Hindi Postposition 'Par': On and At (पर)
पर after a noun to mean 'on' or 'at', ensuring the noun is in its oblique form.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'par' (पर) to indicate location on a surface or a specific point in space.
- Use 'par' for surfaces: 'Mez par' (On the table).
- Use 'par' for specific locations: 'Station par' (At the station).
- Always place 'par' after the noun it modifies.
Overview
In Hindi, expressing location, position, or specific points often relies on postpositions – words that follow nouns or pronouns to indicate their relationship to other elements in a sentence. One of the most fundamental and versatile of these is पर (par). At a CEFR A1 level, mastering पर is crucial for articulating where objects are, where actions occur, or even when events take place.
It primarily translates to "on" or "at" in English, but its usage extends to abstract and digital spaces, demonstrating its broad applicability.
Unlike English prepositions, which precede the noun (e.g., "on the table"), Hindi postpositions consistently follow the noun or pronoun they modify (e.g., मेज पर (mez par), literally "table on"). This structural difference is a foundational concept in Hindi grammar. Understanding पर not only unlocks basic spatial descriptions but also introduces the critical concept of the oblique case, a grammatical change many nouns and pronouns undergo when a postposition is attached.
Grasping this interplay between nouns, pronouns, and postpositions is essential for constructing grammatically correct and natural-sounding Hindi sentences from the outset.
How This Grammar Works
पर (par) are always positioned directly after the noun or pronoun they govern. This is a consistent rule across virtually all Hindi postpositions.पर follows a noun, that noun often changes its form. This change is not arbitrary; it adheres to clear patterns based on the noun's gender, number, and ending. The oblique case marks the noun as being governed by the subsequent postposition.पर, these changes are particularly important for A1 learners:- Masculine Singular Nouns Ending in
-ā(आ): This is the most prominent change. If a masculine singular noun ends with the vowel sound-ā(आ), this ending changes to-e(ए) in the oblique case beforeपर. - Example:
कमरा(kamrā - room) becomesकमरे(kamre). Thus,कमरे पर(kamre par - in/on the room). - Example:
लड़का(laṛkā - boy) becomesलड़के(laṛke). So,लड़के पर(laṛke par - on/at the boy).
रास्ता (rāstā - road) → रास्ते पर (rāste par - on the road) and बेटा (beṭā - son) → बेटे पर (beṭe par - on/at the son).- Masculine Singular Nouns NOT Ending in
-ā(आ): These nouns remain unchanged in their singular form when followed byपर. Their inherent ending does not trigger an oblique case modification. - Example:
घर(ghar - house/home) remainsघर. Thus,घर पर(ghar par - at home). - Example:
पेड़(peṛ - tree) remainsपेड़. So,पेड़ पर(peṛ par - on the tree).
- Feminine Singular Nouns: Feminine singular nouns generally do not change their form in the oblique case before
पर. This simplifies their usage considerably for beginners. - Example:
किताब(kitāb - book) remainsकिताब. Thus,किताब पर(kitāb par - on the book). - Example:
मेज(mez - table) remainsमेज. So,मेज पर(mez par - on the table).
- Plural Nouns (Masculine and Feminine): All plural nouns, regardless of gender, undergo a specific oblique transformation. They typically take the oblique plural ending
-oṁ(ओं). This uniform rule is crucial for correct plural usage. - Masculine plural:
लड़के(laṛke - boys) becomesलड़कों(laṛkoṁ). Thus,लड़कों पर(laṛkoṁ par - on/at the boys). - Feminine plural:
लड़कियाँ(laṛkiyāṁ - girls) becomesलड़कियों(laṛkiyoṁ). So,लड़कियों पर(laṛkiyoṁ par - on/at the girls). - Example:
घरों पर(gharoṁ par - on/at the houses) andसड़कों पर(saṛkoṁ par - on the roads).
पर (or any other postposition). These are typically distinct forms that must be memorized:मैं(maiṁ - I) →मुझ पर(mujh par - on me / at me)तुम(tum - you, informal singular) →तुम पर(tum par - on you / at you) (no change)आप(āp - you, formal singular/plural) →आप पर(āp par - on you / at you) (no change)हम(ham - we) →हम पर(ham par - on us / at us) (no change)वह(vah - he/she/it/that, singular distant) →उस पर(us par - on him/her/it/that)ये(ye - he/she/it/this, singular near) →इस पर(is par - on him/her/it/this)वे(ve - they/those, plural distant) →उन पर(un par - on them/those)ये(ye - they/these, plural near) →इन पर(in par - on them/these)
पर). Failing to apply the oblique case correctly is one of the most common errors for A1 learners, making the Hindi sound ungrammatical.Formation Pattern
पर involves two primary steps: selecting the appropriate noun or pronoun, and then ensuring it is in its correct oblique case form before appending पर. This systematic approach minimizes errors and reinforces understanding of Hindi's postpositional structure.
पर. For instance, if you want to say "on the table," the noun is मेज (mez). If you want to say "at home," the noun is घर (ghar).
पर, the noun or pronoun must be converted into its oblique form. This is where the rules of gender, number, and ending become crucial. Refer to the detailed explanation in the "How This Grammar Works" section for specific transformations. For example, कमरा (kamrā) (masculine singular, ends in -ā) becomes कमरे (kamre).
पर (par).
पर immediately after it. The resulting phrase then indicates the intended location or relationship.
पर:
पर) | Example with पर | Transliteration | Meaning (with पर) |
कमरा | kamrā | कमरे | कमरे पर | kamre par | on/at the room |
घर | ghar | घर | घर पर | ghar par | at home/on the house |
मेज | mez | मेज | मेज पर | mez par | on the table |
लड़के | laṛke | लड़कों | लड़कों पर | laṛkoṁ par | on/at the boys |
किताबें | kitābeṁ | किताबों | किताबों पर | kitāboṁ par | on the books |
पर:
पर:
पर | Transliteration | Meaning (with पर) |
मैं | maiṁ | मुझ | मुझ पर | mujh par | on me / at me |
वह | vah | उस | उस पर | us par | on him/her/it/that |
यह | yah | इस | इस पर | is par | on him/her/it/this |
वे | ve | उन | उन पर | un par | on them/those |
ये | ye | इन | इन पर | in par | on them/these |
तुम | tum | तुम | तुम पर | tum par | on you / at you |
आप | āp | आप | आप पर | āp par | on you / at you |
हम | ham | हम | हम पर | ham par | on us / at us |
पे (pe):
पे (pe) as a contracted form of पर. This is a common phonological reduction and is perfectly understandable among native speakers. For instance, छत पर (chat par - on the roof) often becomes छत पे (chat pe) in casual conversation. While it is grammatically पर, the use of पे is widespread colloquially. However, for formal writing, academic contexts, or when in doubt, always default to पर.
When To Use It
पर (par) is remarkably versatile, covering a range of meanings from concrete physical contact to abstract locations and temporal markers. Understanding its various applications is key to effective communication in Hindi.- 1Physical Contact / Surface ("On", "Upon")
पर, indicating that something is resting directly on a surface. It denotes direct physical contact.मेरी घड़ी मेज़ पर है।(merī ghaṛī mez par hai. - My watch is on the table.)बच्चा पलंग पर कूद रहा है।(bacca palaṅg par kūd rahā hai. - The child is jumping on the bed.)उसने अपनी किताबें फर्श पर रख दीं।(usne apnī kitābeṁ pharś par rakh dīṁ. - He put his books on the floor.)
- 1General Location / Position ("At")
पर is used to specify a general location, a particular spot, or a place where an activity occurs, without necessarily implying direct physical contact with a flat surface. This usage is equivalent to English "at."वह बस स्टॉप पर मेरा इंतज़ार कर रहा है।(vah bas sṭop par merā intazār kar rahā hai. - He is waiting for me at the bus stop.)हम घर पर खाना खाते हैं।(ham ghar par khānā khāte haiṁ. - We eat food at home.)क्या तुम कॉलेज पर मिल सकते हो?(kyā tum kālej par mil sakte ho? - Can you meet at college?)
- 1Digital / Abstract Platforms ("On")
पर has naturally extended its meaning to encompass digital spaces and communication channels. This reflects the concept of being "on" a platform or network.मुझे इंस्टाग्राम पर फॉलो करो।(mujhe insṭāgrām par pholo karo. - Follow me on Instagram.)मैंने वह ख़बर ट्विटर पर पढ़ी।(maiṁne vah ḵẖabar ṭviṭar par paṛhī. - I read that news on Twitter.)क्या हम ज़ूम कॉल पर बात कर सकते हैं?(kyā ham zūm kāl par bāt kar sakte haiṁ? - Can we talk on a Zoom call?)
- 1Point in Time ("On Time", "At")
पर can denote a specific point in time or indicate punctuality. While specific hours often use बजे (baje), पर is commonly used for phrases like "on time" or for specific dates.मीटिंग ठीक नौ बजे पर शुरू होगी।(mīṭiṅ ṭhīk nau baje par śurū hogī. - The meeting will start exactly at nine o'clock.)तुम हमेशा वक्त पर पहुँचते हो।(tum hameśā vakt par pahuṁcte ho. - You always arrive on time.)उसका जन्मदिन दिवाली पर होता है।(uskā janmdin divālī par hotā hai. - His birthday is on Diwali.)
- 1Rate / Price ("At")
पर is employed to express the rate or price at which something is bought, sold, or available.यह कमीज़ पचास प्रतिशत छूट पर मिल रही है।(yah kamīz pacās pratiśat chūṭ par mil rahī hai. - This shirt is available at a fifty percent discount.)उसने अपनी पुरानी कार एक लाख रुपये पर बेची।(usne apnī purānī kār ek lākh rupaye par becī. - He sold his old car at one lakh rupees.)
- 1Condition / Basis (More Advanced for A1)
पर can also convey a sense of condition or basis, meaning "on the condition of" or "based on." This is typically seen in more complex sentence structures.मैं इस शर्त पर तुम्हारी मदद करूँगा।(maiṁ is śart par tumhārī madad karūṁgā. - I will help you on this condition.)
पर marking a specific locus, be it physical, temporal, or abstract. Context invariably clarifies the intended meaning.Common Mistakes
पर (par), primarily stemming from direct translation from English or incomplete understanding of Hindi's case system. Recognizing and actively correcting these mistakes is crucial for developing accurate Hindi.- 1Neglecting the Oblique Case for Nouns:
-ā (आ) to -e (ए), or to apply the -oṁ (ओं) ending to plural nouns.- Error: Saying
कमरा पर(kamrā par) instead ofकमरे पर(kamre par) for "on the room." - Explanation: The
-āending of masculine singular nouns consistently changes to-ewhen a postposition likeपरfollows. It's a grammatical requirement, not an option. - Error: Saying
लड़की पर(laṛkī par) for "on the girls" when the intended meaning is plural. This implies a singular "on the girl." The plural forलड़की(laṛkī) isलड़कियाँ(laṛkiyāṁ), which in the oblique becomesलड़कियों(laṛkiyoṁ). - Correction: Always double-check noun endings. For masculine singular nouns ending in
-ā, change to-e. For all plural nouns (masculine or feminine), use the-oṁending. For singular feminine nouns or masculine singular nouns not ending in-ā, no change occurs.
- 1Confusing
परwithमें(meṁ - in/inside):
पर and में is a frequent point of confusion, as both can sometimes translate to English "at" or describe location. However, their Hindi meanings are quite distinct:पर(par): Implies on a surface, at a general point, or external position/vicinity.में(meṁ): Implies inside, within, or contained by something.
में (inside) | Hindi with पर (on/at) | Explanation |मेज में (in the table - e.g., drawer) | मेज पर (on the table's surface) | में suggests enclosure, पर suggests a surface. |कमरे में (inside the room) | कमरे पर (at the room - e.g., at the door) | में for being contained, पर for being at an external point. |स्कूल में (inside the school building) | स्कूल पर (at the school gate/vicinity) | में for being physically within, पर for being in the area. |बस में (inside the vehicle) | बस पर (on the bus; e.g., roof, or at the stop) | में for travelling within, पर for surface or vicinity. |मैं मेज़ में हूँ (maiṁ mez meṁ hūṁ - I am in the table) instead of मैं मेज़ पर हूँ (maiṁ mez par hūṁ - I am at the table) would imply you are literally inside the table, a humorous but incorrect image.- 1Overusing
पे(pe) in Formal Contexts:
पे is widely accepted and common in colloquial and casual Hindi, using it in formal writing, academic assignments, or official communications can appear unprofessional. पर is the standard, grammatically complete form.- Correction: Reserve
पेfor spoken language and informal texts. For any formal context, useपरconsistently.
- 1Misapplying English "At" Equivalents:
पर often translates "at," English phrases like "at a party" or "at a meeting" typically translate to पार्टी में (pārṭī meṁ - in the party) or मीटिंग में (mīṭiṅ meṁ - in the meeting) in Hindi, as they denote being within an event or gathering, not merely at a point on its surface. The context of enclosure versus surface/point is vital.Real Conversations
To truly grasp पर (par), observe its application in everyday Hindi interactions. Its versatility means it appears in various contexts, from casual exchanges to slightly more formal statements.
1. Locating Objects and People (Casual):
- Conversation Snippet:
A
मेरी चाबियाँ कहाँ हैं? (merī cābiyāṁ kahāṁ haiṁ? - Where are my keys?)B
शायद मेज़ पर होंगी। (śāyad mez par hoṁgī. - They might be on the table.)- Observation: Here, मेज पर directly translates to "on the table," indicating physical contact. This is a very common structure for asking about and stating the location of items.
2. Indicating Presence at a Location (Informal/Semi-Formal):
- Conversation Snippet:
A
आप अभी कहाँ हैं? (āp abhī kahāṁ haiṁ? - Where are you right now?)B
मैं अभी बस स्टॉप पर हूँ। पाँच मिनट में पहुँचूँगा। (maiṁ abhī bas sṭop par hūṁ. pāṁc minaṭ meṁ pahuṁcūṁgā. - I am at the bus stop right now. I'll arrive in five minutes.)- Observation: बस स्टॉप पर signifies being at the bus stop, a specific point in a general area. The use of हूँ (hūṁ) further confirms the speaker's presence.
3. Engaging with Digital Platforms (Modern Usage):
- Conversation Snippet:
A
मैंने तुम्हें व्हाट्सएप पर एक संदेश भेजा है। (maiṁne tumheṁ whāṭsapp par ek sandeś bhejā hai. - I sent you a message on WhatsApp.)B
अच्छा, मैं अभी देखती हूँ। (acchā, maiṁ abhī dekhtī hūṁ. - Okay, I'll see it now.)- Observation: व्हाट्सएप पर illustrates पर's contemporary use for digital platforms, mirroring English "on WhatsApp." This highlights how पर adapts to new linguistic needs.
4. Marking Punctuality or Time:
- Conversation Snippet:
कृपया मीटिंग में वक्त पर आना। (kṛpayā mīṭiṅ meṁ vakt par ānā. - Please come on time for the meeting.)
- Observation: वक्त पर unequivocally means "on time," emphasizing punctuality. This is a standard phrase essential for scheduling and agreements.
5. पर as a Conjunction ("But"):
Crucially, पर can also function as a conjunction meaning "but." The context makes its role clear. If it links two clauses, it's a conjunction. If it follows a noun/pronoun, it's a postposition.
- Conversation Snippet:
मैं घर पर हूँ, पर मेरा भाई बाज़ार में है। (maiṁ ghar par hūṁ, par merā bhāī bāzār meṁ hai. - I am at home, but my brother is in the market.)
- Observation: The first पर (घर पर) is a postposition indicating location. The second पर functions as a conjunction connecting two contrasting clauses. This demonstrates the polysemous nature of पर, requiring learners to pay close attention to syntactic position.
These examples from real communicative situations underscore the importance of पर and its various functions. Paying attention to these nuances allows for both comprehension and natural expression in Hindi.
Quick FAQ
पर (par), providing concise clarifications to reinforce understanding.पर also mean "but"?पर can indeed function as a conjunction meaning "but" or "however," similar to लेकिन (lekin) or मगर (magar). Its meaning is determined by its grammatical position in the sentence.पर directly follows a noun or pronoun, it acts as a postposition (on/at). If it connects two independent clauses or sentences, it functions as a conjunction. For instance, उसकी किताब मेज़ पर है, पर वह यहाँ नहीं है। (uskī kitāb mez par hai, par vah yahāṁ nahīṁ hai.पर is a postposition, the second is a conjunction.में (meṁ) and पर when English uses "at"?में) or on a surface or at a general point/vicinity (पर). If you are physically contained within a space (e.g., a room, a car, an event), use में. If you are on a surface (e.g., table, floor) or at a specific external point (e.g., bus stop, gate), use पर.मैं थिएटर में हूँ (maiṁ thieṭar meṁ hūṁ - I am in the theater, watching a movie) versus मैं थिएटर पर हूँ (maiṁ thieṭar par hūṁ - I am at the theater, perhaps outside waiting).पर for being "on" a bus or train?में (meṁ) is more common: मैं बस में हूँ (maiṁ bas meṁ hūṁ - I am in the bus). However, पर can be used to imply being on the surface of the vehicle (e.g., छत पर (chat par - on the roof) if literally on top) or at the point of boarding/alighting. If you are describing traveling by bus, the postposition से (se - by/with/from) is used: मैं बस से यात्रा कर रहा हूँ (maiṁ bas se yātrā kar rahā hūṁ - I am traveling by bus).पर?पर. The primary changes in the singular oblique case apply to masculine nouns ending in -ā.सड़क (saṛak - road) remains सड़क in सड़क पर (saṛak par - on the road), and दीवार (dīvār - wall) remains दीवार in दीवार पर (dīvār par - on the wall).पे (pe) always informal, and should I avoid it?पे is a colloquial, contracted form of पर and is very common in informal spoken Hindi and casual written communication like text messages. While it's widely understood and used by native speakers, पर is the grammatically standard and formal version. For academic writing, formal correspondence, or when in doubt, it is best to use पर to maintain a formal register.पे in informal settings, as it is a natural part of casual Hindi.पर relate to other similar postpositions like तक (tak)?पर and तक have distinct functions. पर indicates a specific point, surface, or general location ("on," "at"). तक means "up to," "until," or "as far as," denoting a limit or boundary.स्टेशन पर मिलो (sṭeśan par milo - Meet at the station) describes a meeting point. In contrast, स्टेशन तक जाओ (sṭeśan tak jāo - Go up to the station) describes a destination or extent of travel. They are not interchangeable; पर marks the destination/location itself, while तक marks the extent towards it.Basic Formation Table
| Noun | Postposition | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
|
Mez
|
par
|
On the table
|
|
Station
|
par
|
At the station
|
|
Kursi
|
par
|
On the chair
|
|
Ghar
|
par
|
At home
|
|
Ped
|
par
|
On the tree
|
|
Zameen
|
par
|
On the ground
|
Meanings
A postposition used to denote physical location on a surface or at a specific point.
Physical Surface
Located on top of a surface.
“वह ज़मीन पर बैठा है।”
“पक्षी पेड़ पर है।”
Specific Point
At a specific location or point.
“मैं स्टेशन पर हूँ।”
“वह बस स्टॉप पर खड़ा है।”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + par + hai
|
Mez par hai
|
|
Negative
|
Noun + par + nahi hai
|
Mez par nahi hai
|
|
Question
|
Kya + Noun + par + hai?
|
Kya mez par hai?
|
|
Location
|
Noun + par
|
Station par
|
Formality Spectrum
पुस्तक मेज़ पर है। (Describing location)
किताब मेज़ पर है। (Describing location)
किताब मेज़ पर पड़ी है। (Describing location)
किताब मेज़ पे है। (Describing location)
Par Usage Map
Surface
- Mez Table
- Zameen Ground
Location
- Station Station
- Ghar Home
Examples by Level
किताब मेज़ पर है।
The book is on the table.
मैं स्टेशन पर हूँ।
I am at the station.
वह कुर्सी पर है।
He/She is on the chair.
क्या वह छत पर है?
Is he/she on the roof?
मेरा फोन मेज़ पर नहीं है।
My phone is not on the table.
हम बस स्टॉप पर इंतज़ार कर रहे हैं।
We are waiting at the bus stop.
क्या तुम एयरपोर्ट पर हो?
Are you at the airport?
पक्षी पेड़ पर बैठा है।
The bird is sitting on the tree.
इस विषय पर बात करना ज़रूरी है।
It is important to talk on this topic.
वह अपने काम पर ध्यान दे रहा है।
He is focusing on his work.
क्या आप कल पार्टी पर आ रहे हैं?
Are you coming to the party tomorrow?
उसने दीवार पर तस्वीर लगाई।
He hung the picture on the wall.
सरकार ने इस मुद्दे पर चर्चा की।
The government discussed this issue.
वह अपनी बात पर अड़ा हुआ है।
He is stuck on his point.
क्या यह वेबसाइट पर उपलब्ध है?
Is this available on the website?
वह अपनी धुन पर चलता है।
He walks to his own beat.
वह अपनी सफलता पर गर्व करता है।
He is proud of his success.
इस शर्त पर मैं सहमत हूँ।
I agree on this condition.
वह अपनी ज़िम्मेदारी पर खरा उतरा।
He lived up to his responsibility.
क्या आप इस सुझाव पर विचार करेंगे?
Will you consider this suggestion?
वह अपनी हठ पर कायम है।
He remains firm on his stubbornness.
उसने अपनी प्रतिष्ठा पर आंच नहीं आने दी।
He did not let a stain come on his reputation.
वह अपनी नियति पर छोड़ दिया गया।
He was left to his fate.
इस संदर्भ पर गौर करना आवश्यक है।
It is necessary to pay attention to this context.
Easily Confused
Learners mix up 'in' and 'on'.
Learners mix up 'from/with' and 'on'.
Learners mix up 'to' and 'at'.
Common Mistakes
Par mez kitab
Mez par kitab
Ghar par mein
Main ghar par
Mez mein kitab
Mez par kitab
Station mein
Station par
Mujhe par
Mujh par
Kursi mein
Kursi par
Bus par
Bus mein
Uske par
Us par
Topic mein
Topic par
Website mein
Website par
Safar mein
Safar par
Dhyan mein
Dhyan par
Shart mein
Shart par
Zimmedari mein
Zimmedari par
Sentence Patterns
___ par ___ hai.
Kya ___ par ___ hai?
Main ___ par ___ raha hoon.
Is ___ par baat karein.
Real World Usage
Main station par hoon.
Menu par kya hai?
Is project par kaam kiya hai.
Airport par milenge.
Photo profile par hai.
Signal par mud jao.
Surface vs Point
Don't use 'mein'
Shorten it
Context matters
Smart Tips
Always use 'par' for surfaces.
Use 'par' for stations and stops.
Remember: Main -> Mujh par.
Use 'pe' to sound like a native.
Pronunciation
Par
Pronounced like 'purr' in 'purring cat'.
Statement
Mez par hai ↘
Falling intonation for facts.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Par' as 'Per' (as in 'perched'). You are perched ON something.
Visual Association
Imagine a cat sitting on a table. The cat is 'par' the table.
Rhyme
For a surface or a place, put 'par' in the right space.
Story
I went to the station (station par). I saw a cat on the wall (deewar par). I left my bag on the bench (bench par).
Word Web
Challenge
Look around your room and name 3 things using 'par' in 1 minute.
Cultural Notes
Very common in daily speech.
Used in official documents.
Often shortened to 'pe'.
Derived from Sanskrit 'upari' meaning 'above'.
Conversation Starters
Tumhara phone kahan hai?
Tum abhi kahan ho?
Kya tumne kitab dekhi?
Is vishay par tumhari kya rai hai?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Kitab mez ___ hai.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Ghar mein par hoon.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
I am at the station.
Answer starts with: Mai...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Select the surface.
Woh ped ___ hai.
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesKitab mez ___ hai.
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Ghar mein par hoon.
hai / par / mez / kitab
I am at the station.
Match: Table -> ?
Select the surface.
Woh ped ___ hai.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesThe book is on the table.
hai / chhat / par / bandar
___ कोई है। (At the door someone is)
Choose the correct phrase:
Match the locations
लड़का पर पानी गिरा। (Water fell on the boy)
मैं ___ हूँ। (I am on a call)
He is on the bus.
bhejo / location / par / WhatsApp
On the tables (plural):
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
Mostly, but it also means 'at' for locations.
No, use 'mein' for rooms.
It is just a casual, spoken version of 'par'.
No, 'par' is invariant.
No, use other markers for time.
Yes, it is standard in all registers.
The pronoun changes to oblique form (e.g., mujh par).
It comes from 'upari' but is used differently.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
sobre / en
Hindi uses one word for both surface and point.
sur / à
Hindi is more generalized.
auf / an
German cases change the meaning.
ni / ue ni
Hindi postpositions are distinct from Japanese particles.
ala / fi
Arabic is a prepositional language.
shang / zai
Hindi uses postpositions.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Videos
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