particle se serves to indetermine the subject. This means that while an action is occurring, the identity of the person or entity performing that action is either unknown, irrelevant, or intentionally concealed. This se can function in two main ways to create impersonal statements: as an impersonal pronoun (índice de indeterminação do sujeito) or as a marker of the synthetic passive (voz passiva sintética).
In both cases, the grammatical structure pivots to highlight the action or the affected entity, rather than the actor. This profound shift is crucial for achieving the C1-level formality and objectivity required in advanced Portuguese communication.

Formation Pattern

1
Mastering formal impersonal verbs in Portuguese requires precise adherence to specific structural patterns. These patterns ensure that the intended objectivity and subject indetermination are clearly conveyed. We'll examine the primary formations, including haver, fazer, the impersonal se, and the synthetic passive se, alongside common fixed expressions.
2
1. Impersonal Haver
3
The verb haver, when used impersonally, strictly functions as a defective verb in the third-person singular across all tenses. It universally means there to be or to exist. It never agrees in number with the noun that follows it, as that noun is technically its direct object, not its subject.
4
| Tense | Form | Example |
5
| :------------- | :-------- | :-------------------------------------- |
6
| Present | há | Há desafios a superar. (There are challenges to overcome.) |
7
| Imperfect | havia | Havia poucas opções. (There were few options.) |
8
| Past Perfect Simple | houve | Houve um erro no relatório. (There was an error in the report.) |
9
| Future Simple | haverá | Haverá uma nova reunião. (There will be a new meeting.) |
10
| Conditional | haveria | Haveria a possibilidade de rever o plano. (There would be a possibility to review the plan.) |
11
| Present Subjunctive | haja | É importante que haja clareza. (It's important that there is clarity.) |
12
It is critical to remember that any attempt to pluralize haver in this context (e.g., *Haviam problemas*) is grammatically incorrect and immediately marks a non-native proficiency level. This rule is absolute when haver signifies existence.
13
2. Impersonal Fazer (for Time and Weather)
14
Similar to haver, fazer can also be used impersonally in the third-person singular when referring to time or weather conditions. In these contexts, it also remains invariant.
15
Faz sol hoje. (It's sunny today.)
16
Faz cinco anos que ele partiu. (It's been five years since he left.)
17
Fazia muito frio. (It was very cold.)
18
3. The Impersonal Se (Índice de Indeterminação do Sujeito)
19
This construction is used with intransitive verbs or transitive indirect verbs (verbs followed by a preposition) to indicate an indefinite human subject. The verb always remains in the third-person singular form, irrespective of the number of the complement or object.
20
Structure: se + verb (3rd person singular)
21
Intransitive Verbs: The action happens, but no one specific is doing it.
22
Nesta empresa, trabalha-se muito. (In this company, one works a lot / people work a lot.)
23
Vive-se bem nesta cidade. (One lives well in this city.)
24
Transitive Indirect Verbs: The action targets an object indirectly via a preposition, and the subject is indefinite.
25
Precisa-se de voluntários. (Volunteers are needed.) — Note: voluntários is the object of de, not the subject of precisar.
26
Necessita-se de mais dados para a análise. (More data is needed for the analysis.)
27
Clitic Placement with Impersonal Se:
28
While the grammatical rule for the verb form is consistent, the placement of se (proclisis vs. enclisis) varies significantly between European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP), particularly in formal contexts. In formal EP, se typically follows the verb unless a magnet word (palavra atrativa) precedes it. In formal BP, proclisis (before the verb) is more common.
29
| Context | European Portuguese (Formal) | Brazilian Portuguese (Formal) |
30
| :---------------- | :--------------------------- | :---------------------------- |
31
| Standard | Diz-se que... | Diz-se que... (often Se diz que... in informal BP) |
32
| After não | Não se diz que... | Não se diz que... |
33
| After que (conjunction) | É importante que se saiba. | É importante que se saiba. |
34
4. The Synthetic Passive Se (Voz Passiva Sintética)
35
This construction is used with transitive direct verbs (verbs that take a direct object without a preposition) where the direct object of the active voice becomes the grammatical subject of the passive construction. Crucially, the verb agrees in number with this grammatical subject.
36
Structure: se + verb (3rd person singular or plural) + grammatical subject
37
Alugam-se apartamentos na área central. (Apartments are rented in the central area.) — apartamentos is plural, so alugar is plural.
38
Vende-se casa com jardim. (A house with a garden is for sale.) — casa is singular, so vender is singular.
39
Produzem-se relatórios detalhados mensalmente. (Detailed reports are produced monthly.)
40
The key distinction from the impersonal se lies in the verb agreement and the absence of a preposition after the verb. If the grammatical subject is singular, the verb is singular; if plural, the verb is plural.
41
5. Formal Fixed Expressions
42
Certain idiomatic expressions are inherently impersonal and formal, often used in official communication or academic discourse. These are fixed in form and do not change.
43
Trata-se de um caso complexo. (It is a complex case / It's about a complex case.)
44
Convém que se faça uma análise. (It is advisable that an analysis be made.)
45
Urge tomar uma decisão. (It is urgent to make a decision.)
46
Cabe-me informar que... (It falls to me to inform that... / I must inform you that...)
47
Salienta-se a importância de... (The importance of... is highlighted.)
48
Memorizing these expressions provides ready-made phrases for high-level formal communication.

When To Use It

The application of formal impersonal verbs is highly context-dependent, serving to elevate the register, promote objectivity, and foster a sense of universality or detachment. As a C1 learner, your ability to strategically deploy these structures will distinguish your Portuguese as truly advanced and professional.
1. Academic and Scientific Writing:
In academic discourse, impersonality ensures that conclusions and observations are presented as objective facts rather than personal opinions. This is crucial for maintaining academic rigor and credibility. The focus is on the research, data, and findings, not on the individual researchers.
  • Observa-se um padrão nos dados recolhidos. (A pattern is observed in the collected data.)
  • Conclui-se que os resultados são consistentes com a hipótese. (It is concluded that the results are consistent with the hypothesis.)
  • Propõe-se uma nova metodologia para o estudo. (A new methodology is proposed for the study.)
2. Official Reports and Administrative Documents:
Government documents, company reports, legal texts, and institutional communications frequently employ impersonal forms to convey authority, formality, and to avoid assigning specific responsibility. This ensures that directives or findings are perceived as institutional rather than individual.
  • Informa-se que a data limite foi alterada. (It is informed that the deadline has been changed.)
  • Solicita-se a apresentação dos documentos necessários. (The submission of the necessary documents is requested.)
  • Verifica-se um aumento na procura por este serviço. (An increase in demand for this service is verified.)
3. News Reporting and Public Announcements:
Journalism often uses impersonal verbs to present information as factual and unbiased, particularly in headlines and objective reporting. Public notices, advertisements, and signs also leverage these structures for clarity and general applicability.
  • Regista-se uma forte queda nas bolsas internacionais. (A sharp fall is registered in international stock markets.)
  • Procuram-se trabalhadores qualificados para o setor. (Qualified workers are sought for the sector.)
  • Avisa-se que a estrada estará encerrada. (It is advised that the road will be closed.)
4. Professional Correspondence (Emails, Memos):
In formal business emails or inter-office memos, impersonal language can convey politeness, respect, and a professional distance. It softens requests or instructions, making them sound less like personal demands and more like standard procedures.
  • Agradece-se a vossa colaboração neste projeto. (Your collaboration on this project is appreciated.)
  • Pede-se que se confirme a presença até sexta-feira. (It is asked that presence be confirmed by Friday.)
  • Convém notar que a agenda da reunião foi distribuída. (It is worth noting that the meeting agenda has been distributed.)
5. General Statements and Maxims:
When articulating general truths, proverbs, or widely accepted principles, impersonal structures lend themselves to a universal tone.
  • Não se deve julgar um livro pela capa. (One should not judge a book by its cover.)
  • Faz-se o que se pode. (One does what one can.)
Conversely, avoid these structures in informal conversations, personal emails to friends, or casual social media posts, where their use would sound unnatural, pretentious, or even robotic. The context of communication is the ultimate determinant for their appropriate application.

Common Mistakes

Even at a C1 level, learners frequently encounter specific pitfalls when navigating Portuguese formal impersonal verbs. These errors often stem from a direct transfer of rules from their native language or a misunderstanding of the subtle distinctions within Portuguese itself. Recognizing and actively correcting these common mistakes is paramount for achieving native-like fluency and precision.
1. Pluralizing Impersonal Haver:
This is perhaps the most ubiquitous and enduring error. The impersonal haver (meaning there to be or to exist) must always remain in the third-person singular. Learners frequently pluralize it to match a following plural noun, mistakenly treating that noun as the subject.
  • Incorrect: *Haviam muitos problemas com o sistema.*
  • Correct: Havia muitos problemas com o sistema. (There were many problems with the system.)
  • Incorrect: *Hão-de haver soluções.*
  • Correct: Há-de haver soluções. (There must be solutions.)
The noun that follows impersonal haver is its direct object, not its subject. The subject of impersonal haver is grammatically null, hence its fixed singular form. Always remember: if haver means to exist, it's há, havia, houve, etc., and *never* hã, haviam, houveram.
2. Confusing Impersonal Se (subject indetermination) with Synthetic Passive Se (passive voice):
This distinction is crucial and hinges on two factors: the type of verb and the presence/absence of a preposition.
  • Impersonal Se: Used with intransitive or transitive indirect verbs (followed by a preposition). The verb always remains singular.
  • Precisa-se de novos métodos. (New methods are needed.) — de is present; novos métodos is the object of de.
  • Synthetic Passive Se: Used with transitive direct verbs (no preposition). The verb agrees in number with the grammatical subject (which was the direct object in the active voice).
  • Vendem-se apartamentos. (Apartments are sold.) — No preposition; apartamentos is the subject, so vender is plural.
Mistake Example: Using the singular verb with the synthetic passive where a plural subject is implied, or vice versa.
  • Incorrect: *Vende-se apartamentos.* (Here, apartamentos is the subject of vender, requiring plural agreement.)
  • Correct: Vendem-se apartamentos.
3. Incorrect Se Placement (Proclisis vs. Enclisis):
While this is a broader topic of clitic placement, it particularly affects the formality and regional authenticity of impersonal se constructions. Formal European Portuguese strongly favors enclisis (-se) unless a specific magnet word (e.g., não, nunca, sempre, que, interrogative pronouns) precedes the verb. Formal Brazilian Portuguese allows proclisis (se ) more broadly, though enclisis is still used in specific formal contexts and with certain verb forms.
  • EP Formal Correct: Discute-se o assunto em reuniões. (The matter is discussed in meetings.)
  • EP Formal Correct (with magnet word): Não se discute o assunto aqui. (The matter is not discussed here.)
  • BP Formal Acceptable (also EP): Não se discute o assunto aqui.
  • BP Formal Common: Se discute o assunto em reuniões. (Though Discute-se is also used formally).
Mistake Example: Using proclisis in formal EP where enclisis is required, which can sound ungrammatical or informal.
  • Incorrect (EP Formal): *Se faz a investigação agora.*
  • Correct (EP Formal): Faz-se a investigação agora.
4. Overuse in Informal Contexts:
Using highly formal impersonal constructions in casual conversations or informal writing sounds unnatural and can create an unintended impression of aloofness or stiffness. The why behind the rule includes social context.
  • Inappropriate: (To a friend) *Convidou-se para a festa amanhã.*
  • Appropriate: (To a friend) Fui convidado para a festa amanhã. (I was invited to the party tomorrow.) or Há uma festa amanhã. (There's a party tomorrow.)
5. Misidentifying Verb Transitivity:
Uncertainty about whether a verb is transitive direct, transitive indirect, or intransitive can lead to incorrect choices between the impersonal se and the synthetic passive se. Consult a dictionary or grammar reference if unsure about a verb's transitivity.
  • Example: Agradecer is transitive indirect when followed by the person (agradecer a alguém) but transitive direct for the thing (agradecer algo).
  • Agradece-se o apoio. (The support is appreciated.) — Synthetic Passive, apoio is direct object, verb singular for singular subject apoio.
  • Agradece-se aos colaboradores. (Thanks are given to the collaborators.) — Impersonal se, aos colaboradores is indirect object, verb singular.
Careful attention to these distinctions, combined with consistent practice, will refine your use of these sophisticated grammatical tools.

Real Conversations

Understanding how formal impersonal verbs manifest in genuine Portuguese communication is vital for C1 learners. Beyond textbook examples, these structures are deeply embedded in the professional, academic, and public spheres of Portuguese-speaking countries. They reflect a cultural preference for indirectness and objectivity in certain registers, often prioritizing the message over the messenger.

1. Professional Emails and Official Correspondence:

In business, government, and institutional communication, impersonal verbs maintain a polite yet firm tone, avoiding direct commands and fostering an environment of shared responsibility or institutional directives.

- Context: Email regarding a project update.

- Informa-se que o prazo de entrega foi estendido para a próxima semana, devido a imprevistos técnicos. (It is informed that the delivery deadline has been extended to next week, due to technical unforeseen circumstances.)

- Context: Official memo requesting action.

- Pede-se a todos os colaboradores que confirmem a leitura deste comunicado até ao final do dia. (It is requested that all employees confirm the reading of this communication by the end of the day.)

2. Academic Papers and Research Presentations:

Scientific and scholarly discourse relies heavily on impersonal constructions to present findings and arguments as objective and universally applicable truths, rather than personal interpretations. This maintains academic distance and credibility.

- Context: Research paper abstract.

- Verifica-se uma correlação significativa entre os dois fatores estudados, sugerindo-se futuras investigações. (A significant correlation is verified between the two factors studied, suggesting future investigations.)

- Context: Conclusion of a thesis chapter.

- Conclui-se que a hipótese inicial foi parcialmente confirmada, sendo necessária uma análise mais aprofundada. (It is concluded that the initial hypothesis was partially confirmed, with a more in-depth analysis being necessary.)

3. News Articles and Public Notices:

Journalism, especially in formal news reporting, uses impersonal verbs to convey information factually and neutrally. Public announcements, safety warnings, and advertisements also adopt this style for broad communication.

- Context: News headline or opening paragraph.

- Regista-se um aumento preocupante nos casos de fraude online na região. (A worrying increase in online fraud cases is registered in the region.)

- Context: Public sign in a museum.

- Não se toca nas obras de arte. (The artworks are not to be touched.)

4. Cultural Nuance: Indirectness and Politeness:

Beyond strict grammatical rules, the preference for impersonal constructions in formal Portuguese reflects a cultural value placed on indirect communication and politeness, especially in professional hierarchies. Directly saying Eu peço (I ask) or Nós informamos (We inform) can sometimes be perceived as overly direct or even presumptuous in very formal settings. The impersonal form provides a softer, more deferential approach.

For instance, rather than a direct Devíamos falar sobre isto (We should talk about this), a manager might use Convém que se fale sobre este assunto. (It is advisable that this matter be discussed.) This subtly shifts the responsibility for the need to discuss from the individual manager to a generalized, objective necessity, making the suggestion less confrontational.

5. Legal and Bureaucratic Language:

Legal documents and bureaucratic forms are rife with impersonal verbs, precisely because they need to be unambiguous, universally applicable, and devoid of personal bias or interpretation.

- Considera-se o presente contrato nulo em caso de incumprimento. (The present contract is considered void in case of non-compliance.)

- Aplicam-se as disposições legais em vigor. (The legal provisions in force are applied.)

By immersing yourself in authentic C1-level Portuguese content, you will increasingly recognize these patterns and internalize the contexts in which native speakers instinctively choose impersonal forms over more direct, personal ones. This observational learning is key to developing your own sophisticated usage.

Quick FAQ

This section addresses common questions that C1 learners often have, aiming to clarify lingering doubts and reinforce the nuanced understanding required for mastery of formal impersonal verbs.
Q1: Is impersonal haver *always* singular?
A: Yes, absolutely. When haver means there to be or to exist, it functions as a defective, impersonal verb and must always remain in the third-person singular (há, havia, houve, haverá, haveria, haja). It never agrees with the following noun, which is its direct object.
For example, Há muitas pessoas na sala (There are many people in the room), not *Hão muitas pessoas*. The only exception is when haver is used with a personal subject, meaning to have (e.g., Eu hei de ir - I will go), but this is a distinct usage and not the impersonal form in question.
Q2: How do I distinguish between the impersonal se (subject indetermination) and the reflexive se?
A: This distinction is critical. The impersonal se (índice de indeterminação do sujeito) indicates an indefinite human subject and is used with intransitive or transitive indirect verbs (followed by a preposition). The verb is *always* singular.
For example, Pensa-se em soluções (One thinks about solutions).
In contrast, the reflexive se indicates that the subject performs and receives the action. It can be a true reflexive (Ele veste-se) or reciprocal (Eles abraçam-se). The verb agrees with its subject, and there's no ambiguity about who is acting. Consider:
  • Ele vê-se no espelho. (He sees himself in the mirror.) — Reflexive se, ele is the subject.
  • Vê-se bem daqui. (One sees well from here.) — Impersonal se, indefinite subject, verb singular.
If the action can realistically be performed *by* the subject *to* itself, it's likely reflexive. If the subject is vague and human, and the verb is intransitive or transitive indirect, it's typically the impersonal se.
Q3: What's the relationship between the impersonal se and a gente?
A: Both se (impersonal) and a gente (literally the people) can express a generalized, indefinite subject, roughly equivalent to English one, we, or people. However, their registers are drastically different. A gente is highly informal and extremely common in spoken Brazilian Portuguese and increasingly in informal European Portuguese, replacing nós in many contexts. For example, A gente faz isso amanhã (We'll do that tomorrow).
Conversely, the impersonal se maintains a formal, objective, or academic tone. Using a gente in a formal C1-level context (like an academic paper or business email) would be a significant stylistic misstep, appearing overly casual and unprofessional. While they share a semantic function, their pragmatic usage is poles apart.
For a C1 learner, knowing *when not* to use a gente is as important as knowing when to use impersonal se.
Q4: Can the synthetic passive se (Vendem-se casas) be replaced by the analytical passive (Casas são vendidas)? What's the difference?
A: Yes, in many contexts, the synthetic passive se can be replaced by the analytical passive. Both convey a passive meaning. The primary difference lies in style and emphasis.
The synthetic passive se (Vendem-se casas) is generally more concise, common, and often preferred in contemporary Portuguese, particularly in public notices, advertising, and formal written communication. It focuses directly on the action and the result. The analytical passive (Casas são vendidas) is formed with ser + past participle and can feel slightly more formal, heavier, or more emphatic on the state resulting from the action.
It can also be more ambiguous if the agent is mentioned. At a C1 level, you should be comfortable using both, but recognize the synthetic passive se as a more idiomatic and frequently used construction for general passive statements.
Q5: Why is this level of nuance considered C1?
A: This grammar point is C1 because it moves beyond basic comprehension and formation into the realm of stylistic choice, register control, and subtle differentiation. A C1 learner must not only correctly form these structures but also understand the specific contexts—formal, academic, professional, public—in which they are appropriate. It involves distinguishing between superficially similar constructions (e.g., impersonal se vs.
synthetic passive se), understanding regional preferences (EP vs. BP se placement), and grasping the sociolinguistic implications of choosing an impersonal form over a personal one. It's about wielding Portuguese not just accurately, but artfully, to convey precise meaning and maintain the desired tone in complex communication scenarios.
It signifies a profound grasp of the language's internal logic and its cultural dimensions.

Impersonal Haver (Existential)

Tense Singular Form Example
Present
Há
Há um erro.
Imperfect
Havia
Havia erros.
Perfect
Houve
Houve erros.
Future
Haverá
Haverá erros.
Conditional
Haveria
Haveria erros.

Meanings

These constructions allow speakers to describe events or states without identifying a specific agent, essential for formal and objective communication.

1

Existential Haver

Indicates the existence of something, replacing 'ter' in formal contexts.

“Havia muitos problemas na reunião.”

“Houve um acidente ontem.”

2

Passive Se

Used when the object of the action is the focus, often seen in advertisements.

“Alugam-se quartos.”

“Vendem-se livros.”

3

Indeterminate Se

Used for general, impersonal statements about human activity.

“Vive-se bem nesta cidade.”

“Trabalha-se muito aqui.”

Reference Table

Reference table for 葡萄牙语正式非人称动词 (Haver, Se)
结构 使用规则 葡萄牙语例句 中文翻译
Haver (表示存在)
永远用单数
Há dúvidas.
存在一些疑问。
Fazer (表示时间)
永远用单数
Faz anos.
已经好几年了。
无人称 'Se'
动词 + 'se' + 介词
Trata-se de...
关于... / 涉及...
被动 'Se'
动词需与宾语保持一致
Vende-se casa.
房屋出售。
正式引入语
固定表达
Cabe referir que...
值得一提的是...
天气动词
无主语
Choveu muito.
下了很大的雨。
Convém / Urge
指示性表达
Convém estudar.
建议多学习。

正式程度

正式
Há uma casa à venda.

Há uma casa à venda. (Real Estate)

中性
Tem uma casa à venda.

Tem uma casa à venda. (Real Estate)

非正式
Tem uma casa pra vender.

Tem uma casa pra vender. (Real Estate)

俚语
Tem uma casa aí.

Tem uma casa aí. (Real Estate)

无人称类型

无人称

自然现象

  • Chover 下雨
  • Trovoar 打雷

时间/存在

  • Haver 存在/有
  • Fazer 时间流逝

无人称 Se vs 被动 Se

无人称 Se
Precisa-se de técnicos 需要技术人员 (动词单数)
被动 Se
Contratam-se técnicos 招聘技术人员 (动词复数一致)

我能把动词变成复数吗？

1

是表示'存在'的动词 'Haver' 吗？

YES
永远用单数！
NO
检查是否有 'Se'
2

在 'Se' 后面有介词吗？

YES
永远用单数！
NO ↓

C1 级别表达

⚖️

必要性

  • • Urge
  • • Convém
  • • Cumpre
👁️

观察结果

  • • Nota-se
  • • Constata-se
  • • Verifica-se
免费注册阅读完整解释

按水平分级的例句

1

Há um livro.

There is a book.

2

Há dois livros.

There are two books.

3

Vende-se pão.

Bread is sold.

4

Vive-se bem.

One lives well.

1

Havia muitas pessoas.

There were many people.

2

Alugam-se casas.

Houses are for rent.

3

Precisa-se de ajuda.

Help is needed.

4

Houve um problema.

There was a problem.

1

Haverá mudanças em breve.

There will be changes soon.

2

Compram-se carros usados.

Used cars are bought.

3

Fala-se muito sobre isso.

It is talked about a lot.

4

Não se deve fazer isso.

One should not do that.

1

Havia de haver uma solução.

There had to be a solution.

2

Consertam-se relógios antigos.

Antique watches are repaired.

3

Trabalha-se melhor em silêncio.

One works better in silence.

4

Houve por bem cancelar.

It was deemed appropriate to cancel.

1

Haveria de haver mais rigor.

There should have been more rigor.

2

Publicaram-se os resultados.

The results were published.

3

Conclui-se que o projeto é viável.

It is concluded that the project is viable.

4

Houve-se por bem notificar.

It was considered proper to notify.

1

Haverá de ser considerado o mérito.

The merit shall be considered.

2

Discutiram-se as propostas exaustivamente.

The proposals were discussed exhaustively.

3

Sabe-se que a teoria é complexa.

It is known that the theory is complex.

4

Houve-se com prudência.

One acted with prudence.

容易混淆

Portuguese Formal Impersonal Verbs (Haver, Se) 对比 Ter vs Haver

Both mean 'to have' or 'there is', but 'ter' is informal.

Portuguese Formal Impersonal Verbs (Haver, Se) 对比 Passive Se vs Indeterminate Se

Both use 'se', but one agrees with the object.

Portuguese Formal Impersonal Verbs (Haver, Se) 对比 Haver (existential) vs Haver (auxiliary)

Haver can be an auxiliary verb in compound tenses.

常见错误

✗

Haviam pessoas

✓

Havia pessoas

Haver is always singular.
✗

Aluga-se casas

✓

Alugam-se casas

Passive se requires agreement.
✗

Precisa-se de funcionários

✓

Precisam-se de funcionários

Wait, this is actually correct as singular! Mistake is pluralizing it.
✗

Haverão problemas

✓

Haverá problemas

Future tense of haver is still singular.

句型

Há ___ aqui.

___-se este apartamento.

Vive-se ___ nesta cidade.

Haverá de ___ uma solução.

Real World Usage

Job Posting very common

Precisa-se de vendedor.

News Report common

Roubou-se um banco.

Academic Paper constant

Conclui-se que...

Public Signage common

Alugam-se quartos.

Formal Email occasional

Houve por bem...

Social Media occasional

Fala-se muito de...

免费注册查看所有例句
⚠️

Haver 的复数陷阱

永远别说 Haviam！这是连母语者都常犯的错。在正式写作中，haver 表示“存在”时永远是单数：
Havia muitas pessoas na sala.
🎯

介词 De 的暗示

如果你在 se 后面看到了介词 de（比如 Trata-se de），那这个动词百分百是无人称的，必须保持单数：
Precisa-se de novos funcionários.
💬

葡萄牙与巴西的差异

在葡萄牙，把 se 放在动词后是优雅的标配：
Diz-se que vai chover.
而在巴西，虽然这也很正式，但媒体上更常听到前置的用法：
Se diz que vai chover.

Smart Tips

Replace all instances of 'ter' with 'haver'.

Tem muitos dados aqui. → Há muitos dados aqui.

Use passive 'se' for clarity.

Vendemos casas. → Vendem-se casas.

Use 'se' with the verb.

As pessoas vivem bem aqui. → Vive-se bem aqui.

Check if the object is the subject.

Aluga-se casas. → Alugam-se casas.

发音

/a'veɾ/

Haver

The 'h' is silent.

Formal tone

Haverá... (falling intonation)

Certainty and objectivity.

记住它

记忆技巧

Haver is a loner; it never joins the plural crowd. Se is a chameleon; it changes to match the object.

视觉联想

Imagine a sign that says 'Haver' in a singular box, and a 'Se' mirror reflecting a plural object.

Rhyme

Haver é singular, não tente pluralizar. Se concorda com o objeto, para o passive completar.

Story

In a formal office, Mr. Haver sits alone at his desk. He refuses to pluralize his work. Meanwhile, Ms. Se is constantly changing her outfit to match the objects she is selling, making sure everything is perfectly balanced.

Word Web

HáHaviaHouveHaveráSeVende-seAluga-seVive-se

挑战

Write three sentences about your city using 'Haver' and 'Se' in the next 5 minutes.

文化笔记

In informal Brazilian Portuguese, 'ter' is used for existence, but 'haver' is still used in formal writing.

European Portuguese speakers use 'haver' more frequently in speech than Brazilians.

Impersonal structures are the standard for thesis writing.

Derived from Latin 'habere' (to have).

对话开场白

“

Como se diz isso em português?

“

O que se espera de um bom aluno?

“

Haverá mudanças no seu trabalho?

“

Como se resolve esse problema?

日记主题

Descreva sua cidade usando 'Vive-se'.
Escreva um anúncio de emprego.
Discuta um problema social.
Reflita sobre o futuro.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Incorrect

正确

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

用正确的无人称 "haver" 形式填空。

No passado, ______ muitas restrições à entrada de turistas.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: havia
无人称的 haver（表示存在）永远是单数，即使后面的宾语是复数。
哪句话的格式最适合正式报告？ 多项选择

Choose the most professional option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Precisa-se de novas ideias.
Precisa-se 使用了无人称的 se 来营造客观的语气，非常适合正式报告。
找出并纠正这句正式表达中的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Tratam-se de documentos confidenciais.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Trata-se de documentos confidenciais.
固定表达 Tratar-se de 永远使用第三人称单数。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct form of 'haver'.

___ muitos problemas ontem.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Havia
Haver is always singular.
Choose the correct passive construction. 多项选择

___ casas para alugar.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se
Casas is plural, so the verb must be plural.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Haviam muitas pessoas na festa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Havia muitas pessoas
Haver is always singular.
Transform to passive 'se'. Sentence Transformation

Eles vendem livros.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vendem-se livros
Agreement with 'livros'.
Conjugate 'haver' in the future. Conjugation Drill

___ uma reunião.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haverá
Singular only.
Match the structure to its function. Match Pairs

Havia / Vendem-se / Vive-se

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Exist / Passive / General
Correct mapping.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

bem / vive-se / aqui

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vive-se bem aqui
Standard word order.
Select the formal option. 多项选择

___ um erro no documento.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Há
Most formal.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
用正确的无人称动词完成句子。 填空

______ (Fazer) dez anos que a empresa foi fundada.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Faz
纠正这句话中的一致性错误。 Error Correction

Aluga-se escritórios no centro da cidade.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alugam-se escritórios no centro da cidade.
重新排列单词，组成一个正式的无人称句子。 Sentence Reorder

de / Trata / um / se / erro / técnico / .

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Trata-se de um erro técnico.
使用无人称 "se" 将其翻译成正式的葡萄牙语。 翻译

One eats well in Portugal.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Come-se bem em Portugal.
哪个动词最符合表示“必要性”的正式语境？ 多项选择

______ tomar medidas imediatas contra o cibercrime.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Urge
将非正式短语与其正式的无人称对应形式配对。 Match Pairs

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A gente diz | Diz-se
使用 "notar" 的正式无人称形式。 填空

______ uma mudança no comportamento do consumidor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nota-se
为正式邮件纠正代词的位置（欧洲葡萄牙语）。 Error Correction

Se solicita a vossa atenção.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Solicita-se a vossa atenção.
选择正确使用天气动词的句子。 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ontem choveram pedras de gelo.
完成这句法律免责声明。 填空

Não ______ (ser) permitida a entrada de menores.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: é

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

In informal speech, yes. In formal writing, no.

No, never when it means 'there is'.

If there is an object that can be the subject, it's passive.

Because 'de funcionários' is a prepositional phrase, not the subject.

Yes, especially in formal documents and news.

The verb must be plural.

Passive 'se' is very common on signs.

'Há' is present, 'houve' is past.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

免费注册开始练习

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Hay

None, very similar.

French moderate

Il y a

French uses a fixed phrase, not just one verb.

German moderate

Es gibt

German uses a different root.

Japanese low

ga aru

Completely different structure.

Arabic low

yūjad

Different root and syntax.

Chinese low

yǒu

Chinese does not conjugate verbs.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
葡萄牙语客观性：非人称与正式写作 (se)
Next
正式研究短语：像专业人士一样展示数据

Learn These First

C1 Builds On

非人称 Se（正式用法）

Overview The impersonal `se` stands as a cornerstone of advanced Portuguese grammar, crucial for expressing actions or s...

相关视频

Registro Formal e Registro Informal da Língua - Revisão 4:35 YouTube

Registro Formal e Registro Informal da Língua - Revisão

Luís Nicácio

Related Grammar Rules

C1

正式让步：听起来更专业 (Conquanto, Ainda que)

Overview At a C1 proficiency level in Portuguese, mastering the nuances of formal concession is essential for expressing...
C1

职业素养：提升你的葡萄牙语词汇量（正式语体）

Overview At the C1 level of Portuguese, fluency shifts from mere communication to influential expression. The formal re...
C1

正式定义与澄清 (trata-se de, ou seja)

Overview At the C1 proficiency level, learners of Portuguese encounter a critical shift in linguistic demands: the neces...
C1

Nunca 与 Jamais：在葡萄牙语中表达“绝不”

Overview Mastering negation is fundamental in any language, and in Portuguese, the adverbs `nunca` and `jamais` both con...
C2

掌握语域转换 (Tu, Você, O Senhor)

### Overview 在葡萄牙语的学习进程中，当你达到C2（母语者水平）时，语法正确性已不再是终极目标，真正的挑战在于“语域切换”（R...
Was this helpful?

评论 (0)

登录后评论
还没有评论。成为第一个分享想法的人！