B2 · 中高级 章节 2

Formal Logic and Causation

6 总规则
60 例句
5 分钟

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of formal logic and professional causation in Korean.

  • Connect reasons to significant outcomes using formal structures.
  • Express firm conclusions based on established facts.
  • Cite official documents and laws with precision.
Logic, authority, and professional impact in every sentence.

你将学到什么

Hey friend! Ready to level up your Korean in a serious way? This chapter is super exciting because it teaches you how to elegantly and formally explain the reasons behind actions and connect them to their results. I know, you might be thinking, 'Wow, that sounds advanced!' but don't worry, it's not difficult at all. Together, we'll learn how to use phrases like '-로 인하여' or '-로 말미암아' to say 'due to X, Y happened,' especially when the event is significant and serious. For instance, if you want to say, 'Due to the heavy rain, our trip was cancelled,' you won't just use a simple phrase anymore! Next, you'll discover how to state a consequence once something has been established. With '-는 이상,' you can say, 'Now that we've decided, we must do it.' Imagine how useful these will be when you want to understand why something happened in Korean news or when you need to give a firm, official explanation yourself. You'll even learn how to explain something based on a law or an official document, using '-에 의거하여.' By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to explain the reasons and logic behind events like a professional Korean speaker, make strong conclusions, and express your thoughts with great confidence and authority. Let's make your Korean amazing!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Construct formal reports using advanced causation markers like '-로 인하여'.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Justify decisions based on official policies using '-에 의거하여'.

章节指南

Overview

Welcome to a pivotal chapter in your journey to master Korean grammar at the B2 CEFR level! This guide is designed to empower you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision, clarity, and authority. You've already learned basic ways to explain causes and effects, but now we're diving into the more formal and sophisticated structures that elevate your communication.
Mastering these patterns is essential for truly understanding and engaging with advanced Korean content, from news reports and academic papers to official statements and formal discussions. This chapter on formal logic and causation will teach you how to elegantly explain the underlying reasons for events and logically connect them to their outcomes. By the end, you’ll be able to articulate why something happened, what the implications are, and what basis an action was taken upon, just like a native speaker.
Get ready to transform your Korean language skills!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces several powerful Korean grammar patterns that enable you to express causation, logical conclusions, and formal justifications. Let's break them down:
-로 인하여 (Formal Causation: Due to) and -로 말미암아 (The Formal Cause: Due to) are used to express the cause or reason for a significant or serious event, often with a somewhat negative or impactful consequence. They are highly formal and frequently appear in written reports, news, or formal speeches.
* 폭설로 인하여 비행기 운항이 전면 취소되었다. (Due to heavy snowfall, all flights were cancelled.)
* 부주의로 말미암아 큰 사고가 발생했습니다. (Due to carelessness, a major accident occurred.)
-는 바람에 (Academic Causation: Due To) indicates a cause that led to an unexpected or often negative outcome. While sometimes used in everyday speech, it carries a sense of consequence, making it suitable for explaining unfortunate events.
* 갑자기 비가 오는 바람에 소풍이 취소되었어요. (Due to the sudden rain, the picnic was cancelled.)
-ㄴ/은/는 이상 (Since / Now That) is used to state that once a certain condition or situation is established, a specific action or consequence logically follows. It implies a firm resolve or an unavoidable conclusion.
* 시작한 이상, 끝까지 해야 합니다. (Now that we've started, we must finish it.)
-ㄴ/은/는 즉 (Formal 'Namely' Logic) indicates a logical conclusion or consequence based on a preceding statement or condition. It can mean «if... then...» or as soon as... in a formal context, establishing a direct logical link.
* 규정을 위반한 , 벌금을 내야 합니다. (If you violate the regulations, you must pay a fine.)
-에 의거하여 (Formal Basis: Based On, In Accordance With) is used to state that an action or decision is based on a specific law, rule, document, or established fact. It adds an official and authoritative tone.
* 관련 법규에 의거하여 처벌이 결정될 것입니다. (Punishment will be determined in accordance with relevant laws.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 심심하는 바람에 영화를 봤어요.
Correct: 심심해서 영화를 봤어요. (I watched a movie because I was bored.)
*Explanation:* -는 바람에 typically implies an unexpected or often negative outcome, not a simple, positive, or neutral reason like being bored. For everyday reasons, simpler structures like -아/어서 are more appropriate.
  1. 1Wrong: 그의 실수로 말미암아 프로젝트가 성공했다.
Correct: 그의 실수로 인하여 프로젝트에 차질이 생겼다. (Due to his mistake, the project encountered a setback.)
*Explanation:* Both -로 인하여 and -로 말미암아 are used for significant causes, often leading to serious or negative consequences. Using them for a positive outcome like project success is unnatural. They convey a sense of gravity, which usually aligns with negative impacts.
  1. 1Wrong: 약속했는 이상, 변경할 수 없다.
Correct: 약속한 이상, 변경할 수 없다. (Now that I've promised, I cannot change it.)
*Explanation:* For verbs, -는 이상 is attached to the verb stem as -는 이상 (present tense) or -ㄴ/은 이상 (past tense). For adjectives, it's -ㄴ/은 이상. In this case, «약속하다» is a verb, so «약속한 이상» (past tense) or «약속하는 이상» (present tense) is correct.

Real Conversations

A

A

이번 사고는 운전자의 부주의로 인하여 발생한 것으로 보입니다. (This accident appears to have occurred due to the driver's carelessness.)
B

B

네, 조사 결과가 나온 이상, 책임 소재를 명확히 해야 할 것입니다. (Yes, now that the investigation results are out, we will have to clarify who is responsible.)
A

A

갑작스러운 시스템 오류는 바람에 데이터 손실이 있었습니다. (There was data loss due to a sudden system error.)
B

B

관련 규정에 의거하여 즉시 복구 절차를 진행해야 합니다. (In accordance with the relevant regulations, we must proceed with recovery procedures immediately.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use -로 인하여 vs. -아/어서 for causation in Korean?

-로 인하여 is much more formal and used for significant, often serious, causes with impactful consequences, typically in written or official contexts. -아/어서 is a general, everyday causal connector suitable for all situations, formal or informal.

Q

Is -는 바람에 always negative in its implication?

While -는 바람에 most frequently implies an unexpected or negative outcome, it can occasionally be used for neutral or even slightly positive, unexpected results, but the emphasis is always on the 'unexpected' aspect leading to a consequence. It is not generally used for planned or desired outcomes.

Q

Can -ㄴ/은/는 이상 be used in casual speech?

While it's more common in formal or semi-formal settings, -ㄴ/은/는 이상 can be used in casual speech among close friends to express a firm resolution or logical consequence, but it still maintains a slightly more serious tone than simpler expressions.

Q

What's the main difference between -로 인하여 and -로 말미암아?

Both are very similar and often interchangeable in meaning and formality, indicating a cause for a significant event. Some linguists suggest -로 말미암아 might imply a slightly more direct or ultimate cause, while -로 인하여 can refer to a more immediate or contributing factor, but this distinction is subtle and not always strictly observed.

Cultural Context

These formal Korean grammar patterns are indispensable for understanding and participating in higher-level discourse in Korea. You'll encounter -로 인하여, -로 말미암아, and -에 의거하여 frequently in news broadcasts, official documents, legal texts, academic papers, and formal speeches. Using them demonstrates a high level of linguistic sophistication and respect for the gravity of the topic.
-ㄴ/은/는 이상 adds a sense of logical deduction and resolve, often heard in discussions about commitments or principles. Mastering these allows you to engage with complex topics like a professional, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of B2 Korean communication.

关键例句 (8)

1

Pokseol-lo inhayeo hakgyo-ga hyugyo-haetseumnida.

由于暴雪,学校停课了。

正式因果关系:由于/归因于 (-로 인하여)
2

Jihacheol gojang-euro inhayeo yeolcha-ga jiyeon-doego itseumnida.

由于地铁故障,列车正在延误中。

正式因果关系:由于/归因于 (-로 인하여)
3

비가 갑자기 오는 바람에 옷이 다 젖었어요.

因为突然下雨,衣服全淋湿了。

意外原因:-는 바람에 (因为)
4

알람이 안 울리는 바람에 지각했습니다.

因为闹钟没响,我迟到了。

意外原因:-는 바람에 (因为)
5

이미 시작한 이상 끝을 봐야 해요.

既然已经开始了,就必须看到最后(坚持到底)。

既然 / 既然已经 (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)
6

환불이 안 되는 이상 그냥 입을 수밖에 없어요.

既然不能退款,我也只能就这么穿着了。

既然 / 既然已经 (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)
7

이 제품의 특징인 즉, 배터리 수명이 아주 길다는 것입니다.

这个产品的特征即是,电池寿命非常长。

正式的“即/也就是”逻辑 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)
8

그가 말하는 즉, 이번 프로젝트는 취소되었다는 사실입니다.

他所说的即是,这次项目已经被取消了。

正式的“即/也就是”逻辑 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)

技巧与窍门 (4)

🎯

变身形容词的小技巧

如果你想说‘由雪引起的延误’,把尾缀改成 -(으)로 인한 就可以了。比如: «눈으로 인한 지연»。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式因果关系:由于/归因于 (-로 인하여)
🎯

TOPIK 写作加分项

如果你在 TOPIK II 写作(尤其是 53 或 54 题)中使用这个语法,阅卷老师会立刻感受到你的高级词汇量: «인터넷의 발달로 말미암아 세상이 변했습니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式原因:由于 (-로 말미암아)
💬

最高级的礼貌借口

在韩国文化中,直接说‘我犯错了’有时显得太生硬。使用 «-는 바람에» 可以把责任推给突发事件本身,既保全了面子,又让你的道歉听起来更委婉。比如: «차가 막히는 바람에 늦었습니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 意外原因:-는 바람에 (因为)
⚠️

没有将来时

千万别说 «-ㄹ/을 이상»。因为这个语法是基于「已经发生的事实」,还没发生的事怎么能叫事实呢?比如:«이미 시작한 이상...»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 既然 / 既然已经 (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

核心词汇 (5)

결과 (gyeolgwa) result 근거 (geungeo) basis/evidence 규정 (gyujeong) regulation 조치 (jochi) measure/action 판단 (pandan) judgment

Real-World Preview

megaphone

The Official Announcement

Review Summary

  • Noun + 로 인하여
  • Noun + 로 말미암아
  • Verb + 는 바람에
  • Verb + (ㄴ/은/는) 이상
  • Noun/Verb + (ㄴ/은/는) 즉
  • Noun + 에 의거하여

常见错误

'-는 바람에' cannot be used with nouns directly. Use '-로 인하여' for nouns.

Wrong: 비가 와서 바람에 출근이 늦었다.
正确: 갑작스러운 비로 인하여 출근이 늦었다.

'-에 의거하여' is the set phrase for referencing laws, not just '-에 의하여'.

Wrong: 법에 의하여 행동해야 한다.
正确: 법에 의거하여 행동해야 한다.

'-기 때문에' is too casual/basic for this logical structure. Use '-는 이상' to show firm commitment.

Wrong: 결정했기 때문에, 우리는 해야 한다.
正确: 결정한 이상, 우리는 해야 한다.

本章规则 (6)

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job today! Your ability to structure complex thoughts is truly impressive.

Listen to a formal news broadcast and identify one 'due to' phrase.

快速练习 (10)

找出句子中的错误。

사실을 의거하여 이야기를 만들었습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 사실에 의거하여 이야기를 만들었습니다.
使用 «의거하여» 时必须搭配助词 «에»。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式依据:根据、依据 (-에 의거하여)

在空格处填入正确的形式。

航班由于台风 (태풍) 取消了。 (태풍 ___ 결항되었습니다.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 으로 인하여
因为 '태풍' 以辅音 (ng) 结尾,所以我们使用 '-으로 인하여'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式因果关系:由于/归因于 (-로 인하여)

找出语法正确的回答。

Find and fix the mistake:

포기할까요? (我们要放弃吗?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 시작한 이상 포기할 수 없어요.
既然已经开始了(过去动作),必须用 '시작한'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 既然 / 既然已经 (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

哪个句子更自然?

你想告诉朋友你因为睡懒觉迟到了。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 늦잠 자서 늦었어.
'-으로 인하여' 对朋友来说太正式了。'-아서/어서' 才是日常借口的自然表达。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式因果关系:由于/归因于 (-로 인하여)

哪句话最适合正式的新闻报道?

请选择正确的正式句子:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 태풍으로 말미암아 피해가 큽니다.
对于关于灾害的严肃报告,'-로 말미암아' 是最正式且具文学色彩的选择。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式原因:由于 (-로 말미암아)

哪句话听起来像正式的公司政策?

选择最适合办公室公告的句子:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 규정에 의거하여 휴가를 신청하세요.
«-에 의거하여» 是官方规定中最正式、最专业的选择。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式依据:根据、依据 (-에 의거하여)

用正确形式填空。

이미 표를 (사다) _____ 그냥 영화를 보자.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 산 이상
因为买票这个动作已经完成了,所以动词 '사다' 要用过去时定语形式 '-ㄴ 이상'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 既然 / 既然已经 (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

找出并修正这句文学性句子中的错误。

오해으로 말미암아 관계가 나빠졌습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 오해로 말미암아 관계가 나빠졌습니다.
'오해' 以元音结尾,应该接 '-로 말미암아',而不是 '-으로 말미암아'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式原因:由于 (-로 말미암아)

请在空格处填入 '-ㄴ/은/는 즉' 的正确形式。

그것이 사실___ (fact), 우리는 대책을 세워야 한다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 인 즉
'사실' 是名词,所以我们用 '-인 즉' 来表示“即,事实是...”。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式的“即/也就是”逻辑 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)

哪个句子在语法上是正确的?

选择表达意外原因的正确方式。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 지하철을 놓치는 바람에 지각했어요.
바람에 前不能用过去时,且结果必须是负面的。错过地铁导致迟到是这个语法的完美使用场景。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 意外原因:-는 바람에 (因为)

Score: /10

常见问题 (6)

不能直接接!你得先用 -기-음 把动词变成名词。比如 늦다 (迟到) 变成 늦음으로 인하여。但老实说,直接用 늦어서 更好。
没错!-(으)로 인해 只是 -(으)로 인하여 的缩写版。它依然很正式,但在书面通知中更常见。
它表示“由于”或“起因于”。它通常指向一个重大事件的起源或根本原因。例如: «전쟁으로 말미암아 많은 것이 변했습니다.»
不可以,它只能接在名词后面。如果你想接动词,必须先把它变成名词形式,比如 -는 것으로 말미암아,但这在现实中极其罕见。
不行哦,它专门用于负面、不理想或意外的结果。如果发生了好事,你应该用 덕분에(多亏了)或者中性的 -아/어서
这个句型需要使用现在时定语形式 -는 来表现动作发生时的那种“势头”。句子的时态由最后的动词决定。例如: «지각했어요» 已经说明是过去了。