B2 · 中上級 チャプター 3

Advanced Actions and Impersonal Forms

6 トータルルール
64 例文
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of expressing actions without needing to name the doer.

  • Navigate passive constructions using 'on' and reflexive structures.
  • Describe services performed for you using 'se faire' and 'se voir'.
  • Formulate formal rules and general statements with impersonal expressions.
Speak French naturally: focus on the action, not the actor.

学べること

Ready to unlock a new level of French fluency? You know how in English we often use passive constructions like it was done or

the decision was made
? French has its own elegant and super common ways to express these ideas – and they're often more natural and less formal than a direct passive translation! In this chapter, we're diving deep into expressing actions where the doer isn't the star, or when you want to talk about something that generally happens. You'll discover why some common English passive sentences don't directly translate into French, and how to avoid those pitfalls. We'll introduce you to the versatile magic of on – an incredibly useful pronoun that effortlessly replaces many passive structures. Then, you'll learn how to express things that happen to you or
are done for you
using constructions like se faire + infinitive and se voir + infinitive. Finally, you'll master how to make general statements and rules, like it is said or it is forbidden, with the elegant se + verb (pronominal passive) and il est + participle forms. Imagine effortlessly saying
my car got fixed
without specifying who fixed it, or
these cookies are made with chocolate
when describing a recipe. Picture yourself reading a museum sign that says
it is forbidden to touch the art
and instantly understanding the impersonal rule. These skills will make your French sound significantly more authentic and native. This chapter isn't just about grammar; it's about giving you the tools to express yourself more naturally and confidently. By the end, you'll be able to describe things that are done or happen with ease, making your conversations smoother and your comprehension sharper. Don't worry, it's easier and more rewarding than you think! Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use the pronoun 'on' to replace passive constructions in daily conversation.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Explain that a service was performed for you using 'se faire'.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to your next step in mastering French grammar B2! This chapter is designed to elevate your expression beyond direct translations, helping you achieve a truly natural and authentic sound. As you advance in French language learning, you'll notice that native speakers often use elegant, indirect ways to express actions where the doer isn't specified, or when describing general truths.
This is where impersonal forms French and specialized passive constructions come into play, offering sophisticated alternatives to the English passive voice.
Moving beyond basic sentence structures, we'll explore how French naturally handles situations like it was done or things are said. You'll discover why a literal translation of the English passive often sounds clunky or even incorrect in French, especially with certain verbs. By understanding these nuances, you'll avoid common pitfalls and unlock a more fluid communication style. This isn't just about learning rules; it's about gaining the tools to express yourself confidently and sound more like a native speaker.
Get ready to transform your advanced French grammar skills!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces six key constructions that help you express actions and impersonal statements in sophisticated ways. First, a crucial distinction: No Passive Voice with 'à' Verbs (Passif impossible avec COI). Unlike English, verbs followed by à (like obéir à - to obey, or téléphoner à - to call) cannot be directly put into the passive voice.
You wouldn't say *Il a été obéi* (He was obeyed); instead, you'd use an active construction or an impersonal form, such as On lui a obéi (He was obeyed / One obeyed him).
Next, meet The Magic 'On': The Easy Alternative to the Passive. The pronoun on is incredibly versatile, often translating as one, we, they, or simply an impersonal people. It frequently replaces the passive voice. For instance, instead of *La porte a été ouverte* (The door was opened), you'd more naturally hear On a ouvert la porte (The door was opened / One opened the door).
To express
getting things done to you,
French uses se faire + infinitif. This construction implies that someone else performs the action for you, or that you experience something passively. For example, Je me suis fait couper les cheveux (I had my hair cut).
Similar in concept but often more formal, se voir + infinitif (The Pronominal Passive: Being 'Seen' Doing) describes experiencing an action or being subjected to something, like Il s'est vu refuser l'entrée (He was refused entry / He saw himself refused entry).
For general statements or rules, French often employs the Verbes pronominaux à sens passif (French Passive Reflexive: Saying 'It is done'). Here, a reflexive verb takes on a passive meaning. Think of Ça se dit (It is said / That is said) or Ces livres se vendent bien (These books sell well / These books are sold well).
Finally, for formal or general impersonal statements, we use La forme passive impersonnelle (It is said: French Impersonal Passive), typically with il est + participle/adjective, such as Il est interdit de fumer (It is forbidden to smoke) or Il a été décidé de partir (It was decided to leave). These forms are essential for sounding truly fluent.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: *Le professeur a été obéi par les élèves.*
Correct: Les élèves ont obéi au professeur. OR On a obéi au professeur.
*Explanation:* Verbs that take an indirect object (COI) introduced by à in the active voice generally cannot form a passive construction in French. Instead, rephrase actively or use an impersonal on.
  1. 1Wrong: *La décision a été prise par eux.*
Correct: Ils ont pris la décision. OR On a pris la décision.
*Explanation:* While technically grammatically correct, the direct passive with par is far less common in spoken French than in English. On or an active construction is almost always preferred for a more natural sound.
  1. 1Wrong: *Il s'est fait refuser l'entrée.*
Correct: Il s'est vu refuser l'entrée.
*Explanation:* While se faire + infinitif is common, se voir + infinitif is specifically used for experiencing an action that is imposed or happens to you, especially when it's something negative or beyond your control, making it more appropriate here.

Real Conversations

A

A

J'ai besoin de faire réparer ma voiture. (I need to have my car repaired.)
B

B

Ah, on ne la répare pas ici. Il est recommandé d'aller au garage en bas de la rue. (Ah, they don't repair it here. It is recommended to go to the garage down the street.)
A

A

Ces gâteaux se vendent très bien, n'est-ce pas? (These cakes sell very well, don't they?)
B

B

Oui, ils se mangent sans faim! Par contre, il est interdit de les toucher avant de payer. (Yes, they are eaten even when not hungry! However, it is forbidden to touch them before paying.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How does on differ from nous in B2 French grammar?

On is more informal and versatile, often meaning we, one, or people in general, and can replace the passive. Nous strictly means we and is more formal or specific.

Q

Can all reflexive verbs be used in the pronominal passive sense?

No, only certain reflexive verbs naturally take on a passive meaning, typically when describing a process or a general truth, like se vendre (to be sold) or se dire (to be said).

Q

When should I use se faire + infinitif versus se voir + infinitif?

Se faire + infinitif implies having something done *by someone else* (e.g., se faire couper les cheveux - to have one's hair cut). Se voir + infinitif implies *experiencing* an action or being subjected to something, often an official decision or an unwelcome event (e.g., se voir refuser - to be refused).

Cultural Context

Native French speakers frequently employ these impersonal and indirect constructions, making your understanding of them crucial for truly authentic communication. The
magic on
is ubiquitous in everyday conversation, often replacing both we and the passive voice, contributing to a more fluid and less formal tone. The pronominal passive and impersonal forms are particularly common in public notices, official announcements, and general statements, providing an elegant way to convey information without specifying an agent.
Mastering these patterns will make your French sound significantly more natural and less like a direct translation from English.

重要な例文 (8)

1

On m'a téléphoné ce matin.

今朝、電話がありました(誰かが私に電話しました)。

間接目的語(COI)での受動態は不可:『à』を使う動詞のルール
2

On m'a dit que tu partais en vacances.

あなたが休暇に行くと聞きました(言われました)。

間接目的語(COI)での受動態は不可:『à』を使う動詞のルール
3

On dit que la pizza ici est incroyable.

ここのピザは最高だって噂だよ。

魔法の「On」:受動態の簡単な言い換え
4

On m'a envoyé un message sur WhatsApp.

WhatsAppでメッセージが届いたんだ。

魔法の「On」:受動態の簡単な言い換え
5

Je me fais couper les cheveux à midi.

正午に髪を切ってもらいます。

〜してもらう・〜される (se faire + 不定詞)
6

Elle s'est fait voler son sac dans le métro.

彼女は地下鉄でバッグを盗まれました。

〜してもらう・〜される (se faire + 不定詞)
7

Ça se dit en français ?

フランス語でそう言いますか?

受身の意味を持つ代名動詞:「〜される」の表現方法
8

Ce fromage se mange avec du pain.

このチーズはパンと一緒に食べます。

受身の意味を持つ代名動詞:「〜される」の表現方法

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

英語の直訳トラップに注意!

英語の 'I was told' をそのまま "J'ai été dit« と訳すと、フランス語では意味が通じません。dire は間接目的語をとる動詞なので、必ず »On m'a dit" を使いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 間接目的語(COI)での受動態は不可:『à』を使う動詞のルール
💡

「誰か」ルール

英語で 'Someone...' や 'People...' で始まる文をイメージするなら、フランス語では「on」を使うのが正解です。
On a frappé à la porte.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 魔法の「On」:受動態の簡単な言い換え
⚠️

一致の罠に注意!

この構文では、主語が女性でも複数でも faitefaits にはなりません。ネイティブも時々間違えるポイントですが、正解は不変の fait です: "Elle s'est fait vacciner."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜してもらう・〜される (se faire + 不定詞)
💡

「自分を見る」というイメージ

「自分が〜しているのを見る」と直訳的に考えると、後ろに不定詞がくる感覚が掴みやすくなります。「
Je me vois offrir un cadeau.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞の受動態:〜される状況にある (se voir + 不定詞)

重要な語彙 (5)

on we/one/someone se faire to have something done interdit forbidden se voir to have something happen to one pronominal pronominal

Real-World Preview

car

At the Mechanic

Review Summary

  • S + V + à + O
  • On + V (3rd pers sing)
  • S + se faire + inf
  • S + se voir + inf
  • S + se + V
  • Il est + participe passé

よくある間違い

You cannot passivize 'parler à'. Avoid direct English translations.

Wrong: Le livre est parlé par lui.
正解: Il parle du livre.

Missing the reflexive pronoun changes the meaning.

Wrong: J'ai fait couper mes cheveux.
正解: Je me suis fait couper les cheveux.

Do not mix impersonal structures; pick one.

Wrong: Il est dit-on.
正解: On dit.

このチャプターのルール (6)

Next Steps

You've successfully unlocked a huge piece of native-level French! Keep practicing these structures in your daily writing and you'll soon use them without even thinking.

Listen to a French news broadcast and count how many times 'on' is used.

クイック練習 (10)

間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Les pommes mange avec la peau.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les pommes se mangent avec la peau.
受動的な意味にするには 'se' が必要です。また、主語の 'pommes' が複数なので動詞も 'mangent' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受身の意味を持つ代名動詞:「〜される」の表現方法

間違いを見つけて修正してください

Find and fix the mistake:

Il fait arrêter par la police.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il se fait arrêter par la police.
主語にアクションが及んでいることを示すために、再帰代名詞 'se' が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜してもらう・〜される (se faire + 不定詞)

掲示板の文の誤りを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Il est interdite de manger ici.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Il est interdit de manger ici.
非人称受動態では、過去分詞は常に男性単数形です。'interdite' のように女性形にする必要はありません!

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜と言われている:非人称受動態 (La forme passive impersonnelle)

動詞 'vendre' (売る) の正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

Ici, on ___ des journaux.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: vend
「on」の後には三人称単数形が来るので、'vendre' の場合は 'vend' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 魔法の「On」:受動態の簡単な言い換え

この文章の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Nous nous voyons invité à la fête.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nous nous voyons inviter à la fête.
2つ目の動詞は過去分詞(invité)や活用形(invitons)ではなく、不定詞(inviter)にする必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞の受動態:〜される状況にある (se voir + 不定詞)

空欄を埋めてください

Elle s'est ___ voler son téléphone.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: fait
「se faire + 不定詞」の構文では、fait は常に不変です。性数一致は必要ありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜してもらう・〜される (se faire + 不定詞)

空欄に適切な再帰代名詞を入れてください。

Elle ___ voit refuser l'accès au site web.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se
主語が「Elle」なので、対応する再帰代名詞は「se」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞の受動態:〜される状況にある (se voir + 不定詞)

文の中の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

On disent que le café est bon.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: On dit que le café est bon.
「on」は常に単数形の動詞(dit)をとり、複数形(disent)にはなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 魔法の「On」:受動態の簡単な言い換え

「私は仕事を提案されている」という意味になるように単語を並べ替えましょう。

Arrange these words:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je me vois proposer un job
主語(Je) + 再帰代名詞(me) + voir(vois) + 不定詞(proposer) + 目的語(un job)の順になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 代名動詞の受動態:〜される状況にある (se voir + 不定詞)

正しい形を空欄に入れてください。

Le vin rouge ___ frais. (se boire)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: se boit
主語の 'le vin' は単数なので、動詞も単数形の 'se boit' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 受身の意味を持つ代名動詞:「〜される」の表現方法

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

動詞が 'téléphoner à' という形だからです。フランス語では直接目的語だけが受動態の主語になれます。'à' があると、その壁を越えられないイメージですね。
誰が言ったか特定せずに伝えるなら "On m'a dit" が最も標準的で自然な表現ですよ。
とても万能です!「一般の人々」という意味では標準的ですが、「私たち」という意味で使うとカジュアルになります。 On y va ?
教科書は保守的な傾向があります。実際の会話では90%の確率で「on」が使われるので、マスターするとネイティブっぽくなります。
On arrive bientôt.
普通の受動態(例:'Je suis coupé par le coiffeur')は非常にロボット的で不自然に聞こえます。se faire は、誰かが自分のために何かをしてくれることを表す、日常的で自然な方法です。
はい、この「se faire + 不定詞」の構造である限り、常に不変です。たとえ10人の女性が盗難に遭ったという話でも、
Elles se sont fait voler
となります。