C1 Advanced Verbs 18 min read 困难

正式被动语态:正在被执行 (Karmavachya)

掌握正式被动语态,只需将完成时词干与 «jānā» 结合,就能让你的印地语听起来既专业又客观。

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The passive voice in Hindi shifts focus from the doer to the action by using 'jana' as an auxiliary verb.

  • The main verb becomes a past participle (e.g., 'kiya').
  • Add the appropriate form of 'jana' (to go) after the participle.
  • The agent (doer) is marked with 'se' or 'dwara' if mentioned.
Object + Verb(past participle) + jana (conjugated) 🎯

Overview

有没有想过为什么新闻主播听起来总是那么客观疏远?那是因为他们喜欢用被动语态。在印地语中,这被称为 Karmavachya

How This Grammar Works

在普通句子中,主语是动作的执行者。在被动语态中,宾语变成了核心。印地语通过使用助动词 jānā(去)来实现这一点。

Formation Pattern

1
确定主语动词。
2
将其变为完成时词干(词干 + ā/ī/e)。
3
添加助动词 jānā 并根据时态和阴阳性进行变位。

When To Use It

用于正式场合,如新闻报道、官方文件或职业邮件。

Common Mistakes

最大的错误是忘记性数配合。jānā 必须与宾语的性别一致。

Contrast With Similar Patterns

这与使用 se 表示能力的“能力被动语态”不同。

Quick FAQ

Q

我可以在发微信时使用吗?

除非你想显得非常正式,或者你在阴阳怪气。

Passive Voice Conjugation (Object: Patra - Letter)

Tense Structure Example
Past
Participle + gaya/gayi
Patra likha gaya
Present Perfect
Participle + gaya hai
Patra likha gaya hai
Past Perfect
Participle + gaya tha
Patra likha gaya tha
Future
Participle + jayega
Patra likha jayega
Continuous
Participle + ja raha hai
Patra likha ja raha hai
Obligative
Participle + jana chahiye
Patra likha jana chahiye

Meanings

The passive voice is used when the action is more important than the person performing it, or when the performer is unknown.

1

Formal Reporting

Used in news or official documents to remain objective.

“कानून पास किया गया।”

“मीटिंग कल बुलाई गई।”

2

Unknown Agent

When the doer is irrelevant or unknown.

“खिड़की तोड़ दी गई।”

“पैसे चुरा लिए गए।”

3

Polite/Indirect

Softening a request or statement.

“यह काम आपसे किया जाना चाहिए।”

“आपको सूचित किया जाता है।”

Reference Table

Reference table for 正式被动语态:正在被执行 (Karmavachya)
时态 构成方式 示例 (阳性单数) 中文意思
一般现在时
词干 + ā/ī/e + jātā hai
kiyā jātā hai
被做
一般过去时
词干 + ā/ī/e + gayā
kiyā gayā
被做了
一般将来时
词干 + ā/ī/e + jāegā
kiyā jāegā
将被做
现在进行时
词干 + ā/ī/e + jā rahā hai
kiyā jā rahā hai
正在被做
过去进行时
词干 + ā/ī/e + jā rahā thā
kiyā jā rahā thā
当时正在被做
现在完成时
词干 + ā/ī/e + gayā hai
kiyā gayā hai
已经被做了

正式程度

正式
कार्य पूरा किया गया।

कार्य पूरा किया गया। (Professional vs Casual)

中性
काम पूरा हो गया।

काम पूरा हो गया। (Professional vs Casual)

非正式
काम हो गया।

काम हो गया। (Professional vs Casual)

俚语
काम निपट गया।

काम निपट गया। (Professional vs Casual)

正式被动语态使用场景

Karmavachya

官方文件

  • Nirnay liyā gayā 决定已做出
  • Sūcit kiyā jāegā 将收到通知

媒体与新闻

  • Aprādhi pakṛā gayā 罪犯被抓获
  • Khabar milī 收到消息

主动语态 vs. 正式被动语态

主动语态 (Kartrvachya)
Maine patra likhā 我写了信
Pulis ne cor pakṛā 警察抓了小偷
正式被动语态 (Karmavachya)
Patra likhā gayā 信被写好了
Cor pakṛā gayā 小偷被抓了

构建正式被动语态步骤

1

动词是及物的吗(有对象吗)?

YES
进入完成时词干步骤
NO
可能无法使用被动语态
2

对象是阳性还是阴性?

YES
使 'jānā' 与对象性别匹配
NO ↓

常用助动词形式

📜

过去时形式

  • Gayā (阳单)
  • Gayi (阴单)
  • Gaye (阳复)
  • Gayin (阴复)
🔮

现在/将来形式

  • Jātā hai
  • Jāegā
  • Jā rahā hai

按水平分级的例句

1

काम किया गया।

The work was done.

2

खाना खाया गया।

The food was eaten.

3

पानी पिया गया।

The water was drunk.

4

किताब पढ़ी गई।

The book was read.

1

पत्र लिखा गया।

The letter was written.

2

दरवाजा खोला गया।

The door was opened.

3

गाड़ी चलाई गई।

The car was driven.

4

सब्जी काटी गई।

The vegetable was cut.

1

मीटिंग कल रखी गई है।

The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow.

2

नियम बदल दिए गए हैं।

The rules have been changed.

3

यह फैसला लिया गया।

This decision was taken.

4

उसे बुलाया गया था।

He was called.

1

सरकार द्वारा नया कानून पारित किया गया।

A new law was passed by the government.

2

इस समस्या पर चर्चा की जानी चाहिए।

This problem should be discussed.

3

उन्हें सम्मानित किया गया।

They were honored.

4

सबूत नष्ट कर दिए गए।

The evidence was destroyed.

1

इस विषय पर गंभीरता से विचार किया गया है।

This subject has been considered seriously.

2

उम्मीद की जाती है कि सुधार किया जाएगा।

It is expected that improvements will be made.

3

अतीत की गलतियों को दोहराया नहीं जाना चाहिए।

Past mistakes should not be repeated.

4

प्रस्ताव को सर्वसम्मति से स्वीकार किया गया।

The proposal was accepted unanimously.

1

नियति द्वारा सब कुछ पहले ही निर्धारित कर दिया गया था।

Everything had already been determined by fate.

2

यह तर्क दिया गया है कि परिवर्तन अनिवार्य है।

It has been argued that change is inevitable.

3

अधिकारों का उल्लंघन बर्दाश्त नहीं किया जाएगा।

Violation of rights will not be tolerated.

4

उन्हें इस पद के लिए चुना जाना एक सम्मान है।

Being chosen for this position is an honor.

容易混淆

Formal Passive Voice: It's Being Done (Karmavachya) 对比 Active vs Passive

Learners often add 'ne' to passive sentences.

Formal Passive Voice: It's Being Done (Karmavachya) 对比 Intransitive 'ho jana'

Confusing 'ho gaya' (happened) with 'kiya gaya' (was done).

Formal Passive Voice: It's Being Done (Karmavachya) 对比 Stative vs Passive

Confusing 'hua hai' (is done/state) with 'kiya gaya hai' (has been done/action).

常见错误

Maine kaam kiya gaya.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Don't include the agent with 'ne' in passive.

Patra likha gaye.

Patra likha gaya.

Match gender/number of object.

Kaam kar gaya.

Kaam kiya gaya.

Use passive participle.

Gaya kaam.

Kaam gaya.

Word order is important.

Usne khana khaya gaya.

Khana khaya gaya.

No agent marker.

Kitab padha gaya.

Kitab padhi gayi.

Kitab is feminine.

Sab kaam ho gaya.

Sab kaam kar diye gaye.

Use proper passive structure.

Mujhe bola gaya tha ki...

Mujhse kaha gaya tha ki...

Passive of 'to say' uses 'kaha'.

Yeh kaam tumse kiya gaya.

Yeh kaam tumhare dwara kiya gaya.

Use 'dwara' for formal agents.

Woh kaam kiya gaya.

Woh kaam kiya gaya tha.

Tense consistency.

Yeh baat samjha gaya.

Yeh baat samjhi gayi.

Baat is feminine.

Unke dwara kiya gaya tha kaam.

Kaam unke dwara kiya gaya tha.

Word order.

Iska matlab samjha jana chahiye.

Iska matlab samjha jana chahiye.

Correct usage.

句型

___ (object) ___ (verb) gaya.

___ (object) ___ (verb) jana chahiye.

___ (agent) dwara ___ (object) ___ (verb) gaya.

Kya ___ (object) ___ (verb) gaya hai?

Real World Usage

Corporate Email constant

यह प्रोजेक्ट कल तक पूरा किया जाएगा।

News Report very common

शहर में कर्फ्यू लगा दिया गया है।

Texting occasional

काम हो गया क्या?

Job Interview common

मुझे इस पद के लिए चुना गया।

Food Delivery App common

आपका ऑर्डर तैयार किया जा रहा है।

Travel Announcement common

आपकी ट्रेन रद्द कर दी गई है।

🎯

甩锅神器

政客们最爱这一招!与其说“我犯了错”,不如说“错误被犯了”,这样就把自己从责任中心移开了:
Galti kī gayi hai.
⚠️

避免被动语态过载

如果你在日常聊天中狂用被动语态,听起来会像个政府机器人。请把这种表达留给邮件、演讲或社交媒体公告:
Āpko jald hī sūcit kiyā jāegā.
💬

距离产生尊重

在印度文化中,太直接有时会被视为粗鲁。使用被动语态能创造一种礼貌的距离感,这在正式场合非常受推崇:
Satyā kahā gayā hai ki...

Smart Tips

Use passive voice to avoid direct blame.

You made a mistake. A mistake was made.

Use passive voice to remain objective.

The police arrested him. He was arrested.

Use passive voice.

Someone broke the window. The window was broken.

Use passive for general rules.

You must submit the form. The form must be submitted.

发音

ga-ya

Gaya/Gayi

Ensure the 'y' is distinct. 'Gaya' rhymes with 'aya'.

Falling

Kaam kiya gaya ↘

Finality and objectivity.

记住它

记忆技巧

Passive is 'Past-ive': Use the Past participle and add 'jana' to go with the flow.

视觉联想

Imagine a letter (the object) floating in the air while a pen (the agent) is hidden behind a curtain. The letter is being written by an invisible hand.

Rhyme

When the object takes the lead, add 'jana' to fulfill the need.

Story

A king once ordered a feast. The food was cooked (khana pakaya gaya). The guests were invited (mehman bulaye gaye). The music was played (sangeet bajaya gaya). Everything was done without mentioning the king.

Word Web

janagayagayidwarakarmavachyaparticiple

挑战

Write 3 sentences about your day using only passive voice (e.g., 'Coffee was made', 'Emails were sent').

文化笔记

Passive voice is highly valued in emails to sound polite and avoid direct confrontation.

News anchors use passive voice to report crimes without naming suspects prematurely.

Research papers use passive voice to maintain scientific objectivity.

Hindi passive voice evolved from Sanskrit structures, simplifying into the current 'jana' auxiliary form.

对话开场白

क्या आपको लगता है कि यह काम समय पर पूरा किया गया?

क्या कल कोई घोषणा की गई थी?

क्या आपको सूचित किया गया है?

क्या यह नियम बदला जाना चाहिए?

日记主题

Describe a project you completed using only passive voice.
Write a formal complaint about a service, using passive voice to remain objective.
Summarize a news event using passive voice.
Reflect on a past mistake using passive voice to distance yourself.

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

使用 'jānā' 的正确将来时被动形式填空。

यह काम कल तक पूरा ___ ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: किया जाएगा
'Kal tak' 表示将来,所以 'kiyā jāegā' 是正确的将来时被动形式。
哪句话的性数一致性是正确的? 多项选择

选择“报告(阴性)已寄出”的正确句子:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: रिपोर्ट भेजी गई।
'Report' 是阴性,所以 'bhejī' 和 'gayī' 都必须变性为阴性。
修正执行者标记的错误。 Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

यह कहानी प्रेमचंद से लिखी गई।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: यह कहानी प्रेमचंद के द्वारा लिखी गई。
在正式被动语态中,表示执行者“由”要用 'ke dvārā',而不是 'se'。

Score: /3

练习题

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct passive form.

पत्र ___ (likha) gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: likha
Patra is masculine singular.
Choose the correct passive sentence. 多项选择

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
No 'ne' in passive.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Kitab padha gaya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kitab padhi gayi.
Kitab is feminine.
Change to passive. Sentence Transformation

Ram ne kaam kiya.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
Passive removes the agent.
Match the tense. Match Pairs

Match the passive form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: All of the above
All are correct.
Order the words. Sentence Building

gaya / kaam / kiya

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya
Correct SOV order.
Conjugate 'khana' (to eat) in passive. Conjugation Drill

Khana ___ (past).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khaya gaya
Khana is masculine.
Select the formal passive. 多项选择

Which is most formal?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Kaam kiya gaya.
Passive is formal.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
翻译成印地语 翻译

The decision was taken by the committee.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: निर्णय समिति के द्वारा लिया गया।
完成告示牌内容 填空

यहाँ फ़ोटो खींचना ___ है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वर्जित
正式 vs 非正式被动 多项选择

哪种方式说“文件已检查”最正式?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: फ़ाइलें जाँची गईं।
重新排列单词 Sentence Reorder

गया / पुरस्कार / उसे / दिया

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: उसे पुरस्कार दिया गया
修正时态一致性 Error Correction

चाय पिया जा रहा है। (茶正在被喝)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: चाय पी जा रही है।
将英语/中文与印地语被动语态匹配 Match Pairs

连连看:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: match_all
现在进行时被动语态 填空

सड़कें ___ जा रही हैं।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: बनाई
新闻风格选择 多项选择

新闻主播会如何说“总理受到了欢迎”?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: प्रधानमंत्री का स्वागत किया गया।
特定对象的被动语态 Error Correction

बच्चों को बुलाया गए।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: बच्चों को बुलाया गया।
翻译成印地语 翻译

This letter was written by me.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: यह पत्र मेरे द्वारा लिखा गया।

Score: /10

常见问题 (8)

No, it sounds unnatural if overused. Use it only when the object is the focus.

Only if you need to specify the agent. Otherwise, omit it.

It acts as the auxiliary to indicate the passive state.

It changes the focus, not the core meaning.

Yes, but it might sound a bit formal or detached.

Use 'gaye' for masculine plural and 'gayi' for feminine plural.

Similar in function, but the structure is different.

Use active voice for most things and save passive for professional contexts.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se + verb

Hindi uses a full verb 'jana' while Spanish uses a particle.

French high

être + past participle

Choice of auxiliary verb (to be vs to go).

German moderate

werden + past participle

German uses 'werden', Hindi uses 'jana'.

Japanese low

reru/rareru suffix

Suffix vs Auxiliary.

Arabic low

Internal vowel change

Morphological change vs Syntactic construction.

Chinese moderate

bei marker

Particle usage.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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