B2 · 中上級 チャプター 2

Formal Logic and Causation

6 トータルルール
60 例文
5 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of formal logic and professional causation in Korean.

  • Connect reasons to significant outcomes using formal structures.
  • Express firm conclusions based on established facts.
  • Cite official documents and laws with precision.
Logic, authority, and professional impact in every sentence.

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to level up your Korean in a serious way? This chapter is super exciting because it teaches you how to elegantly and formally explain the reasons behind actions and connect them to their results. I know, you might be thinking, 'Wow, that sounds advanced!' but don't worry, it's not difficult at all. Together, we'll learn how to use phrases like '-로 인하여' or '-로 말미암아' to say 'due to X, Y happened,' especially when the event is significant and serious. For instance, if you want to say, 'Due to the heavy rain, our trip was cancelled,' you won't just use a simple phrase anymore! Next, you'll discover how to state a consequence once something has been established. With '-는 이상,' you can say, 'Now that we've decided, we must do it.' Imagine how useful these will be when you want to understand why something happened in Korean news or when you need to give a firm, official explanation yourself. You'll even learn how to explain something based on a law or an official document, using '-에 의거하여.' By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to explain the reasons and logic behind events like a professional Korean speaker, make strong conclusions, and express your thoughts with great confidence and authority. Let's make your Korean amazing!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Construct formal reports using advanced causation markers like '-로 인하여'.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Justify decisions based on official policies using '-에 의거하여'.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to a pivotal chapter in your journey to master Korean grammar at the B2 CEFR level! This guide is designed to empower you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision, clarity, and authority. You've already learned basic ways to explain causes and effects, but now we're diving into the more formal and sophisticated structures that elevate your communication.
Mastering these patterns is essential for truly understanding and engaging with advanced Korean content, from news reports and academic papers to official statements and formal discussions. This chapter on formal logic and causation will teach you how to elegantly explain the underlying reasons for events and logically connect them to their outcomes. By the end, you’ll be able to articulate why something happened, what the implications are, and what basis an action was taken upon, just like a native speaker.
Get ready to transform your Korean language skills!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces several powerful Korean grammar patterns that enable you to express causation, logical conclusions, and formal justifications. Let's break them down:
-로 인하여 (Formal Causation: Due to) and -로 말미암아 (The Formal Cause: Due to) are used to express the cause or reason for a significant or serious event, often with a somewhat negative or impactful consequence. They are highly formal and frequently appear in written reports, news, or formal speeches.
* 폭설로 인하여 비행기 운항이 전면 취소되었다. (Due to heavy snowfall, all flights were cancelled.)
* 부주의로 말미암아 큰 사고가 발생했습니다. (Due to carelessness, a major accident occurred.)
-는 바람에 (Academic Causation: Due To) indicates a cause that led to an unexpected or often negative outcome. While sometimes used in everyday speech, it carries a sense of consequence, making it suitable for explaining unfortunate events.
* 갑자기 비가 오는 바람에 소풍이 취소되었어요. (Due to the sudden rain, the picnic was cancelled.)
-ㄴ/은/는 이상 (Since / Now That) is used to state that once a certain condition or situation is established, a specific action or consequence logically follows. It implies a firm resolve or an unavoidable conclusion.
* 시작한 이상, 끝까지 해야 합니다. (Now that we've started, we must finish it.)
-ㄴ/은/는 즉 (Formal 'Namely' Logic) indicates a logical conclusion or consequence based on a preceding statement or condition. It can mean «if... then...» or as soon as... in a formal context, establishing a direct logical link.
* 규정을 위반한 즉, 벌금을 내야 합니다. (If you violate the regulations, you must pay a fine.)
-에 의거하여 (Formal Basis: Based On, In Accordance With) is used to state that an action or decision is based on a specific law, rule, document, or established fact. It adds an official and authoritative tone.
* 관련 법규에 의거하여 처벌이 결정될 것입니다. (Punishment will be determined in accordance with relevant laws.)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 심심하는 바람에 영화를 봤어요.
✓ Correct: 심심해서 영화를 봤어요. (I watched a movie because I was bored.)
*Explanation:* -는 바람에 typically implies an unexpected or often negative outcome, not a simple, positive, or neutral reason like being bored. For everyday reasons, simpler structures like -아/어서 are more appropriate.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 그의 실수로 말미암아 프로젝트가 성공했다.
✓ Correct: 그의 실수로 인하여 프로젝트에 차질이 생겼다. (Due to his mistake, the project encountered a setback.)
*Explanation:* Both -로 인하여 and -로 말미암아 are used for significant causes, often leading to serious or negative consequences. Using them for a positive outcome like project success is unnatural. They convey a sense of gravity, which usually aligns with negative impacts.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 약속했는 이상, 변경할 수 없다.
✓ Correct: 약속한 이상, 변경할 수 없다. (Now that I've promised, I cannot change it.)
*Explanation:* For verbs, -는 이상 is attached to the verb stem as -는 이상 (present tense) or -ㄴ/은 이상 (past tense). For adjectives, it's -ㄴ/은 이상. In this case, «약속하다» is a verb, so «약속한 이상» (past tense) or «약속하는 이상» (present tense) is correct.

Real Conversations

A

A

이번 사고는 운전자의 부주의로 인하여 발생한 것으로 보입니다. (This accident appears to have occurred due to the driver's carelessness.)
B

B

네, 조사 결과가 나온 이상, 책임 소재를 명확히 해야 할 것입니다. (Yes, now that the investigation results are out, we will have to clarify who is responsible.)
A

A

갑작스러운 시스템 오류는 바람에 데이터 손실이 있었습니다. (There was data loss due to a sudden system error.)
B

B

관련 규정에 의거하여 즉시 복구 절차를 진행해야 합니다. (In accordance with the relevant regulations, we must proceed with recovery procedures immediately.)

Quick FAQ

Q

When should I use -로 인하여 vs. -아/어서 for causation in Korean?

-로 인하여 is much more formal and used for significant, often serious, causes with impactful consequences, typically in written or official contexts. -아/어서 is a general, everyday causal connector suitable for all situations, formal or informal.

Q

Is -는 바람에 always negative in its implication?

While -는 바람에 most frequently implies an unexpected or negative outcome, it can occasionally be used for neutral or even slightly positive, unexpected results, but the emphasis is always on the 'unexpected' aspect leading to a consequence. It is not generally used for planned or desired outcomes.

Q

Can -ㄴ/은/는 이상 be used in casual speech?

While it's more common in formal or semi-formal settings, -ㄴ/은/는 이상 can be used in casual speech among close friends to express a firm resolution or logical consequence, but it still maintains a slightly more serious tone than simpler expressions.

Q

What's the main difference between -로 인하여 and -로 말미암아?

Both are very similar and often interchangeable in meaning and formality, indicating a cause for a significant event. Some linguists suggest -로 말미암아 might imply a slightly more direct or ultimate cause, while -로 인하여 can refer to a more immediate or contributing factor, but this distinction is subtle and not always strictly observed.

Cultural Context

These formal Korean grammar patterns are indispensable for understanding and participating in higher-level discourse in Korea. You'll encounter -로 인하여, -로 말미암아, and -에 의거하여 frequently in news broadcasts, official documents, legal texts, academic papers, and formal speeches. Using them demonstrates a high level of linguistic sophistication and respect for the gravity of the topic.
-ㄴ/은/는 이상 adds a sense of logical deduction and resolve, often heard in discussions about commitments or principles. Mastering these allows you to engage with complex topics like a professional, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of B2 Korean communication.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Pokseol-lo inhayeo hakgyo-ga hyugyo-haetseumnida.

大雪により学校が休校になりました。

フォーマルな理由：〜によって/〜に起因して (-로 인하여)
2

Jihacheol gojang-euro inhayeo yeolcha-ga jiyeon-doego itseumnida.

地下鉄の故障により、列車が遅れています。

フォーマルな理由：〜によって/〜に起因して (-로 인하여)
3

폭설로 말미암아 비행기가 연착되었습니다.

大雪のため、飛行機が遅延いたしました。

フォーマルな原因：〜によって (-로 말미암아)
4

인터넷의 발달로 말미암아 세상이 변했습니다.

インターネットの発達によって、世界が変わりました。

フォーマルな原因：〜によって (-로 말미암아)
5

비가 갑자기 오는 바람에 옷이 다 젖었어요.

急に雨が降ってきたせいで、服が全部濡れてしまいました。

予期せぬ原因: -는 바람에 (〜のせいで)
6

알람이 안 울리는 바람에 지각했습니다.

アラームが鳴らなかったせいで、遅刻してしまいました。

予期せぬ原因: -는 바람에 (〜のせいで)
7

이미 시작한 이상 끝을 봐야 해요.

もう始めてしまった以上、最後までやり遂げなければなりません。

〜以上は / 〜からには (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)
8

환불이 안 되는 이상 그냥 입을 수밖에 없어요.

返品ができない以上、そのまま着るしかありません。

〜以上は / 〜からには (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

連体形のテクニック

「雪による遅延」のように後ろの名詞を詳しく説明したい時は「-(으)로 인한」に変身させます。例えば「«눈으로 인한 지연»」のように使ってみてくださいね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな理由：〜によって/〜に起因して (-로 인하여)
🎯

TOPIKの作文で点数アップ！

TOPIK IIの書き取り問題（53番や54番）でこれを使うと、評価がぐんと上がりますよ。 «열심히 노력함으로 말미암아 좋은 결과를 얻었습니다.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな原因：〜によって (-로 말미암아)
💬

角を立てない言い訳の技術

韓国では自分のミスを直接認めるのが気まずい時、この表現を使って「状況のせい」にすることで、謝罪のニュアンスを和らげることがあります。 «늦잠을 자는 바람에 늦었어요.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 予期せぬ原因: -는 바람에 (〜のせいで)
⚠️

未来形はNG

この文法は「確定した事実」が前提なので、未来形の «-ㄹ/을 이상» は使いません。必ず現在か過去の形にしましょう。 «이미 약속한 이상...»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜以上は / 〜からには (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

重要な語彙 (5)

결과 (gyeolgwa) result 근거 (geungeo) basis/evidence 규정 (gyujeong) regulation 조치 (jochi) measure/action 판단 (pandan) judgment

Real-World Preview

megaphone

The Official Announcement

Review Summary

  • Noun + 로 인하여
  • Noun + 로 말미암아
  • Verb + 는 바람에
  • Verb + (ㄴ/은/는) 이상
  • Noun/Verb + (ㄴ/은/는) 즉
  • Noun + 에 의거하여

よくある間違い

'-는 바람에' cannot be used with nouns directly. Use '-로 인하여' for nouns.

Wrong: 비가 와서 바람에 출근이 늦었다.
正解: 갑작스러운 비로 인하여 출근이 늦었다.

'-에 의거하여' is the set phrase for referencing laws, not just '-에 의하여'.

Wrong: 법에 의하여 행동해야 한다.
正解: 법에 의거하여 행동해야 한다.

'-기 때문에' is too casual/basic for this logical structure. Use '-는 이상' to show firm commitment.

Wrong: 결정했기 때문에, 우리는 해야 한다.
正解: 결정한 이상, 우리는 해야 한다.

このチャプターのルール (6)

1

フォーマルな理由：〜によって/〜に起因して (-로 인하여)

B2
「-(으)로 인하여」は、ニュースや公式文書で「〜が原因で」「〜により」と、重みを持って伝えたい時に使います。«로 인하여» や «로 인해» という「魔法の言葉」で、プロフェッショナルな響きになります。
Pokseol-lo inhayeo hakgyo-ga hyugyo-haetseumnida.
10 例文
2

フォーマルな原因：〜によって (-로 말미암아)

B2
大きな出来事や変化の「根本的な原因」を格調高く伝えるなら «-로 말미암아» «文語体» «原因と結果» を使いましょう。
폭설로 말미암아 비행기가 연착되었습니다.
10 例文
3

予期せぬ原因: -는 바람에 (〜のせいで)

B2
予想外の出来事のせいで「あちゃ〜」という残念な結果になった時、その原因を指して «-는 바람에» を使います。まさに「〜した拍子に」や「〜したせいで」というニュアンスですね。
비가 갑자기 오는 바람에 옷이 다 젖었어요.
10 例文
4

〜以上は / 〜からには (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

B2
「確定した事実」を前提にして、そこから生じる「強い義務や決意」を表現します。キーワードは «ㄴ/은/는 이상» です。
이미 시작한 이상 끝을 봐야 해요.
10 例文
5

フォーマルな「つまり」の論理 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)

B2
「つまり〜だ」という論理的な定義や、必然的な結果を硬い表現で伝えたい時に «즉» «인 즉» «논리적 결과» を使いましょう。
이 제품의 특징인 즉, 배터리 수명이 아주 길다는 것...
10 例文
6

公式な根拠：〜に基づいて、〜に従って (-에 의거하여)

B2
プロフェッショナルで権威のある印象を与えたい時に「-에 의거하여」を使いましょう。公的な「에 의거하여」と、少しだけ柔らかい「에 의거해」の2つのバッジを使いこなせれば完璧です。
관련 법규에 의거하여 이 계약을 해지합니다.
10 例文

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job today! Your ability to structure complex thoughts is truly impressive.

Listen to a formal news broadcast and identify one 'due to' phrase.

Continue to: Reporting Trends and Data

クイック練習 (10)

空欄に適切な形を入れてください。

台風（태풍）により欠航になりました。（태풍 ___ 결항되었습니다.）

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 으로 인하여
「태풍」はパッチム（ㅇ）で終わるので、「-으로 인하여」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな理由：〜によって/〜に起因して (-로 인하여)

文法的に正しい返答を選んでください。

Find and fix the mistake:

포기할까요? (諦めましょうか？)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 시작한 이상 포기할 수 없어요.
すでに始めているので、過去形の '시작한' を使うのが最も自然です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜以上は / 〜からには (-ㄴ/은/는 이상)

正しい文を選んでください。

予期せぬ原因を正しく説明しているのはどれ？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 지하철을 놓치는 바람에 지각했어요.
過去形は使えず、結果はマイナスである必要があります。地下鉄を逃して遅刻したのは完璧な使い方です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 予期せぬ原因: -는 바람에 (〜のせいで)

公式なレポートにふさわしい文章はどれですか？

Choose the formal sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 예산이 부족한 즉, 지출을 줄여야 합니다.
「-ㄴ 즉」は、予算不足という事実から支出削減という論理的結論を導く公式な場面に最適です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「つまり」の論理 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)

空欄に「-ㄴ/은/는 즉」の正しい形を入れてください。

그것이 사실___ (fact), 우리는 대책을 세워야 한다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 인 즉
「사실」は名詞なので、「すなわち事実であること」という意味にするには「-인 즉」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「つまり」の論理 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)

会社の公式な方針として最も適切な文はどれですか？

社内告知にふさわしい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 규정에 의거하여 휴가를 신청하세요.
「-에 의거하여」は公式な規定を述べる際に最もフォーマルでプロフェッショナルな選択です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 公式な根拠：〜に基づいて、〜に従って (-에 의거하여)

空欄に入る正しい形を選んでください。

부주의(Carelessness) _______ 사고가 났습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 로 말미암아
「부주의」は母音で終わるため、「-로 말미암아」を続けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな原因：〜によって (-로 말미암아)

「法律に基づいて」という意味になるように空欄を埋めてください。

___ 의거하여 이번 사건을 처리했습니다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 법에
パターンは常に「名詞 + 에 의거하여」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 公式な根拠：〜に基づいて、〜に従って (-에 의거하여)

公式な通知として不自然な部分を直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

공사로 인하여 길이 막혀.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 공사로 인하여 길이 막힙니다.
文頭でフォーマルな「공사로 인하여」を使ったら、文末も「막힙니다」のようにフォーマルに合わせる必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな理由：〜によって/〜に起因して (-로 인하여)

公式な定義文の間違いを探してください。

사랑인 즉, 서로를 아끼는 마음이다.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 사랑인 즉 (No mistake)
「사랑인 즉」は「愛とはすなわち」という非常に公式で詩的な定義の仕方として正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな「つまり」の論理 (-ㄴ/은/는 즉)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

直接は使えません！まず動詞を「-기」や「-음」を使って名詞に変える必要があります。例えば「늦다」なら「«늦음으로 인하여»」となりますが、実際には「«늦어서»」を使う方が自然ですよ。
はい！「«-(으)로 인해»」は「-(으)로 인하여」を少し短くした形です。どちらもフォーマルですが、掲示板などの短い告知では「인해」がよく使われます。
「〜によって」や「〜に起因して」という意味です。 «사고로 말미암아» のように、ある出来事の根本的な原因を指し示します。
いいえ、基本的には名詞にしかつきません。動詞を使いたい場合は «-는 것으로 말미암아» のように名詞化する必要がありますが、非常に稀な表現です。
いいえ、この文法は悪い結果や予期せぬ困った状況にのみ使います。良い結果の時は 덕분에（おかげで）や中立的な -아/어서 を使いましょう。
この文法は、その動作が起きている最中の「勢い」を強調するため、常に現在連体形の -는 を使います。文全体の時制は文末で表します。 «비가 왔는 바람에» とは言いません。
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