Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The passive voice shifts focus from the doer to the action by changing vowel patterns in the verb.
- Change the first vowel to a damma (u) and the penultimate to a kasra (i). Example: kutiba (was written).
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
- The original doer is omitted or introduced with 'min qibal' (by).
Overview
الْمَبْنِيُّ لِلْمَجْهُولِ(al-mabniyyu lil-majhūli)입니다. 이름이 좀 어렵죠?-이, -히, -리, -기 등 다양해서 외우기 까다롭죠? 아랍어는 '모음 패턴' 하나로 통일되어 있어 오히려 더 체계적입니다.نَائِبُ الْفَاعِلِ(na'ib al-fa'il), 즉 '주어 대리인'이라고 부릅니다. 원래 주어였던 '행위자'는 문장에서 사라지거나 뒤로 물러납니다.- 1과거형:
فُعِلَ(fu'ila) 패턴. 첫 자음에 'u' 모음, 두 번째 자음에 'i' 모음을 넣습니다. - 2현재형:
يُفْعَلُ(yuf'alu) 패턴. 첫 자음에 'u' 모음, 두 번째 자음에 'a' 모음을 넣습니다.
كَتَبَ (kataba) | كُتِبَ (kutiba) | 1자음 u, 2자음 i |يَكْتُبُ (yaktubu) | يُكْتَبُ (yuktabu) | 접두사 u, 2자음 a |فَتَحَ(열다) →فُتِحَ(열렸다)يَفْتَحُ(열다) →يُفْتَحُ(열린다)
سُرِقَ الْمَالُ(suriqa al-mālu)라고 표현합니다.- 1행위자를 억지로 넣으려는 실수: 한국어는 «그 일은 그 사람에 의해 행해졌다»라는 표현을 자주 쓰지만, 아랍어 수동태에서는 행위자를 언급하는 것이 어색합니다. 한국어의 수동형 문장 구조에 익숙해져서 영어의 'by'에 해당하는 표현을 억지로 찾으려 하지 마세요.
- 2모음 발음을 혼동하는 경우: 과거형과 현재형의 모음 패턴(
u-ivsu-a)을 헷갈리는 경우가 많습니다. 한국어에는 이런 모음 변화 시스템이 없어서 L1 간섭(모국어 간섭)이 일어납니다. 입으로 소리 내어kutiba,yuktabu를 반복해서 리듬감을 익히는 것이 중요합니다. - 3주어와 동사의 성별 일치 무시: 수동태가 되면 '주어 대리인'이 주어가 되는데, 이때 이 주어가 여성 명사라면 동사도 여성형으로 바꿔야 합니다. 한국어는 동사에 성별이 없어서 자주 놓치게 되는 부분입니다.
مَفْعُولٌ) | 없음 (주어로 변함) |u-i 또는 u-a 패턴 |na'ib al-fa'il은 항상 주격인가요?u-i, u-a 패턴을 기억하면서, 여러분의 아랍어 실력을 차근차근 쌓아가 보세요!Passive Voice Past Tense (Form I)
| Pronoun | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
|
Huwa
|
Kataba
|
Kutiba
|
|
Hiya
|
Katabat
|
Kutibat
|
|
Anta
|
Katabta
|
Kutibta
|
|
Anti
|
Katabti
|
Kutibti
|
|
Ana
|
Katabtu
|
Kutibtu
|
|
Nahnu
|
Katabna
|
Kutibna
|
Meanings
The passive voice is used to describe an action where the agent (doer) is unknown, irrelevant, or intentionally hidden.
Unknown Agent
When the person performing the action is not known.
“سُرِقَ المَالُ (The money was stolen).”
“وُجِدَ المِفْتَاحُ (The key was found).”
Focus on Object
When the result or the object is more important than the actor.
“طُبِخَ الطَّعَامُ (The food was cooked).”
“بُنِيَ المَنْزِلُ (The house was built).”
Reference Table
| 시제 | 패턴 이름 | 모음 소리 | 예시 (어근 K-S-R) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
과거
|
Fu'ila
|
u ... i
|
`kusira` (it was broken)
|
|
현재
|
Yuf'alu
|
u ... a
|
`yuksar` (it is broken)
|
|
능동 과거
|
Fa'ala
|
a ... a
|
`kasara` (he broke)
|
|
능동 현재
|
Yaf'alu
|
a ... u/i/a
|
`yaksiru` (he breaks)
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
أُتِمَّ التَّقْرِيرُ (Work)
تَمَّ إِنْهَاءُ التَّقْرِيرِ (Work)
خَلَّصْنَا التَّقْرِيرَ (Work)
خَلَّصْنَا الشُّغْلَ (Work)
수동태 (Majhul) 작동 방식
과거 시제
- فُعِلَ Fu'ila (u-i)
현재 시제
- يُفْعَلُ Yuf'alu (u-a)
주요 규칙
- 행위자 숨기기 주어 없음
능동태 vs 수동태 모음
수동태를 사용해야 할까?
누가 행동을 했는지 말하고 싶나요?
행위자가 알려지지 않았거나 중요하지 않나요?
흔히 사용되는 수동태 상황
뉴스 & 미디어
- • Qutila (was killed)
- • U'lina (was announced)
일상생활
- • Kusira (was broken)
- • Fuqida (was lost)
수준별 예문
كُتِبَ الدَّرْسُ
The lesson was written.
أُكِلَ الطَّعَامُ
The food was eaten.
فُتِحَ البَابُ
The door was opened.
سُرِقَ المَالُ
The money was stolen.
يُكْتَبُ الدَّرْسُ
The lesson is being written.
يُؤْكَلُ الطَّعَامُ
The food is being eaten.
يُفْتَحُ البَابُ
The door is being opened.
يُسْرَقُ المَالُ
The money is being stolen.
قُرِئَ الكِتَابُ بِاهْتِمَامٍ
The book was read with interest.
تَمَّ بِنَاءُ المَدْرَسَةِ
The school was built.
عُرِفَ الحَقِيقَةُ
The truth was known.
وُجِدَ الحَلُّ
The solution was found.
يُعْتَقَدُ أَنَّهُ مُذْنِبٌ
It is believed that he is guilty.
تُقَدَّمُ القَهْوَةُ فِي الصَّبَاحِ
Coffee is served in the morning.
يُحْتَرَمُ القَانُونُ
The law is respected.
تُنُوقِشَتِ المَسْأَلَةُ
The issue was discussed.
يُشَارُ إِلَى أَنَّ الأَسْعَارَ ارْتَفَعَتْ
It is pointed out that prices have risen.
تُتَّخَذُ الإِجْرَاءَاتُ اللَّازِمَةُ
The necessary measures are being taken.
يُتَوَقَّعُ نُمُوٌّ اقْتِصَادِيٌّ
Economic growth is expected.
تُعَدُّ هَذِهِ القَضِيَّةُ حَسَّاسَةً
This issue is considered sensitive.
يُسْتَشَفُّ مِنَ النَّصِّ أَنَّهُ كَانَ حَزِينًا
It is inferred from the text that he was sad.
تُؤْثَرُ عَنِ العَرَبِ حِكَمٌ كَثِيرَةٌ
Many proverbs are attributed to the Arabs.
يُسْتَعَاضُ عَنِ القَدِيمِ بِالجَدِيدِ
The old is replaced by the new.
تُسْتَنْبَطُ الأَحْكَامُ مِنَ القُرْآنِ
Rulings are derived from the Quran.
혼동하기 쉬운
Both can look similar to passive.
Learners forget to change vowels.
Often used as a passive substitute.
자주 하는 실수
Kataba al-darsu
Kutiba al-darsu
Kutiba al-darsa
Kutiba al-darsu
Kutiba Ahmad
Kutiba al-darsu
Kutib al-darsu
Kutiba al-darsu
Yaktubu al-darsu
Yuktabu al-darsu
Yuktiba al-darsu
Yuktabu al-darsu
Yuktabu al-darsa
Yuktabu al-darsu
Kutibat al-babu
Kutiba al-babu
Kutiba al-bintu
Kutibat al-bintu
Kutiba min Ahmad
Kutiba min qibal Ahmad
Yustakhdamu al-adawat
Tustakhdamu al-adawat
Yustakhdamu al-kitab
Yustakhdamu al-kitabu
Yustakhdamu min qibal al-nas
Yustakhdamu min qibal al-nasi
문장 패턴
___ (passive verb) ___ (subject).
___ (present passive) ___ (subject).
___ (passive) ___ (subject) min qibal ___. (agent)
Yutawaqqa'u an ___ (passive verb) ___ (subject).
Real World Usage
قُتِلَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَشْخَاصٍ
تُعَدُّ هَذِهِ الدِّرَاسَةُ مُهِمَّةً
تَمَّ نَشْرُ الصُّورَةِ
تَمَّ الإِرْسَالُ
يُتَوَقَّعُ مِنَ المُرَشَّحِ...
تَمَّ تَجْهِيزُ الطَّلَبِ
시작은 '우' 소리!
'~에 의해'는 안 돼요!
정중하게 돌려 말하기
Smart Tips
Use passive to sound objective.
Use passive to avoid guessing.
Use passive to focus on steps.
Use passive to soften the blow.
발음
Damma (u)
Rounded lips, short sound.
Kasra (i)
Smile, short sound.
Statement
Kutiba al-darsu ↓
Falling intonation for facts.
암기하기
기억법
Remember 'U-I' for the Past (You-I) and 'U-A' for the Present (You-Are).
시각적 연상
Imagine a ghost holding a pen (the doer is invisible). The pen is writing the book by itself.
Rhyme
Past is U-I, Present is U-A, hide the doer, keep the day.
Story
The king's crown was stolen. The guards didn't know who. 'Suriqa al-taj' (The crown was stolen). The thief remained a mystery.
Word Web
챌린지
Look around your room and describe 3 things using the passive voice (e.g., 'The light was turned on').
문화 노트
Passive is preferred in news to maintain neutrality.
Passive is often replaced by 'it-' prefix or 'tam' + masdar.
Similar to Egyptian, uses 'in-' or 'tam'.
Rooted in Semitic morphological patterns.
대화 시작하기
Hal kutiba al-darsu?
Hal yuktabu al-kitabu?
Hal tu'tabaru hadhihi al-qadiyya muhimma?
Hal yutawaqqa'u nujuh al-mashru'?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
The door ___ (was opened) yesterday. (Root: F-T-H)
You want to say 'The apple was eaten' without saying who did it.
Find and fix the mistake:
Kutiba ad-darsu min qibal al-ustādh. (The lesson was written by the teacher).
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercises___ al-darsu.
Find and fix the mistake:
Kutiba al-darsa.
Choose the passive verb.
___ al-darsu.
Can you say 'Kutiba al-darsu Ahmad'?
A: Man kataba al-darsa? B: ___.
Order: al-darsu / kutiba / min qibal / al-mudarrisi.
Passive of 'Kataba' for 'Hiya'.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe news ___ (is heard) every night. (Root: S-M-A)
was broken / The glass / yesterday
Select the word that is in the Passive voice.
Pair the active verbs with their passive counterparts.
It was known.
Suriqa al-sayyāra. (The car was stolen).
To make 'Qatala' (he killed) passive, we change vowels to get ___.
Yuhzamu al-farīq. (The team is being defeated).
Connect the vowel pattern to the correct tense.
The milk / was drunk
Translate: Wujida
When would you use 'Nuqila' (was transferred)?
Score: /12
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
To hide the doer or focus on the object.
Use u-i-a pattern.
Use u-a pattern.
Yes, use 'min qibal'.
Very common in formal Arabic.
Forgetting the nominative case.
Similar concept, different formation.
Yes, all forms have passive.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Se vende / Fue vendido
Arabic is morphological; Spanish is syntactic.
Il est mangé
French uses auxiliary verbs.
Es wird gegessen
German is analytical.
Taberareru
Japanese is agglutinative.
Majhul
None.
Bei
Chinese is isolating.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
관련 동영상
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