Saying 'No' in Present Tense (nemi-)
mi- for nemi-.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
To make a verb negative in Persian, simply add the prefix 'nemi-' to the beginning of the present stem.
- Add 'nemi-' to the present stem: 'mi-ravam' (I go) becomes 'nemi-ravam' (I don't go).
- The 'nemi-' prefix is always attached directly to the verb without a space.
- In spoken Persian, 'nemi-' often shortens to 'nemi-' or 'nami-' depending on the dialect.
Overview
Mastering negation is fundamental in any language, and in Persian, saying "no" to an action in the present tense follows a highly predictable and consistent pattern. This rule, centered around the prefix nemi- (نمی-), allows you to transform affirmative present actions like "I go" (miravam - میروم) into their negative counterparts, "I don't go" (nemiravam - نمیروم). Unlike English, where a separate word like "not" is inserted, Persian integrates the negation directly into the verb's structure.
This grammatical mechanism is crucial for expressing what you are not doing, what you do not habitually do, or even what you will not do in the immediate future, making it an indispensable tool for A1 learners.
The consistency of nemi- simplifies a core aspect of verbal conjugation. It provides a clear, unambiguous signal that an action is being denied or not performed. Understanding this prefix is your gateway to constructing more complex sentences and truly expressing your intentions or observations in Persian.
This grammatical device is not merely a linguistic quirk; it reflects a foundational principle of verb morphology in Persian, where prefixes and suffixes often carry significant grammatical weight and modify the verb's core meaning or tense.
How This Grammar Works
hastam - هستم for "to be") utilize the present stem of a verb combined with the mi- prefix (می-) and a personal ending. The mi- prefix indicates ongoing, habitual, or immediate future action. To negate this, Persian employs a fascinating phonological process: the negative particle na- (نَـ) directly merges with the affirmative mi- (می-) prefix.nemi- (نمی-) form.na- particle, signifying negation, essentially collides with mi-, causing a vowel change and a shift in pronunciation. The short 'a' sound of na- combines with the 'i' sound of mi- to produce the 'e' sound in nemi-. This isn't just a convenience; it's a deep-rooted linguistic process of prefix assimilation, common in many Indo-European languages, where combining morphemes create a new, distinct sound.na- and mi- merge into nemi-, the stress in the word shifts to this new negative prefix. This stress shift is acoustically important for native speakers, clearly signaling the negation and emphasizing the denial of the action. For instance, in miravam (میروم – I go), the stress might subtly fall on the stem or ending, but in nemiravam (نمیروم – I don't go), nemi- receives the primary emphasis, making the negation salient.nemi- is almost always attached to the verb stem. A zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) is often conceptually present between nemi and the verb stem, especially in digitally rendered text, which ensures they appear connected without merging into a single character block. For A1 learners, the key takeaway is to write nemi- as an integral part of the verb, not as a separate word.Formation Pattern
mi- prefix with the negative nemi- prefix, while keeping the core meaning-bearing part of the verb – the present stem – and the personal ending intact.
mikhānam (میخوانَم – I read/I am reading), derived from the infinitive khāndan (خواندن – to read) with the present stem khān (خوان).
mi- Prefix: In mikhānam, the mi- (می-) is clearly at the beginning, signaling the present tense aspect.
mi- with nemi-: Substitute mi- (می-) with nemi- (نمی-). The rest of the verb – the present stem and the personal ending – remains unchanged.
nemi- (نمی-) + [Present Stem] + [Personal Ending]
raftan (رفتن – to go), whose present stem is rav (رو):
man – I) | miravam (میروَم) | nemiravam (نمیروَم) |
to – you, sg.) | miravi (میرَوی) | nemiravi (نمیرَوی) |
u – he/she/it) | miravad (میرَوَد) | nemiravad (نمیرَوَد) |
mā – we) | miravim (میرَویم) | nemiravim (نمیرَویم) |
shomā – you, pl.) | miravid (میرَوید) | nemiravid (نمیرَوید) |
ānhā – they) | miravand (میرَوَند) | nemiravand (نمیرَوَند) |
nemi- prefix consistently appears across all persons. This makes conjugating negative present tense verbs highly regular once you know the present stem and the personal endings.
man kār mikonam. (من کار میکنَم. – I work/I am working.)
man kār nemikonam. (من کار نمیکنَم. – I don't work/I am not working.)
u ketāb mikhārad. (او کتاب میخَرَد. – He/She buys a book.)
u ketāb nemikhārad. (او کتاب نمیخَرَد. – He/She doesn't buy a book.)
When To Use It
nemi- prefix is remarkably versatile and covers a broad range of negative expressions in the present tense, extending even to future implications in colloquial speech. You will employ this construction whenever you need to deny an action that is currently happening, habitually occurs, or is intended for the immediate future. Its flexibility makes it one of the most frequently used grammatical structures in Persian.- 1To Express Habitual or General Actions: This is the most common use. When you want to state that you do not typically perform an action or that something generally does not happen.
man qahve nemikhoram.(من قهوه نمیخورَم. – I don't drink coffee [habitually].)ānhā be shab-e jomeh kār nemikonand.(آنها به شب جمعه کار نمیکنند. – They don't work on Friday nights [habitually].)
- 1To Deny an Action Currently in Progress: When someone asks what you are doing, or if you are doing something specific, and you wish to deny it.
shomā ketāb nemikhānid?(شما کتاب نمیخوانید؟ – Aren't you reading a book?)na, man ketāb nemikhānam. man film mibinamb.(نه، من کتاب نمیخوانَم. من فیلم میبینَم. – No, I am not reading a book. I am watching a movie.)
- 1To Express Future Intentions or Refusals (Colloquial and Common): In spoken Persian, the present tense, both affirmative and negative, frequently serves to express future actions, especially in the near future or when there is strong intent. Context usually disambiguates whether it refers to the present or future.
fardā be dāneshgāh nemiravam.(فردا به دانشگاه نمیروَم. – I won't go to university tomorrow. / I am not going to university tomorrow.)man in kār-rā nemikonam!(من این کار را نمیکنَم! – I won't do this work!)
- 1To State General Truths or Facts in the Negative: Similar to habitual actions, this applies to universal statements or facts that are not true.
āb dar in harārat nemiyanjamad.(آب در این حرارت نمیاَنجَمَد. – Water does not freeze at this temperature.)
nemi- to negate a wide array of actions and states, making your Persian communication much more precise and natural. The key is recognizing that nemi- is the default, go-to negation for almost all regular verbs in the present tense.When Not To Use It
nemi- is the workhorse for present tense negation, there are critical exceptions and distinct scenarios where it is incorrect to use this prefix. Ignoring these exceptions is a common pitfall for learners and can lead to ungrammatical or confusing sentences. The most prominent exceptions involve the verbs "to be" and "to have," which follow entirely different negation patterns due to their inherent irregularity in Persian.- 1The Verb "To Be" (
budan- بودن):
budan (to be) does not use mi- in its present tense affirmative forms (e.g., hastam - هستم, hasti - هستی). Consequently, it does not use nemi- for negation. Instead, it employs the particle nist (نیست), which conjugates with the standard personal endings to form its negative present tense.nist (نیست) + [Personal Ending] (except for nist itself for third person singular)man – I) | hastam (هستم) | nistam (نیستَم) |to – you, sg.) | hasti (هستی) | nisti (نیستی) |u – he/she/it) | ast (است) / hast (هست) | nist (نیست) |mā – we) | hastim (هستیم) | nistim (نیستیم) |shomā – you, pl.) | hastid (هستید) | nistid (نیستید) |ānhā – they) | hastand (هستند) | nistand (نیستند) |man mo'allem hastam.(من معلّم هستم. – I am a teacher.)man mo'allem nistam.(من معلّم نیستَم. – I am not a teacher.)- Incorrect:
man mo'allem nemibasham.(The verbbudandoes have a present stembāsh(باش), butnemibāshamis extremely formal and rarely used in common A1 contexts for simple negation of "to be.")
- 1The Verb "To Have" (
dāshtan- داشتن):
dāshtan (to have) is another significant exception. In its affirmative present tense, it is irregular and does not take the mi- prefix (e.g., dāram - دارم, dāri - داری). For negation, it simply adds the na- (نَـ) particle directly before its present forms.na- (نَـ) + [Irregular Present Form of dāshtan]man – I) | dāram (دارَم) | nadāram (نَدارَم) |to – you, sg.) | dāri (داری) | nadāri (نَداری) |u – he/she/it) | dārad (دارد) | nadārad (نَدارد) |mā – we) | dārim (داریم) | nadārim (نَداریم) |shomā – you, pl.) | dārid (دارید) | nadārid (نَدارید) |ānhā – they) | dārand (دارند) | nadārand (نَدارند) |man pul dāram.(من پول دارَم. – I have money.)man pul nadāram.(من پول نَدارَم. – I don't have money.)- Incorrect:
man pul nemidāram.
- 1Past Tense Negation (
na-):
nemi-. Instead, the na- particle is directly prefixed to the past stem of the verb (which is typically the infinitive minus -an). The mi- prefix is entirely absent in past tense constructions.man raftam.(من رفتَم. – I went.)man naraftam.(من نَرَفتَم. – I didn't go.)- Incorrect:
man nemiraftam.(This would mean "I wasn't going" or "I didn't used to go," which is past continuous negative, not simple past negative.)
- 1Imperative (Command) Negation (
na-):
na- prefix, but it attaches directly to the present stem of the verb. There is no mi- or nemi- in imperatives.boro!(برو! – Go!)naro!(نَرو! – Don't go!)bekhor!(بخور! – Eat!)nakhor!(نَخور! – Don't eat!)
nemi- handles the vast majority of present tense verbs, these specific cases require careful attention to avoid common and easily detectable errors. Always remember the special rules for "to be" and "to have," and distinguish present negation from past or imperative forms.Common Mistakes
nemi- negation pattern. Recognizing these common errors and understanding why they occur is essential for effective learning and avoiding ingrained mistakes.- 1The "
naseparate frommi-" Trap (na miravamvs.nemiravam):
- Error: Learners sometimes try to negate present tense verbs by placing
na(نَ) as a separate word before themi-prefix, for example, sayingna miravam(نَ میروم) instead ofnemiravam(نمیروم). - Why it's wrong: As discussed,
na-andmi-undergo mandatory phonological assimilation, merging intonemi-. They are not independent particles that can be separated in this context. The separation ofnaandmionly happens in very specific, archaic, or poetic contexts that are well beyond A1 level. For modern, standard Persian, they fuse. - Correction: Always remember that the fusion
na-+mi-=nemi-is a single, inseparable prefix. Think of it as a fixed unit.
- 1Forcing
nemi-onto "To Be" (budan) and "To Have" (dāshtan):
- Error: A natural tendency is to over-generalize the
nemi-rule and apply it to all present tense negations, including the highly irregular verbsbudan(to be) anddāshtan(to have). For instance, sayingman mo'allem nemihastamorman pul nemidāram. - Why it's wrong: These two verbs are fundamental exceptions because their affirmative present tense forms do not use
mi-in the first place (e.g.,hastam,dāram). Their irregular nature extends to their negation, usingnistfor "to be" andna-directly for "to have." - Correction: Memorize the complete conjugation of
nistamandnadāramearly. These are high-frequency verbs, and mastering their specific negations will prevent many basic errors.
- 1Confusing Present Negative (
nemi-) with Past Negative (na-):
- Error: Using
nemi-when negating a simple past action, such asman nemiraftamwhen intending to say "I didn't go."nemiraftamactually means "I wasn't going" or "I didn't used to go" (past continuous negative). - Why it's wrong: The
mi-(and thusnemi-) prefix specifically signals the present continuous/habitual aspect. Its presence or absence is a critical marker of tense. Simple past negation usesna-directly on the past stem, withoutmi-. - Correction: Pay close attention to the verb stem and prefixes. If there's no
mi-in the affirmative past, there won't be anemi-in the negative simple past.na-+ past stem = simple past negative.nemi-+ present stem = present negative.
- 1Incorrect Stress Placement:
- Error: Pronouncing
nemiravamwith emphasis on the stem, similar to howmiravammight be stressed, rather than on thenemi-prefix. - Why it's wrong: The stress shift to
nemi-is a phonetic signal of negation in Persian. Misplacing the stress can make the negation less clear or sound unnatural to a native speaker. - Correction: Actively listen to native speakers and practice pronouncing
nemi-with a clear emphasis. This auditory training is vital for sounding more natural.
- 1Writing Errors: Ignoring the Zero-Width Non-Joiner (ZWNJ):
- Error: Writing
نمی روم(with a space) orنمیروم(with a full join, which would look likeنمیْروم). - Why it's wrong: While for A1, simply attaching
nemito the stem is generally accepted, precise rendering in Persian typography uses the ZWNJ to ensureنمیرومlooks like one word but prevents character re-shaping that would occur if it were a single, entirely connected block. A space dramatically breaks the word. - Correction: For handwriting, just connect
نمیandروَم. For typing, most modern Persian keyboards and software handle the ZWNJ automatically, but be aware that it's a single word unit, not two separate words.
Real Conversations
Understanding nemi- in theoretical terms is one thing; observing and applying it in authentic conversational contexts is another. In everyday Persian, nemi- is ubiquitous, appearing in everything from casual chats to formal discussions. Its flexibility, especially in conveying future intent, makes it a cornerstone of dynamic communication. Notice how the same nemi- form can carry different nuances depending on the context.
Example 1
- A: ketāb ziād mikhānid? (کتاب زیاد میخوانید؟ – Do you read many books?)
- B: na, rastesh, man ziād ketāb nemikhānam. Bishtar film mibinam. (نه، راستش، من زیاد کتاب نمیخوانَم. بیشتر فیلم میبینَم. – No, honestly, I don't read many books. I watch more movies.)
Here, nemikhānam clearly conveys a general, habitual lack of reading. The context of ziād (much/many) reinforces this as a general statement about reading habits.
Example 2
- A: dāri kār mikonid? (داری کار میکنید؟ – Are you working?)
- B: na, nemikonam. dar park hastam. (نه، نمیکنَم. در پارک هستم. – No, I am not [working]. I am in the park.)
In this exchange, nemikonam negates an action in progress. It's a direct response to a question about the current activity. Notice that the affirmative hastam is used for "I am in the park."
Example 3
- A: fardā miyāy pārti? (فردا میای پارتی؟ – Are you coming to the party tomorrow? [colloquial miyāy for miyāyi])
- B: na, nemiyām. kār dāram. (نه، نمیآم. کار دارم. – No, I won't come. I have work. [colloquial nemiyām for nemiyāyam])
This is a classic example of present negative (nemiyām) being used to express a future refusal. The word fardā (tomorrow) provides the temporal context, making the future interpretation clear. This is extremely common in informal spoken and written Persian.
Example 4
- man shirini nemikhoram, tashakkor. (من شیرینی نمیخورَم، تشکر. – I don't eat sweets, thank you.)
This statement uses nemikhoram to indicate a general disinclination or perhaps a dietary restriction. It's a polite but firm refusal.
Cultural Insight
nemi- in daily interactions. While politeness is valued, denying an action directly with nemikonam or nemiravam is perfectly acceptable and expected. Unlike some cultures that might use more indirect forms of refusal, Persian tends to be quite explicit in this grammatical construction.These examples demonstrate the real-world application and flexibility of the nemi- prefix. Paying attention to these nuances will significantly enhance your communicative competence in Persian.
Progressive Practice
Consistent and varied practice is essential for solidifying your understanding and automatic application of the nemi- negation. Moving beyond rote memorization to active usage will embed this pattern deeply into your linguistic intuition. Here are structured approaches for progressive practice, suitable for an A1 learner:
Affirmative to Negative Transformation Drills:
- Objective: To rapidly convert affirmative present tense sentences into their negative counterparts.
- Method: Take simple affirmative sentences and consciously replace mi- with nemi-. Start with verbs you know well.
- Example:
- man Fārsi miharafam. (من فارسی میحرفَم. – I speak Farsi.)
- Your turn: man Fārsi nemiharafam. (من فارسی نمیحرفَم. – I don't speak Farsi.)
- u be tehrān miravad. (او به تهران میرَوَد. – He goes to Tehran.)
- Your turn: u be tehrān nemiravad. (او به تهران نمیرَوَد. – He doesn't go to Tehran.)
Fill-in-the-Blanks with Context:
- Objective: To choose the correct negative form based on the context.
- Method: Provide sentences with blanks where either an affirmative or negative form of a verb is needed. Crucially, include sentences requiring nistam/nadāram to reinforce exceptions.
- Example:
- man ketāb __________. (khāndan - to read) (من کتاب __________. (خواندن))
- (Possible answer: nemikhānam – نمیخوانَم)
- u pul __________. (dāshtan - to have) (او پول __________. (داشتن))
- (Possible answer: nadārad – نَدارَد)
- mā dāneshju __________. (budan - to be) (ما دانشجو __________. (بودن))
- (Possible answer: nistim – نیستیم)
Question and Answer Practice:
- Objective: To use negative forms naturally in conversational responses.
- Method: Ask yourself simple questions and answer them honestly, incorporating nemi-.
- Example:
- Āyā shomā qahve mikhorid? (آیا شما قهوه میخورید؟ – Do you drink coffee?)
- Your answer: Na, man qahve nemikhoram. (نه، من قهوه نمیخورَم. – No, I don't drink coffee.)
- Āyā fardā kār mikonid? (آیا فردا کار میکنید؟ – Are you working tomorrow?)
- Your answer: Na, fardā kār nemikonam. (نه، فردا کار نمیکنَم. – No, I am not working tomorrow.)
Listen and Identify:
- Objective: To develop auditory recognition of nemi- and its associated stress.
- Method: Listen to Persian audio (podcasts for learners, simple dialogues, songs) and try to identify every instance of a nemi- verb. Note its pronunciation and the context.
Role-Playing and Self-Correction:
- Objective: To simulate real-life interactions and build confidence.
- Method: Imagine scenarios where you need to deny actions. For example, a friend invites you to do something you don't want to do, or someone asks about your routine. Practice your responses aloud. Record yourself and listen back, checking for correct nemi- usage, pronunciation, and stress.
By engaging with these practices regularly, you'll not only internalize the grammatical rule but also develop the fluidity needed to use nemi- effortlessly in your Persian conversations. Remember to always double-check the exceptions (budan, dāshtan) during these exercises.
Quick FAQ
nemi- negation in Persian present tense.nami or nemi?In standard modern Persian, the pronunciation is definitively nemi (نمی-). The 'e' sound is a short vowel, similar to the 'e' in the English word "bed." Avoid pronouncing it with an 'a' sound, as in nami (نَمی-), which would be incorrect and less common.
nemi- attached or separate from the verb?You should write nemi- attached to the verb stem in standard Persian. For example, نمیروم (nemiravam). Although a zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) is often used in digital text to ensure proper rendering without full character merger, conceptually and practically, it forms a single word unit with the verb stem. Writing it separately with a full space, like نمی روم, is incorrect.
nemiravam (نمیروم) only mean "I don't go" or can it also mean "I won't go"?In colloquial and informal spoken Persian, the negative present tense with nemi- frequently serves a dual purpose, expressing both habitual/current actions ("I don't go / I am not going") and future refusals or intentions ("I won't go / I am not going to go"). The context, often indicated by time adverbs like fardā (فردا – tomorrow) or hafte-ye āyande (هفتهی آینده – next week), clarifies whether the meaning is present or future. For example, fardā nemiravam (فردا نمیروم) almost certainly means "I won't go tomorrow."
budan (to be) and dāshtan (to have) that don't use nemi- for present tense negation?For A1 learners, budan (to be) and dāshtan (to have) are the primary and most important exceptions to memorize. While there are a few other highly idiomatic or less common verbs that might have slight irregularities in negation or specialized contexts (e.g., certain compound verbs with dādan – دادن for permission), they are generally outside the scope of A1 curriculum. Focus on mastering nemi- for regular verbs and the distinct patterns for nistam and nadāram; this covers the vast majority of common usage at your level.
nemi- relate to na-?na- (نَـ) is the fundamental negative particle in Persian. nemi- is a specific phonetic assimilation of na- when it combines with the mi- prefix of the present tense. So, nemi- is na- in a specific context. na- by itself is used for negating past tense verbs (naraftam – I didn't go) and imperative verbs (naro! – Don't go!). The presence of mi- in the affirmative is what triggers the nemi- form in the negative present. Always remember: mi- + na- = nemi-.
Negation of 'to go' (رفتن - raftan)
| Person | Affirmative | Negative |
|---|---|---|
|
I
|
میروم
|
نمیروم
|
|
You (sg)
|
میروی
|
نمیروی
|
|
He/She
|
میرود
|
نمیرود
|
|
We
|
میرویم
|
نمیرویم
|
|
You (pl)
|
میروید
|
نمیروید
|
|
They
|
میروند
|
نمیروند
|
Meanings
The prefix 'nemi-' is used to negate verbs in the present tense, indicating that an action is not happening or is not a habitual state.
Simple Negation
Denying an action in the present.
“من نمیخورم (I don't eat)”
“او نمیبیند (He doesn't see)”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
mi + stem + ending
|
میروم
|
|
Negative
|
nemi + stem + ending
|
نمیروم
|
|
Question
|
mi + stem + ending + ?
|
میروی؟
|
|
Negative Question
|
nemi + stem + ending + ?
|
نمیروی؟
|
|
Short Answer (Yes)
|
بله
|
بله
|
|
Short Answer (No)
|
نه
|
نه
|
Formality Spectrum
نمیدانم (General)
نمیدانم (General)
نمیدونم (General)
نمدونم (General)
The Nemi- Universe
Verbs
- نمیخورم I don't eat
- نمیروم I don't go
Examples by Level
من نمیروم
I am not going
او نمیخورد
He is not eating
ما نمیدانیم
We don't know
شما نمیبینید
You don't see
من فارسی نمیخوانم
I don't study Persian
آنها نمیآیند
They are not coming
تو نمیفهمی
You don't understand
او نمیخوابد
She is not sleeping
من نمیتوانم بیایم
I cannot come
او نمیخواهد صحبت کند
He doesn't want to talk
ما نمیتوانیم صبر کنیم
We cannot wait
آنها نمیتوانند بشنوند
They cannot hear
من کار نمیکنم
I don't work
او بازی نمیکند
He doesn't play
ما فکر نمیکنیم
We don't think
شما تلاش نمیکنید
You don't try
او هیچچیز نمیگوید
He says nothing
من نمیتوانم باور کنم
I cannot believe
آنها نمیتوانند تصمیم بگیرند
They cannot decide
ما نمیتوانیم ادامه دهیم
We cannot continue
او هرگز نمیخندد
He never laughs
من نمیتوانم درک کنم
I cannot comprehend
آنها نمیتوانند تغییر دهند
They cannot change
ما نمیتوانیم نادیده بگیریم
We cannot ignore
Easily Confused
Learners try to use nemi- with 'hastan'.
Common Mistakes
na miravam
nemiravam
ne-mi-ravam
nemiravam
nemihastam
nistam
nemikardam
nemikardam (past)
Sentence Patterns
من ___ نمیکنم.
Real World Usage
نمیتونم بیام
Prefix Power
Smart Tips
Drop the mi-.
Pronunciation
Stress
The stress falls on the 'ne' of 'nemi'.
Falling
نمیروم↓
Statement of fact.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'nemi' as 'No-Me' — when you say 'No-Me', you are negating yourself.
Visual Association
Imagine a giant red 'X' stamp hitting the 'mi-' prefix and turning it into 'nemi-'.
Rhyme
When you want to say no, don't be shy, just put nemi in front of the mi.
Story
Ali wants to eat. He says 'mikhoram'. But the food is bad. He makes a face and says 'nemikhoram'. Now he is full and happy.
Word Web
Challenge
For 5 minutes, describe 5 things you are NOT doing right now using 'nemi-'.
Cultural Notes
In Tehran, 'nemi-' often becomes 'nami-' in fast speech.
Derived from the Old Persian negation 'na'.
Conversation Starters
آیا میروی؟
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
من ___ (go) نمیروم.
Score: /1
Practice Exercises
1 exercisesمن ___ (go) نمیروم.
Score: /1
Practice Bank
12 exercisesMan to râ ___ (I don't see you).
Match the pairs:
Man vaght nemidâram. (I don't have time)
nân / mâ / nemikharim
Translate to Persian (colloquial)
Identify the correct form:
Man ghahve ___ (nemikhoram).
Match context to phrase:
Man khaste nemihastam. (I'm not tired)
varzesh / cherâ / nemikoni
Man gitâr ___.
Yâdam ___.
Score: /12
FAQ (1)
Yes, it is consistent for all persons.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
no + verb
Persian is a prefix; Spanish is a separate word.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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