B2 Advanced Syntax 16 min read मध्यम

परोक्ष कथन (उसने कहा कि...)

When reporting the past, shift Present to Imperfect, Future to Conditional, and adjust 'here' to 'there'.

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Indirect speech allows you to report what someone else said by shifting tenses and pronouns to match the current perspective.

  • Use 'que' to connect the reporting verb to the reported clause: 'Ele disse que ia.'
  • Shift verb tenses back (e.g., Present to Imperfect): 'Eu vou' becomes 'Ele disse que ia'.
  • Adjust pronouns and time markers to fit the new context: 'amanhã' becomes 'no dia seguinte'.
Reporting Verb (dizer/falar) + que + [Shifted Clause]

Overview

### Overview
नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese व्याकरण के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प हिस्से पर बात करेंगे—Discurso Indireto (Indirect Speech)। अगर तुम B2 लेवल पर हो, तो तुम्हें यह पता होगा कि सिर्फ बातें कहना काफी नहीं है, बल्कि दूसरों की कही हुई बातों को अपनी कहानी में पिरोना भी आना चाहिए। हिंदी में हम इसे 'अप्रत्यक्ष कथन' कहते हैं।
देखो, जब हम किसी की बात को ज्यों का त्यों (Direct Speech) नहीं, बल्कि अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं, तो उसे Discurso Indireto कहते हैं। हिंदी में हम अक्सर 'उसने कहा कि वह जा रहा है' या 'उसने कहा कि वह जा रहा था' जैसे वाक्यों का प्रयोग करते हैं। Portuguese में यह प्रक्रिया थोड़ी अधिक गणितीय (mathematical) है। यहाँ काल (tense) का बदलाव बहुत सटीक होता है। अगर तुम इसे सही से नहीं समझते, तो तुम्हारी बात सुनने वाले को भ्रम हो सकता है। यह सिर्फ व्याकरण का नियम नहीं है, बल्कि यह तुम्हारे सोचने के तरीके का विस्तार है। जैसे तुम हिंदी में 'कहा कि' के बाद क्रिया का रूप बदलते हो, वैसे ही Portuguese में dizer (कहना) या perguntar (पूछना) जैसे क्रियाओं के बाद alternância temporal (काल का बदलाव) अनिवार्य है। यह टॉपिक B2 लेवल के लिए इसलिए जरूरी है क्योंकि यह तुम्हारी भाषा में 'फ्लो' और 'परिपक्वता' (maturity) लाता है।
### How This Grammar Works
Portuguese में जब हम Discurso Indireto का उपयोग करते हैं, तो मुख्य नियम है 'Tense Backshift'। इसे तुम ऐसे समझो कि जैसे हिंदी में हम 'भूतकाल' की रिपोर्टिंग करते समय क्रिया को पीछे धकेलते हैं। अगर रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब (जैसे disse - उसने कहा) पास्ट में है, तो अंदर की बात भी पास्ट में चली जाएगी।
हिंदी में हम कहते हैं: «उसने कहा कि वह काम कर रहा है» (अगर वह अभी भी कर रहा है) या «उसने कहा कि वह काम कर रहा था»। Portuguese में, अगर मुख्य क्रिया पास्ट में है, तो Presente हमेशा Pretérito Imperfeito बन जाता है। यह एक 'शिफ्ट' है।
उदाहरण के लिए:
  • Direct: Ele disse: 'Eu como muito.' (उसने कहा: 'मैं बहुत खाता हूँ।')
  • Indirect: Ele disse que comia muito. (उसने कहा कि वह बहुत खाता था।)
यहाँ como (Presente) बदलकर comia (Pretérito Imperfeito) हो गया। यह हिंदी के 'ता था' वाले स्ट्रक्चर जैसा ही है।
नीचे दी गई तालिका देखो:
| Direct Speech (Original) | Indirect Speech (Reporting in Past) | हिंदी तुलना |
|---|---|---|
| Presente | Pretérito Imperfeito | वर्तमान -> भूतकाल |
| Pretérito Perfeito | Pretérito Mais-Que-Perfeito | सामान्य भूत -> पूर्ण भूत |
| Futuro do Presente | Futuro do Pretérito | भविष्य -> भविष्य का भूत (Conditional) |
यह 'backshifting' हिंदी भाषियों के लिए समझना आसान है क्योंकि हिंदी में भी हम 'कल क्या हुआ था' बताते समय क्रियाओं को भूतकाल में ही रखते हैं। बस अंतर यह है कि Portuguese में इसके नियम बहुत कठोर (strict) हैं।
### Formation Pattern
इसे बनाने के लिए 4 स्टेप्स याद रखो:
  1. 1रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब का चुनाव (जैसे disse, perguntou)।
  2. 2कनेक्टर का प्रयोग (जैसे que या se)।
  3. 3टेंस का बैकशिफ्ट (ऊपर दी गई तालिका के अनुसार)।
  4. 4सर्वनाम (Pronouns) और समय/स्थान के शब्दों का बदलाव।
| Situation | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Statement | Verbo (passado) + que + verbo (backshifted) | Ele disse que estudava. |
| Yes/No Question | Verbo (passado) + se + verbo (backshifted) | Ele perguntou se eu estudava. |
| Command | Verbo (passado) + para + infinitivo | Ele pediu para eu estudar. |
देखो, अगर तुम किसी से पूछ रहे हो: Você vem? (क्या तुम आ रहे हो?), तो Indirect में यह हो जाएगा: Ele perguntou se eu vinha. यहाँ 'se' का प्रयोग हिंदी के 'क्या' या 'कि क्या' के बराबर है।
### When To Use It
इसका उपयोग तब होता है जब तुम किसी मीटिंग की रिपोर्ट दे रहे हो, किसी दोस्त को कोई पुरानी बात बता रहे हो, या कोई खबर सुना रहे हो। जैसे ऑफिस में तुम अपने बॉस को कह रहे हो: O cliente disse que o projeto estaria pronto amanhã. (क्लाइंट ने कहा कि प्रोजेक्ट कल तैयार होगा)।
यह केवल फॉर्मल नहीं, बल्कि डेली लाइफ में भी बहुत काम आता है। मान लो तुम चाय की दुकान पर अपने दोस्त के बारे में बात कर रहे हो: «अरे, उसने कल कहा था कि वह आज मूवी देखने जाएगा।» Portuguese में: Ele disse ontem que iria ao cinema hoje. यह 'रिपोर्टिंग' तुम्हारी बातचीत को प्रोफेशनल और स्पष्ट बनाती है। यह 'गॉसिप' (gossip) करने के लिए भी सबसे बेस्ट ग्रामर है!
### Common Mistakes
  1. 1Tense Consistency (काल का मेल न होना): हिंदी भाषी अक्सर रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब को पास्ट में रखते हैं लेकिन अंदर की क्रिया को प्रेजेंट में ही छोड़ देते हैं।
  • गलत: Ele disse que ele está cansado.
  • सही: Ele disse que ele estava cansado.
  • कारण: हिंदी में हम कभी-कभी 'उसने कहा कि वह थक गया है' बोल देते हैं, इसलिए हमें लगता है कि Portuguese में भी 'está' चलेगा। पर नहीं, यहाँ estava ही लगेगा।
  1. 1Pronoun Confusion: Eu को Ele में न बदलना।
  • गलत: Ele disse que eu fui ao cinema. (अगर कहने वाला वह खुद था)
  • सही: Ele disse que ele foi ao cinema.
  • कारण: हिंदी में 'मैं' का प्रयोग संदर्भ के हिसाब से बदलता है, लेकिन Portuguese में रिपोर्ट करते समय सर्वनाम को रिपोर्टर के नजरिए से बदलना पड़ता है।
  1. 1Time Expressions: 'Amanhã' को न बदलना।
  • गलत: Ele disse que viria amanhã.
  • सही: Ele disse que viria no dia seguinte.
  • कारण: L1 interference के कारण हम सोचते हैं कि 'कल' (कल ही) रहेगा, लेकिन Indirect speech में 'कल' का मतलब उस दिन के हिसाब से बदल जाता है।
### Contrast With Similar Patterns
| Feature | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|---|
| Punctuation | Uses quotes/dashes | Uses conjunctions (que/se) |
| Tense | Original tense | Shifted tense |
| Perspective | First person (I) | Third person (He/She) |
ये दोनों ही स्ट्रक्चर बातचीत में जरूरी हैं, लेकिन Indirect Speech का उपयोग तब करें जब आप बात का 'सार' (essence) बताना चाहते हैं, न कि उसके शब्द।
### Quick FAQ
  1. 1क्या हमेशा टेंस बदलना पड़ता है?
  • अगर रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब प्रेजेंट में है (Ele diz que...), तो टेंस नहीं बदलता। सिर्फ पास्ट में बदलने की जरूरत होती है।
  1. 1क्या Pretérito Mais-Que-Perfeito बहुत कठिन है?
  • बोलचाल की भाषा में tinha + Particípio (Compound) का प्रयोग करो, यह एकदम सही है।
  1. 1क्या प्रश्न पूछते समय 'que' लगा सकते हैं?
  • नहीं, प्रश्नों के लिए se या प्रश्नवाचक शब्द (onde, quando, quem) का ही प्रयोग करें।
बस इतना ही! इसे प्रैक्टिस करो, और अगली बार जब तुम किसी को कुछ बताओ, तो Indirect Speech का इस्तेमाल करने की कोशिश करो। समझे?

Tense Backshifting Table

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Presente (Eu como)
Imperfeito (Ele comia)
Pretérito Perfeito (Eu comi)
Mais-que-perfeito (Ele comera/tinha comido)
Futuro do Presente (Eu comerei)
Futuro do Pretérito (Ele comeria)
Imperativo (Coma!)
Subjuntivo/Infinitivo (Ele pediu para comer)

Meanings

Indirect speech is used to convey the content of someone else's words without quoting them directly. It requires adjusting verb tenses, pronouns, and temporal expressions.

1

Reporting statements

Relaying information or opinions.

“Ele disse que viria.”

“Ela afirmou que não sabia.”

2

Reporting questions

Relaying questions using 'se' or 'o que'.

“Ele perguntou se eu ia.”

“Ela quis saber o que eu fiz.”

3

Reporting commands

Relaying orders or requests using the infinitive.

“Ele pediu para eu sair.”

“Ela mandou eu estudar.”

Reference Table

Reference table for परोक्ष कथन (उसने कहा कि...)
Form Structure Example
Statement
Verb + que + Clause
Ele disse que ia.
Yes/No Question
Verb + se + Clause
Ele perguntou se eu ia.
Wh- Question
Verb + Question Word + Clause
Ele perguntou onde eu ia.
Command
Verb + para + Infinitive
Ele pediu para eu ir.
Negative
Verb + que + não + Clause
Ele disse que não ia.
Future
Verb + que + Conditional
Ele disse que iria.

औपचारिकता का स्तर

औपचारिक
Ele declarou que estava ocupado.

Ele declarou que estava ocupado. (Professional vs casual)

तटस्थ
Ele disse que estava ocupado.

Ele disse que estava ocupado. (Professional vs casual)

अनौपचारिक
Ele falou que tava ocupado.

Ele falou que tava ocupado. (Professional vs casual)

बोलचाल
Ele disse que tava na correria.

Ele disse que tava na correria. (Professional vs casual)

Indirect Speech Components

Indirect Speech

Reporting Verbs

  • dizer to say
  • perguntar to ask
  • afirmar to state

Shifts

  • Tense Backshift
  • Pronoun Person change
  • Time Temporal marker

स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण

1

Ele disse que gosta de café.

He said that he likes coffee.

2

Ela disse que estuda muito.

She said that she studies a lot.

3

Ele disse que está feliz.

He said that he is happy.

4

Ela disse que vai ao cinema.

She said that she is going to the cinema.

1

Ele disse que comeu pizza.

He said that he ate pizza.

2

Ela disse que não sabia.

She said that she didn't know.

3

Eles disseram que estavam cansados.

They said that they were tired.

4

Ele disse que comprou um carro.

He said that he bought a car.

1

Ele disse que viria à festa.

He said that he would come to the party.

2

Ela perguntou se eu tinha visto o filme.

She asked if I had seen the movie.

3

Eles comentaram que gostariam de viajar.

They commented that they would like to travel.

4

Ele afirmou que terminaria o trabalho.

He stated that he would finish the work.

1

O gerente disse que a reunião seria adiada.

The manager said the meeting would be postponed.

2

Ela indagou se eu estaria disponível no dia seguinte.

She asked if I would be available the next day.

3

Eles declararam que não tinham conhecimento do fato.

They declared they had no knowledge of the fact.

4

Ele perguntou o que eu faria naquela situação.

He asked what I would do in that situation.

1

O porta-voz asseverou que as medidas seriam implementadas.

The spokesperson asserted that the measures would be implemented.

2

Ela alegou que não fora informada sobre a decisão.

She claimed she had not been informed about the decision.

3

Eles questionaram se a proposta teria sido analisada.

They questioned if the proposal had been analyzed.

4

Ele sustentou que a teoria carecia de evidências.

He maintained that the theory lacked evidence.

1

O autor observou que, caso houvesse tempo, ele teria escrito mais.

The author observed that, had there been time, he would have written more.

2

Ela ponderou se, porventura, a solução não residisse no diálogo.

She pondered if, perhaps, the solution did not lie in dialogue.

3

Eles argumentaram que, embora fosse difícil, a tarefa fora concluída.

They argued that, although it was difficult, the task had been completed.

4

Ele ressaltou que, se tivessem agido antes, o resultado seria outro.

He highlighted that, if they had acted earlier, the result would be different.

आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले

Indirect Speech (He said that...) बनाम Direct vs Indirect Speech

Learners mix up the tense shifts.

Indirect Speech (He said that...) बनाम Dizer vs Falar

Learners use them interchangeably.

Indirect Speech (He said that...) बनाम Que vs Se

Using 'que' for questions.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Ele disse que eu sou feliz.

Ele disse que ele era feliz.

Pronoun mismatch.

Ele disse que vou.

Ele disse que ia.

No backshift.

Ele disse: eu vou.

Ele disse que ia.

Using direct speech instead of indirect.

Ele falou que eu vou.

Ele disse que ia.

Wrong reporting verb choice.

Ele perguntou que eu vou.

Ele perguntou se eu ia.

Wrong conjunction for questions.

Ele disse que come.

Ele disse que comia.

Tense mismatch.

Ele disse que amanhã vou.

Ele disse que no dia seguinte ia.

Time marker not shifted.

Ele disse que virá.

Ele disse que viria.

Future instead of conditional.

Ele pediu para que eu vou.

Ele pediu para eu ir.

Wrong structure for commands.

Ele disse que tinha comido.

Ele disse que comera.

Overusing compound tenses.

Ele alegou que não foi informado.

Ele alegou que não fora informado.

Missing literary pluperfect.

Ele disse que, se ele soubesse, ele viria.

Ele disse que, se soubesse, viria.

Redundant pronouns.

Ele questionou se a proposta teria analisada.

Ele questionou se a proposta teria sido analisada.

Missing auxiliary verb.

Ele disse que a reunião foi ontem.

Ele disse que a reunião fora no dia anterior.

Time marker mismatch.

वाक्य संरचनाएँ

Ele disse que ___.

Ela perguntou se ___.

Eles comentaram que ___.

O gerente afirmou que ___.

Real World Usage

Social Media very common

Ela postou que estava na praia.

Job Interview common

O recrutador disse que a empresa valorizava a inovação.

Texting constant

Ele falou que já tava chegando.

News Report very common

O governo afirmou que as medidas seriam mantidas.

Food Delivery occasional

O entregador disse que o pedido estava pronto.

Academic Paper common

O autor sustenta que os dados são inconclusivos.

💡

Check your tenses

Always ask: did this happen in the past? If yes, backshift!
⚠️

Pronoun traps

Don't forget to change 'Eu' to 'Ele/Ela' or 'Nós' to 'Eles'.
🎯

Use variety

Don't just use 'disse'. Use 'afirmou', 'comentou', 'indagou' to sound better.
💬

Regional differences

In Brazil, 'falar' is very common for reporting. In Portugal, 'dizer' is more standard.

Smart Tips

Always use the conditional tense.

Ele disse que vai viajar. Ele disse que viajaria.

Use 'se' instead of 'que'.

Ele perguntou que eu ia. Ele perguntou se eu ia.

Use 'para' + infinitive.

Ele disse que eu vá. Ele pediu para eu ir.

Shift 'hoje' to 'naquele dia'.

Ele disse que hoje estava cansado. Ele disse que naquele dia estava cansado.

उच्चारण

Ele disse que ia. (Falling tone)

Intonation

Reported speech usually has a falling intonation at the end of the sentence.

Reporting Questions

Ele perguntou se eu ia? (Rising tone)

Indicates a question is being reported.

याद करें

स्मृति सहायक

Backshift the verb, shift the 'I' to 'He', and change 'today' to 'that day'.

दृश्य संबंध

Imagine a mirror reflecting a person. The mirror is the 'que' clause, and the reflection is the shifted tense.

Rhyme

Present to past, future to conditional, keep the meaning, stay professional.

Story

Maria said 'I am tired'. Later, I told my friend: 'Maria said that she was tired'. The 'I' became 'she' and 'am' became 'was'.

Word Web

dizerqueseperguntarafirmarcomentarpedir

चैलेंज

Listen to a news clip and summarize three things the reporter said using indirect speech.

सांस्कृतिक नोट्स

Brazilians often use 'falar' instead of 'dizer' in informal speech.

European Portuguese speakers more frequently use the simple pluperfect (comera) in formal writing.

In academic writing, 'afirmar' or 'sustentar' are preferred over 'dizer'.

Derived from Latin 'oratio obliqua'.

बातचीत की शुरुआत

O que seu professor disse na última aula?

O que seus amigos disseram sobre o filme?

O que o noticiário disse sobre a economia?

O que você diria se alguém te perguntasse sobre seus planos?

डायरी विषय

Escreva sobre uma conversa que você teve hoje.
Resuma as opiniões de um colega sobre um projeto.
Relate uma discussão política que você ouviu.
Analise um artigo de opinião usando discurso indireto.

सामान्य गलतियाँ

Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही


Incorrect

सही

Test Yourself

Complete the sentence.

Ele disse que ___ (ir) à festa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ia
Backshift from present to imperfect.
Choose the correct indirect form. बहुविकल्पी

Direct: 'Eu como'. Indirect: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que comia.
Present shifts to imperfect.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele disse que eu estou cansado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que ele estava cansado.
Pronoun and tense shift.
Transform to indirect. Sentence Transformation

Ela disse: 'Eu vou comprar um carro'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que ela ia comprar um carro.
Tense shift.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Ele perguntou que eu ia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Questions need 'se' or a question word.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 'Eu estou pronto'. B: Ele disse que ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estava pronto
Backshift.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

disse / que / ele / ia / viajar

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que ia viajar.
Correct word order.
Match direct to indirect. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-A, 2-B
Correct backshifting.

Score: /8

अभ्यास प्रश्न

8 exercises
Complete the sentence.

Ele disse que ___ (ir) à festa.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ia
Backshift from present to imperfect.
Choose the correct indirect form. बहुविकल्पी

Direct: 'Eu como'. Indirect: ___

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que comia.
Present shifts to imperfect.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Ele disse que eu estou cansado.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que ele estava cansado.
Pronoun and tense shift.
Transform to indirect. Sentence Transformation

Ela disse: 'Eu vou comprar um carro'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela disse que ela ia comprar um carro.
Tense shift.
Is this correct? True False Rule

Ele perguntou que eu ia.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
Questions need 'se' or a question word.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: 'Eu estou pronto'. B: Ele disse que ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: estava pronto
Backshift.
Build the sentence. Sentence Building

disse / que / ele / ia / viajar

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que ia viajar.
Correct word order.
Match direct to indirect. Match Pairs

1. Eu vou. 2. Eu fui.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-A, 2-B
Correct backshifting.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

12 exercises
Report the question: "Você gosta de café?" खाली जगह भरो

Ele perguntou ___ eu gostava de café.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se
Match the direct speech time marker to its indirect equivalent. Match Pairs

Match the time markers.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ["Naquele dia","No dia seguinte","No dia anterior","L\u00e1\/Ali"]
Reorder the words to form the indirect sentence. Sentence Reorder

Direct: "Onde está o banheiro?"

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele perguntou onde o banheiro estava
Identify the correct verb form for: "Eu já comi." बहुविकल्पी

Ela disse que já...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: tinha comido
Fix the pronoun usage. Error Correction

Pedro disse: "Eu sou esperto." -> Pedro disse que eu era esperto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Pedro disse que ele era esperto.
Translate into Portuguese Indirect Speech. अनुवाद

He said he was tired.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que estava cansado.
Use the correct connector for an open question: "Quem é ela?" खाली जगह भरो

Ele perguntou ___ ela era.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: quem
Which reporting verb is best for a command? बहुविकल्पी

Direct: "Saia daqui!"

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele mandou sair.
Shift the future tense: "Nós venceremos." खाली जगह भरो

O capitão disse que eles ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: venceriam
Reconstruct the gossip. Sentence Reorder

Direct: "Eu não te amo mais."

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ele disse que não a amava mais
Fix the tense in this future report. Error Correction

Ela prometeu que chega cedo amanhã.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ela prometeu que chegaria cedo no dia seguinte.
Select the correct subjunctive form. खाली जगह भरो

Mamãe disse: "Lave a louça." -> Mamãe disse que eu ___ a louça.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: lavasse

Score: /12

अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)

Usually yes, if the reporting verb is in the past. If the reporting verb is in the present, you don't need to backshift.

Yes, especially in Brazil. It's very common in informal speech.

Shift it to the conditional (Futuro do Pretérito).

Use 'pedir' + 'para' + infinitive.

It can be both. It's used in everyday conversation and formal reports.

Because you are now the one telling the story, not the original speaker.

Change it to 'no dia seguinte' to keep the timeline clear.

The rules are the same, but they use the simple pluperfect more often in formal writing.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Estilo indirecto

Spanish uses the subjunctive more frequently in reported commands.

French high

Discours indirect

French requires more complex sequence of tenses.

German low

Konjunktiv I

Portuguese uses indicative/subjunctive; German uses Konjunktiv I.

Japanese low

To iu

Japanese does not backshift tenses in the same way.

Arabic low

Naql al-kalam

Arabic does not require tense backshifting.

Chinese low

Jianjie yinyong

Chinese lacks verb conjugation and tense backshifting.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Continue With

B2 Requires

अप्रत्यक्ष प्रश्न: Se और प्रश्नवाचक शब्दों का उपयोग

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese व्याकरण के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प विषय पर बात करेंगे: `Indirect Questio...

B2 Requires

रिपोर्ट किए गए आदेश (Discurso Indireto - Imperativo)

Overview क्या आपने कभी "Telephone" गेम खेला है? जब आप किसी और की कही बात को दोहराते हैं तो चीजें गड़बड़ हो जाती हैं। कल्...

B2 Requires

अप्रत्यक्ष कथन: वर्तमान से अपूर्ण भूतकाल (उसने कहा कि वह था...)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese व्याकरण के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प विषय पर बात करेंगे: `discurso indiret...

B2 Requires

अतीत में रिपोर्ट की गई स्पीच (Ele disse que...)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese ग्रामर के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प विषय पर बात करेंगे: 'Reported Speech i...

B2 Requires

अतीत में भविष्य: यह बताना कि कोई क्या 'करेगा' (Iria)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम पुर्तगाली भाषा के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प पहलू पर चर्चा करेंगे, जिसे 'Future in the...

C1 Requires

पुर्तगाली काल अनुक्रम: Subjunctive को बनाए रखना

Overview आप लिस्बन के किसी कैफ़े में हैं या शायद साओ पाउलो में iFood ऑर्डर कर रहे हैं। आप कहते हैं: `Eu queria que a com...

C1 Requires

उन्नत रिपोर्टिंग क्रियाएँ (केवल 'Dizer' नहीं)

Overview हर बात के लिए "ele diz" (वह कहता है) कहना बंद करें! यदि आप C1 स्तर पर हैं, तो आपकी बोली में स्वाद, सटीकता और ते...

C1 Recommends

औपचारिक पुर्तगाली: पावती वाक्यांश (vimos por este meio)

### Overview नमस्ते! एक C1 लेवल के Portuguese लर्नर के तौर पर, आपको यह समझना होगा कि भाषा सिर्फ शब्द नहीं, बल्कि 'Conte...

C1 Requires

अप्रत्यक्ष भाषण और उद्धरण तंत्र (Disse que...)

अवलोकन क्या आपने कभी किसी दोस्त को यह बताने की कोशिश की है कि पार्टी में क्या हुआ था, लेकिन "उसने कहा, फिर वह बोली, फिर...

C1 Requires

अस्तित्वगत 'Ter': 'Há' की जगह 'Tem' का उपयोग करना

यदि आप अभी एक ब्राज़ीलियाई व्हाट्सएप ग्रुप खोलते हैं, तो आपको `há` शब्द दिखाई नहीं देगा। आपको `tem` दिखाई देगा। क्रिया `...

Related Grammar Rules

C1

दोहराए गए शब्दों को हटाना (Elipse & Zeugma)

Overview क्या आपने कभी किसी मूल पुर्तगाली वक्ता को सुना है और सोचा है कि आधे शब्द कहाँ गए? यह सिर्फ आपकी कल्पना नहीं है।...

C2

आलंकारिक दोहराव में महारत हासिल करें

### Overview नमस्ते दोस्तों! आज हम पोर्तुगाली भाषा के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और प्रभावशाली विषय पर बात करने जा रहे हैं, ज...

C1

अवास्तविक परिकल्पनाएं: सपने और पछतावा (se eu fosse, eu faria)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम पुर्तगाली भाषा के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और 'एलिगेंट' (elegant) ग्रामर टॉपिक्स में से एक पर बात करे...

B2

अतीत में रिपोर्ट की गई स्पीच (Ele disse que...)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम Portuguese ग्रामर के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प विषय पर बात करेंगे: 'Reported Speech i...

B2

अतीत में भविष्य: यह बताना कि कोई क्या 'करेगा' (Iria)

### Overview नमस्ते! आज हम पुर्तगाली भाषा के एक बहुत ही महत्वपूर्ण और दिलचस्प पहलू पर चर्चा करेंगे, जिसे 'Future in the...

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